RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The optimisation of patients in primary care is a prime opportunity to manage patient care within the community and reduce the burden of referrals on secondary care. This paper presents a quality improvement clinical programme taking place within an NHS Primary Care Network as part of the wider Leicester Leicestershire Rutland integrated chronic kidney disease programme. METHOD: Patients are optimised to guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, by a primary care clinical team who are supported by nephrology consultants and nephrology pharmacists. Multidisciplinary team meetings take place with secondary care specialists and primary care staff. Learning is passed to the community clinicians for better patient treatment locally. RESULTS: A total of 526 patients were reviewed under this project.The total number of referrals to secondary care which were discharged following first outpatient appointment, reduced from 42.9% to 10%. This reduction of 32.9% represents the optimisation of patient cases through this quality improvement project. Patients can be optimised and managed within the community, reducing the number of unnecessary referrals to secondary care. CONCLUSION: This programme has the potential to offer significant improvement in patient outcomes when expanded to a larger patient base. Medicine management and the use of clinical staff are optimised in both primary and secondary care.
Assuntos
Atenção Primária à Saúde , Melhoria de Qualidade , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Humanos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapia , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Equipe de Assistência ao PacienteRESUMO
Livestock facilities are widely regarded as reservoirs of infectious disease, owing to their abundance in particulate matter (PM) and microbial bioaerosols. Over the past decade, bioaerosol studies have increasingly utilised high throughput sequencing (HTS) to achieve superior throughput, taxonomic resolution, and the detection of unculturable organisms. However, the prevailing focus on amplicon sequencing has limited the identification of viruses and microbial taxa at the species-level. Herein, a literature search was conducted to identify methods capable of overcoming the aforementioned limitations. Screening 1531 international publications resulted in 29 eligible for review. Metagenomics capable of providing rich insights were identified in only three instances. Notably, long-read sequencing was not utilised for metagenomics. This review also identified that sample collection methods lack a uniform approach, highlighted by the differences in sampling equipment, flow rates and durations. Further heterogeneity was introduced by the unique sampling conditions, which makes it challenging to ground new findings within the established literature. For instance, winter was associated with increased microbial abundance and antimicrobial resistance, yet less alpha diversity. Researchers implementing metagenomics into the livestock environment should consider season, the microclimate, and livestock growth stage as influential upon their findings. Considering the increasing accessibility of long-read sequencing, future research should explore its viability within a novel uniform testing protocol for bioaerosol emissions.
Assuntos
Aerossóis , Microbiologia do Ar , Monitoramento Ambiental , Gado , Aerossóis/análise , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Metagenômica/métodos , Material Particulado/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodos , Genômica , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Severe asthma (SA) in horses, resembling human asthma, is a prevalent, debilitating allergic respiratory condition marked by elevated allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) against environmental proteins; however, research exploring the exposome's influence on IgE profiles is currently limited but holds paramount significance for diagnostic and therapeutic developments. ANIMALS: Thirty-five sports horses were analyzed, consisting of environmentally matched samples from France (5 SA; 6 control), the United States (6 SA; 6 control), and Canada (6 SEA; 6 control). METHODS: This intentional cross-sectional study investigated the sensitization profiles of SA-affected and healthy horses via serological antigen microarray profiling. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to identify and rank the importance of allergens for class separation (ie, affected/non-affected) as variable influence of projection (VIP), and allergen with commonality internationally established via frequency analysis. RESULTS: PLS-DA models showed high discriminatory power in predicting SA in horses from Canada (area under the curve [AUC] 0.995) and France (AUC 0.867) but poor discriminatory power in horses from the United States (AUC 0.38). Hev b 5.0101, Cyn D, Der p 2, and Rum cr were the only shared allergens across all geographical groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Microarray profiling can identify specific allergenic components associated with SA in horses, while mathematical modeling of this data can be used for disease classification, highlighting the variability of sensitization profiles between geographical locations and emphasizing the importance of local exposure to the prevalence of different allergens. Frequency scoring analysis can identify important variables that contribute to the classification of SA across different geographical regions.
