White men can't jump, but do they still get picked first? Race and player selection in the NBA draft, 1980-2021.

Despite excelling at recruiting Black players, studies have repeatedly produced evidence of racial discrimination in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Through this study, we re-examine the topic of racial discrimination within the NBA through an analysis of the Association's annual entry draft. Using a novel dataset, we statistically model the relationship between player race and draft pick number using pooled data from 1980 to 2021. Overall, we find only limited evidence of racial discrimination. These findings are generally robust to sub-sample analyses, alternative specifications of our race variable, and alternate statistical modeling techniques. However, analyses performed on sub-samples of draft picks that participated in the NBA combine-and for whom we have measurements of player athleticism-produce some evidence of racial discrimination. Through such models we estimate that Black players are picked roughly three picks later in the draft. We consider the implications of these findings for contemporary theorizing about racial discrimination in the NBA and more mainstream labor markets.

Bien qu'elle excelle dans le recrutement de joueurs noirs, des études ont démontré à plusieurs reprises l'existence d'une discrimination raciale au sein de la National Basketball Association (NBA). Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous réexaminons le sujet de la discrimination raciale au sein de la NBA en analysant la sélection annuelle (draft) de l'association. À l'aide d'un nouvel ensemble de données, nous modélisons statistiquement la relation entre la race du joueur et le numéro de sélection à la draft en utilisant des données regroupées de 1980 à 2021. Dans l'ensemble, nous ne trouvons que des preuves limitées de discrimination raciale. Ces résultats sont généralement robustes aux analyses de sous­échantillons, aux spécifications alternatives de notre variable raciale et aux autres techniques de modélisation statistique. Toutefois, les analyses effectuées sur des sous­échantillons de sélectionnés ayant participé au NBA combine­et pour lesquels nous disposons de mesures de l'athlétisme des joueurs­produisent certains éléments de preuve de la discrimination raciale. Grâce à ces modèles, nous estimons que les joueurs noirs sont sélectionnés environ 3 fois plus tard dans la draft. Nous théorisons les implications de ces résultats pour les théories contemporaines sur la discrimination raciale dans la NBA et les marchés du travail ordinaires.

Glass ceiling or murky waters: The gendered and racialized pathway to full professorship in Canada.

We examined the predictors of being in the rank of full professor using a sample of faculty representing English Canadian universities. We hypothesized that women have a lower likelihood of being a full professor, controlling for a range of characteristics, including length of service, discipline, number of publications and Tri-Council grants. We also explored how race and immigrant status factored into the likelihood of being a full professor. Using a sample of associate and full professors, we found evidence of a strong negative effect of the probability of being a full professor for women, even after controlling for all variables in the model. We also found evidence of a glass ceiling, where a difference in the effect of years of service was found for men and women. Finally, racialized immigrant professors had a greater likelihood of being at the rank of full professor and racialized Canadian-born professors had the least.

Nous avons examiné les prédicteurs de l'accession au rang de professeur titulaire à l'aide d'un échantillon de professeurs représentant des universités canadiennes anglaises. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les femmes ont moins de chances d'être professeures titulaires, en tenant compte d'une série de caractéristiques, notamment l'ancienneté, la discipline, le nombre de publications et les subventions des trois Conseils. Nous avons également examiné comment la race et le statut d'immigrant influent sur la probabilité d'être professeur titulaire. En utilisant un échantillon de professeurs associés et de professeurs titulaires, nous avons trouvé des preuves d'un effet négatif important de la probabilité d'être professeur titulaire pour les femmes, même après avoir contrôlé toutes les variables du modèle. Nous avons également trouvé des preuves d'un plafond de verre, où une différence dans l'effet des années de service a été constatée pour les hommes et les femmes. Enfin, les professeurs immigrants racialisés avaient plus de chances d'être professeur titulaire et les professeurs racialisés nés au Canada en avaient le moins.

Factors associated with social casino gaming among adolescents across game types.

