Harmonizing PTSD severity scales across instruments and sites.

OBJECTIVE: The variety of instruments used to assess posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) allows for flexibility, but also creates challenges for data synthesis. The objective of this work was to use a multisite mega analysis to derive quantitative recommendations for equating scores across measures of PTSD severity. METHOD: Empirical Bayes harmonization and linear models were used to describe and mitigate site and covariate effects. Quadratic models for converting scores across PTSD assessments were constructed using bootstrapping and tested on hold out data. RESULTS: We aggregated 17 data sources and compiled an n = 5,634 sample of individuals who were assessed for PTSD symptoms. We confirmed our hypothesis that harmonization and covariate adjustments would significantly improve inference of scores across instruments. Harmonization significantly reduced cross-dataset variance (28%, p < .001), and models for converting scores across instruments were well fit (median R² = 0.985) with an average root mean squared error of 1.46 on sum scores. CONCLUSIONS: These methods allow PTSD symptom severity to be placed on multiple scales and offers interesting empirical perspectives on the role of harmonization in the behavioral sciences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Altered lateralization of the cingulum in deployment-related traumatic brain injury: An ENIGMA military-relevant brain injury study.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in military populations can cause disruptions in brain structure and function, along with cognitive and psychological dysfunction. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) can detect alterations in white matter (WM) microstructure, but few studies have examined brain asymmetry. Examining asymmetry in large samples may increase sensitivity to detect heterogeneous areas of WM alteration in mild TBI. Through the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis Military-Relevant Brain Injury working group, we conducted a mega-analysis of neuroimaging and clinical data from 16 cohorts of Active Duty Service Members and Veterans (n = 2598). dMRI data were processed together along with harmonized demographic, injury, psychiatric, and cognitive measures. Fractional anisotropy in the cingulum showed greater asymmetry in individuals with deployment-related TBI, driven by greater left lateralization in TBI. Results remained significant after accounting for potentially confounding variables including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and handedness, and were driven primarily by individuals whose worst TBI occurred before age 40. Alterations in the cingulum were also associated with slower processing speed and poorer set shifting. The results indicate an enhancement of the natural left laterality of the cingulum, possibly due to vulnerability of the nondominant hemisphere or compensatory mechanisms in the dominant hemisphere. The cingulum is one of the last WM tracts to mature, reaching peak FA around 42 years old. This effect was primarily detected in individuals whose worst injury occurred before age 40, suggesting that the protracted development of the cingulum may lead to increased vulnerability to insults, such as TBI.

Factors contributing to PTSD treatment dropout in veterans returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan: A systematic review.

Although treatment effectiveness among evidence-based psychotherapies (EBPs) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been well established, treatment dropout among veterans continues to be a concern within these treatments. Due to the uniqueness of the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF)/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation New Dawn (OND) veteran cohort, this article reviewed the literature examining factors contributing to treatment dropout from EBPs for PTSD among OEF/OIF/OND veterans. We conducted a systematic review of the published literature using PsycINFO, PubMed, and PTSDpubs with a restriction on year of publication beginning in 2007, following the first VA national initiative to roll-out EBPs for PTSD, through May 1st, 2020. Articles were retained if treatment dropout for EBPs was examined among OEF/OIF/OND veterans with PTSD, which yielded a total of 26 manuscripts. Common themes associated with treatment dropout were identified, including demographic, psychological, cognitive, practical, and treatment-related factors. Specifically, younger age, concurrent substance use, and practical concerns (e.g., balancing multiple life roles) emerged as factors that consistently contributed to treatment dropout. Other findings were mixed (e.g., pretreatment symptom severity and presence of traumatic brain injury). While factors contributing to dropout are complex and interact uniquely for each veteran, improved understanding of these factors in combination with innovative strategies for treating OEF/OIF/OND veterans utilizing EBPs is needed to enhance treatment engagement, retention, and outcomes. Implications for these factors are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Does using cognitive-behavioural therapy skills predict improvements in depression?

UNLABELLED: We examined symptoms and use of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) skills during treatment for 60 outpatients receiving group CBT for depression. Depression symptoms decreased significantly and frequency of skills use increased significantly during treatment, and increases in skills use from pre-treatment to mid-treatment predicted changes in depression at post-treatment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Patients who report infrequent use of skills may be at risk for treatment non-response, which can provide an early warning sign for clinicians. Potential interventions include more psychoeducation about the treatment rationale to increase 'buy-in' or motivational interviewing to increase skills use.

Group psychotherapy's impact on trust in veterans with PTSD: a pilot study.