Assuntos
Asma , Doenças dos Cavalos , Hipersensibilidade , Humanos , Animais , Cavalos , Estudos Transversais , Asma/veterinária , Asma/diagnóstico , Alérgenos , Hipersensibilidade/veterinária , Imunoglobulina E , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnósticoRESUMO
Cerium dioxide (CeO2; ceria) nanoparticles (CeNPs) are promising nanozymes that show a variety of biological activity. Effective nanozymes need to retain their activity in the face of surface speciation in biological environments, and characterizing surface speciation is therefore critical to understanding and controlling the therapeutic capabilities of CeNPs. In particular, adsorbed phosphates can impact the enzymatic activity exploited to convert phosphate prodrugs into therapeutics in vivo and also define the early stages of the phosphate-scavenging processes that lead to the transformation of active CeO2 into inactive CePO4. In this work, we utilize ab initio lattice-dynamics calculations to study the interaction of phosphates with the three major surfaces of ceria and to predict the infrared (IR) and Raman spectral signatures of adsorbed phosphate species. We find that phosphates adsorb strongly to CeO2 surfaces in a range of stable binding configurations, of which 5-fold coordinated P species in a trigonal bipyramidal coordination may represent a stable intermediate in the early stages of phosphate scavenging. We find that the phosphate species show characteristic spectral fingerprints between 500 and 1500 cm-1, whereas the bare CeO2 surfaces show no active modes above 600 cm-1, and the 5-fold coordinated P species in particular show potential diagnostic P-O stretching modes between 650 and 700 cm-1 in both IR and Raman spectra. This comprehensive exploration of different binding modes for phosphates on CeO2 and the set of reference spectra provides an important step toward the experimental characterization of phosphate speciation and, ultimately, control of its impact on the performance of ceria nanozymes.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Trigger finger is a common hand condition in which a finger is unable to fully extend owing to a thickening of the tendon and its sheath, causing the finger to lock in a bent position. AIM: To assess the viability of carrying out trigger finger surgeries in NHS primary care in terms of clinician and patient acceptance, experience, and outcomes; and operational requirements of this service for wider application. DESIGN & SETTING: A pilot study for a new service in primary care in Leicestershire, UK. METHOD: A total of 214 trigger finger release surgery procedures were carried out between 22 August 2019 and 25 October 2022 by a single hand surgeon in a single primary care surgery. Data were analysed using information from SystmOne, which is a patient database linked with the NHS. RESULTS: Thirty-two cases out of 214 (15.0%) experienced a wait time of <10 days from the GP referral to the first outpatient appointment (OPA). Out of 214 procedures, there were 26 (12.1%) postoperative complications that required follow-up action. Of the total number of cases where postoperative complications were identified, 13 cases required further follow-up action, while the remaining 13 did not have any identifiable further follow-up action and were regarded as closed cases thereafter. CONCLUSION: Trigger finger release surgery in primary care offers an opportunity to reduce pressures on secondary care orthopaedic referrals, as well as offering patients faster and effective surgical treatment while utilising fewer NHS resources.
RESUMO
AIM: The cytochrome P450 enzymes play a significant role in regulating cellular and physiological processes by activating endogenous compounds. They also play an essential role in the detoxification process of xenobiotics. Flavonoids belong to a class of polyphenols found in food, such as vegetables, red wine, beer, and fruits, which modulate biological functions in the body. METHODS: The inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 using nutritional sources has been reported as a strategy for cancer prevention. This study investigated the interactions of selected flavonoids binding to the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1) and their ADMET properties in silico. From docking studies, our findings showed flavonoids, isorhamnetin and pedalitin, to have the strongest binding energies in the crystal structures 6DWM and 6IQ5. RESULTS: The amino acid residues Asp 313 and Phe 224 in 6DWM interacted with all the ligands investigated, and Ala 330 in 6IQ5 interacted with all the ligands examined. The ligands did not violate any drug-likeness parameters. CONCLUSION: These data suggest roles for isorhamnetin and pedalitin as potential precursors for natural product- derived therapies.
Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1 , Flavonoides , Humanos , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/química , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Flavonoides/química , Ligantes , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1B1 , PolifenóisRESUMO
The rearing of farmed animals is a vital component of global food production systems, but its impact on the environment, human health, animal welfare, and biodiversity is being increasingly challenged. Developments in genetic and genomic technologies have had a key role in improving the productivity of farmed animals for decades. Advances in genome sequencing, annotation, and editing offer a means not only to continue that trend, but also, when combined with advanced data collection, analytics, cloud computing, appropriate infrastructure, and regulation, to take precision livestock farming (PLF) and conservation to an advanced level. Such an approach could generate substantial additional benefits in terms of reducing use of resources, health treatments, and environmental impact, while also improving animal health and welfare.
Assuntos
Criação de Animais Domésticos , Gado , Animais , Humanos , Gado/genética , Bem-Estar do Animal , Genômica , Genoma/genéticaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The use of benchtop metabolic profiling technology based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was evaluated in a small cohort of cats with a view to applying this as a viable and rapid metabolic tool to support clinical decision making. RESULTS: Urinary metabolites were analysed from four subjects consisting of two healthy controls and two chronic kidney disease (CKD) IRIS stage 2 cases. The study identified 15 metabolites in cats with CKD that were different from the controls. Among them were acetate, creatinine, citrate, taurine, glycine, serine and threonine. Benchtop NMR technology is capable of distinguishing between chronic kidney disease case and control samples in a pilot feline cohort based on metabolic profile. We offer perspectives on the further development of this pilot work and the potential of the technology, when combined with sample databases and computational intelligence techniques to offer a clinical decision support tool not only for cases of renal disease but other metabolic conditions in the future.
Assuntos
Metabolômica , Insuficiência Renal Crônica , Animais , Gatos , Creatinina , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , MetabolomaRESUMO
The consequences of poor breed management and inbreeding can range from gradual declines in individual productivity to more serious fertility and mortality concerns. However, many small and closed groups, as well as larger unmanaged populations, are plagued by genetic regression, often due to a dearth in breeding support tools which are accessible and easy to use in supporting decision-making. To address this, we have developed a population management tool (BCAS, Breed Conservation and Management System) based on individual relatedness assessed using pedigree-based kinship, which offers breeding recommendations for such populations. Moreover, we demonstrate the success of this tool in 16 years of employment in a closed equine population native to the UK, most notably, the rate of inbreeding reducing from more than 3% per generation, to less than 0.5%, or that attributed to genetic drift, as assessed over the last 16 years of implementation. Furthermore, with adherence to this program, the long-term impact of poor management has been reversed and the genetic resource within the breed has grown from an effective population size of 20 in 1994 to more than 140 in 2020. The development and availability of our BCAS for breed management and selection establish a new paradigm for the successful maintenance of genetic resources in animal populations.
RESUMO
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a renal dysfunction that can lead to high rates of mortality and morbidity, particularly when coupled with late diagnosis. CKD has become a major health problem due to its challenging detection at early stages when clear symptoms are yet to be presented. Thus, CKD is likely to be identified when the substantive conditions of the disease are manifest. In order to address the development of the disease and provide necessary treatments at the initial stage, the investigation of new biomarkers and metabolites associated with early detection of CKD are needed. Identified metabolites could be used to confirm the presence of the disease, obtain information on its mechanism and facilitate the development of novel pharmaceutical treatments. Such metabolites may be detected from biofluids and tissues using a range of analytical techniques. There are a number of metabolites that have been identified by mass spectrometry at high sensitivities, whilst the detection of metabolites directly from biofluids using NMR could present a more rapid way to expand our understanding of this disease. This review is focused on NMR-based metabolomics associated with CKD in humans and animals.