BACKGROUND: With the proliferation of social casino games (SCGs) online, which offer the opportunity to gamble without monetary gains and losses, comes a growing concern regarding the effects of these unregulated games on public health, particularly among adolescents. However, given the limited research pertaining to SCG use, little is currently known about the manner in which adolescents engage with this new gambling medium. The present study aims to identify the factors that characterize adolescent social casino gamers, and to determine whether these factors differ by SCG type. Moreover, the study examines the extent to which social casino gaming is associated with monetary gambling and problem gambling in this cohort. METHOD: Data were obtained from students in Grades 9 to 12 (n = 10,035) residing in the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Participants completed the Youth Gambling Survey (YGS), which is a supplementary instrument administered alongside the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CSTADS). Logistic regression was used to assess the factors associated with SCG play. RESULTS: Overall, 12.4% of respondents reported having participated in SCGs in the past three months. Compared to adolescents who did not report playing SCGs, SCG players were typically more likely to participate in monetary gambling activities, and were more prevalently classified as problem gamblers of low-to-moderate severity or high severity. Although profiles of SCG players differed across SCG game types, factors significantly associated with the playing of SCGs were gender, weekly spending money, having friends and parents who gamble, and screen time. It was also shown that current smokers were significantly more likely to participate in simulated slots online relative to adolescents who did not play SCGs. CONCLUSION: Significant associations exist between SCG play, monetary gambling, and problem gambling among adolescents. Gambling intervention efforts directed at this population should aim to identify personal and environmental factors associated with social casino gaming, and should be tailored to different types of SCGs.

Marital Status and Problem Gambling among Older Adults: An Examination of Social Context and Social Motivations.

ABSTRACTOlder adults represent the highest proportion of gamblers (Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation [OLG], 2012). Unpartnered older adults may be more socially isolated and lonely (Dykstra & de Jong Gierveld, 2004), thus more likely to be at risk for problem gambling (McQuade & Gill, 2012). We examined whether gambling to socialize or from loneliness and going to the casino with friends/family mediate the relation between marital status and problem gambling. Data from a random sample of older adults at gambling venues across Southwestern Ontario indicated that gambling with family/friends and gambling due to loneliness mediated the relationship between marital status and problem gambling. Relative to those married, unpartnered older adults were less likely to gamble with family/friends, more likely to gamble due to loneliness, and had higher problem gambling. Prevention and treatment initiatives should examine ways to decrease loneliness and social isolation among older adults and offer alternative social activities.

Disparities in knowledge about the health effects of smoking among adolescents following the release of new pictorial health warning labels.

This paper examined knowledge about the health effects of smoking among health equity groups following the 2012 introduction of refreshed pictorial health warning labels (HWLs) in Canada. Data are from the 2012/2013 Youth Smoking Survey a representative school-based survey of 47,203 adolescents in Grades 6-12 in nine provinces. Regression models examined overall knowledge about eight health effects of smoking included in the HWLs. Less than one-third of adolescents (32.2%) knew that smoking causes vision loss/blindness and 33.7% knew that smoking causes bladder cancer. Whereas knowledge was high for lung cancer (93.9%), knowledge about other health effects ranged from 52.9% for chronic bronchitis/emphysema to 77.6% for gum or mouth disease. Non-smoking adolescents who were: susceptible to future smoking, male, ethnic minorities, and who had less spending money were significantly less likely to be knowledgeable of the health effects of smoking. There were fewer disparities in knowledge about the health effects of smoking among smokers. Smokers who bought loose or bagged cigarettes rather than cigarettes in packages or cartons were significantly less likely to be knowledgeable about the health effects of smoking. There are significant disparities in knowledge about the health effects of smoking by health equity groups particularly among non-smoking adolescents. Warning labels have the potential to reduce disparities in knowledge about the health effects of smoking when exposure to the warning labels is universal. Complementary strategies such as mass media campaigns are needed to address disparities in knowledge.