Interpersonal trust is fundamental for the recovery of trauma survivors and the effectiveness of group psychotherapy. Yet there is limited research on the relationship between interpersonal trust and group psychotherapy. Twenty-one male Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6 in a long-term process group [LTP], 10 in a short-term cognitive processing therapy group [CPT], and 5 treatment-as-usual controls) were evaluated before and after group psychotherapy using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-Military Version (PCL-M) and an in-vivo measure of interpersonal trust, the Iterated Trust Game. Three (14.3%) of the veterans were African American, 9 were Caucasian (42.9%), and 9 were Hispanic (42.9%); they averaged 61.9 years of age (SD = 1.8 years). Change in PCL-M scores differed by group (controls: -1.0 ± 3.7; CPT: -15.5 ± 6.8; LTP: -1.3 ± 12.2; p = .003). CPT group subjects improved more than controls (p < .001) and trended toward more improvement than the LTP group (p = .081). Members of the LTP group, compared to nonprocess group participants, showed greater initial (p = .042), and posttherapy trust (p = .003). Posttreatment, interpersonal trust was significantly higher in the LTP than the CPT group (p < .001). These results suggest that CPT treatment may be better than LTP treatment for improving PTSD symptoms, but LTP therapy may be better than CPT therapy for improving interpersonal trust in veterans with PTSD. They suggest important roles for both group treatments and point to the value of interpersonal trust in successful recovery from PTSD.

Can personality traits predict the future development of heart disease in hospitalized psychiatric veterans?

OBJECTIVE: To examine which personality traits are associated with the new onset of chronic coronary heart disease (CHD) in psychiatric inpatients within 16 years after their initial evaluation. We theorized that personality measures of depression, anxiety, hostility, social isolation, and substance abuse would predict CHD development in psychiatric inpatients. METHOD: We used a longitudinal database of psychological test data from 349 Veterans first admitted to a psychiatric unit between October 1, 1983, and September 30, 1987. Veterans Affairs and national databases were assessed to determine the development of new-onset chronic CHD over the intervening 16-year period. RESULTS: New-onset CHD developed in 154 of the 349 (44.1%) subjects. Thirty-one psychometric variables from five personality tests significantly predicted the development of CHD. We performed a factor analysis of these variables because they overlapped and four factors emerged, with positive adaptive functioning the only significant factor (OR=0.798, p=0.038). CONCLUSION: These results support previous research linking personality traits to the development of CHD, extending this association to a population of psychiatric inpatients. Compilation of these personality measures showed that 31 overlapping psychometric variables predicted those Veterans who developed a diagnosis of heart disease within 16 years after their initial psychiatric hospitalization. Our results suggest that personality variables measuring positive adaptive functioning are associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic CHD.

Improving access to care for women veterans suffering from chronic pain and depression associated with trauma.

OBJECTIVE: Access to care has become a priority for the Veterans Administration (VA) health care system as a significant number of veterans enrolled in the VA health care system reside in rural areas. The feasibility and effects of a novel clinical intervention that combined group therapy and biofeedback training was evaluated on women veterans living in rural areas. METHODS: The study was conducted at selected community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) in Texas. Thirty four women veterans with chronic pain and comorbid depression and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were recruited. Five sessions of education/therapy were delivered via telemedicine in combination with daily home practice of a portable biofeedback device (Stress Eraser®, Helicor, New York, NY, USA). Participants responded to self-report questionnaires at baseline, at posttreatment, and at 6-week follow-up. Daily practice logs were also maintained by participants. RESULTS: The clinical protocol was acceptable, easy to administer, and associated with statistically significant decreases in self-reported pain unpleasantness, pain interference, depressive symptoms, PTSD symptoms, and sleep disturbance at posttreatment. Improvements were maintained at 6-week follow-up. Qualitative analyses indicated that many participants 1) wished to continue to meet as a support group in their respective CBOCs and 2) felt less isolated and more empowered to cope with their problems of daily living as a result of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to provide treatment to women veterans living in rural areas by utilizing video-teleconferencing technology between larger VA medical centers and facilities at CBOCs in more rural settings. A controlled trial of the intervention is warranted.

A pilot study of a 12-week model of group-based exposure therapy for veterans with PTSD.

Group-based exposure therapy (GBET) is an intensive group treatment that targets posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms through repeated imaginal and in vivo exposure. The purpose of the present study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a modified 12-week course of GBET (modified from the standard 16 weeks) and to examine its effectiveness in reducing veterans' PTSD symptoms. Participants were 10 male Operation Iraqi Freedom and Vietnam-era veterans recruited from a PTSD specialty clinic at a large Veterans Affairs Medical Center. All participants were retained and demonstrated clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptoms (η(2) = .84-.87) comparable to the standard protocol. The findings from this small sample indicate that the abbreviated 12-week GBET protocol is a potentially effective treatment for PTSD.

Efficacy of selected complementary and alternative medicine interventions for chronic pain.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, therapies, and products that are not presently considered part of conventional medicine. This article provides an up-to-date review of the efficacy of selected CAM modalities in the management of chronic pain. Findings are presented according to the classification system developed by the National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (formerly Office of Alternative Medicine) and are grouped into four domains: biologically based medicine, energy medicine, manipulative and body-based medicine, and mind-body medicine. Homeopathy and acupuncture are discussed separately as "whole or professionalized CAM practices." Based on the guidelines of the Clinical Psychology Division of the American Psychological Association, findings indicate that some CAM modalities have a solid track record of efficacy, whereas others are promising but require additional research. The article concludes with recommendations to pain practitioners.