RESUMO
With the ongoing COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2), there is a need for sensitive, specific, and affordable diagnostic tests to identify infected individuals, not all of whom are symptomatic. The most sensitive test involves the detection of viral RNA using RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR), with many commercial kits now available for this purpose. However, these are expensive, and supply of such kits in sufficient numbers cannot always be guaranteed. We therefore developed a multiplex assay using well-established SARS-CoV-2 targets alongside a human cellular control (RPP30) and a viral spike-in control (Phocine Herpes Virus 1 [PhHV-1]), which monitor sample quality and nucleic acid extraction efficiency, respectively. Here, we establish that this test performs as well as widely used commercial assays, but at substantially reduced cost. Furthermore, we demonstrate >1,000-fold variability in material routinely collected by combined nose and throat swabbing and establish a statistically significant correlation between the detected level of human and SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids. The inclusion of the human control probe in our assay therefore provides a quantitative measure of sample quality that could help reduce false-negative rates. We demonstrate the feasibility of establishing a robust RT-qPCR assay at approximately 10% of the cost of equivalent commercial assays, which could benefit low-resource environments and make high-volume testing affordable.
Assuntos
Teste para COVID-19/métodos , COVID-19/diagnóstico , RNA Viral/análise , SARS-CoV-2/isolamento & purificação , Teste para COVID-19/economia , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/economia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/economia , SARS-CoV-2/genéticaRESUMO
The epidemiology of human bites and blood exposures in urban schools has not been described. The authors reviewed 734 human bite and blood exposure incidents in New York City schools from September 1999 to June 2001. School site, age, gender, body site, temporal distributions, and underlying health status of individuals were reviewed. Nine incidents involved children known or suspected to be HIV-infected. Medical interventions included EMS involvement, emergency room treatment, hospitalization, vaccine administration, laceration suturing, systemic antibiotic therapy, and serologic evaluation for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. These incidents occur with a high prevalence in NYC schools and have potential for serious outcomes.