Assuntos
Saúde Única , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Animais , Biomarcadores/análise , Diagnóstico Precoce , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Metabolômica/métodos , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/metabolismo , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/terapiaRESUMO
Advancements in technology and material development in recent years has led to significant breakthroughs in the remit of fiber engineering. Conventional methods such as wet spinning, melt spinning, phase separation and template synthesis have been reported to develop fibrous structures for an array of applications. However, these methods have limitations with respect to processing conditions (e.g. high processing temperatures, shear stresses) and production (e.g. non-continuous fibers). The materials that can be processed using these methods are also limited, deterring their use in practical applications. Producing fibrous structures on a nanometer scale, in sync with the advancements in nanotechnology is another challenge met by these conventional methods. In this review we aim to present a brief overview of conventional methods of fiber fabrication and focus on the emerging fiber engineering techniques namely electrospinning, centrifugal spinning and pressurised gyration. This review will discuss the fundamental principles and factors governing each fabrication method and converge on the applications of the resulting spun fibers; specifically, in the drug delivery remit and in regenerative medicine.
Assuntos
Engenharia Biomédica/métodos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Ciência dos Materiais/métodos , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Medicina Regenerativa/métodos , Centrifugação , Fenômenos Eletromagnéticos , Humanos , PressãoRESUMO
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the intercellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite has the three-stage life cycle: oocysts, tachyzoites, and bradyzoites. Felids are the only known hosts for the sexual reproduction of T. gondii and, therefore, play a crucial role in the transmission of toxoplasmosis. A single cat could spread the parasite to many hosts. Due to the intercellular nature of the parasite, T. gondii strongly depends on a host's metabolism in order to leverage carbon and nutrient sources. Therefore, the parasite could be detected in body fluids via observation and analysis of metabolic alterations. A range of analytical techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography, and Raman spectroscopy could be applied for the analysis of body fluids of infected animals. However, NMR consists of highly specific analytical techniques due to high reproducibility, availability of a variety of databases, and the ability to obtain the structures of unknown compounds. We present the current extent of NMR-based metabolomics on felid toxoplasmosis and suggest future considerations.
RESUMO
Genetic diversity and maternal ancestry line relationships amongst a sample of 96 Cleveland Bay horses were investigated using a 479bp length of mitochondrial D-loop sequence. The analysis yielded at total of 11 haplotypes with 27 variable positions, all of which have been described in previous equine mitochondrial DNA d-loop studies. Four main haplotype clusters were present in the Cleveland Bay breed describing 89% of the total sample. This suggests that only four principal maternal ancestry lines exist in the present-day global Cleveland Bay population. Comparison of these sequences with other domestic horse haplotypes (Fig 2) shows a close association of the Cleveland Bay horse with Northern European (Clade C), Iberian (Clade A) and North African (Clade B) horse breeds. This indicates that the Cleveland Bay horse may not have evolved exclusively from the now extinct Chapman horse, as previous work as suggested. The Cleveland Bay horse remains one of only five domestic horse breeds classified as Critical on the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (UK) Watchlist and our results provide important information on the origins of this breed and represent a valuable tool for conservation purposes.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Cavalos/genética , Herança Materna/genética , Animais , Análise por Conglomerados , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Variação Genética/genética , Haplótipos/genética , Mitocôndrias/genética , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
The Cleveland Bay horse is one of the oldest equines in the United Kingdom, with pedigree data going back almost 300 years. The studbook is essentially closed and because of this, there are concerns about loss of genetic variation across generations. The breed is one of five equine breeds listed as "critical" (<300 registered adult breeding females) by the UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust in their annual Watchlist. Due to their critically endangered status, the current breadth of their genetic diversity is of concern, and assessment of this can lead to improved breed management strategies. Herein, both genealogical and molecular methods are combined in order to assess founder representation, lineage, and allelic diversity. Data from 15 microsatellite loci from a reference population of 402 individuals determined a loss of 91% and 48% of stallion and dam lines, respectively. Only 3 ancestors determine 50% of the genome in the living population, with 70% of maternal lineage being derived from 3 founder females, and all paternal lineages traced back to a single founder stallion. Methods and theory are described in detail in order to demonstrate the scope of this analysis for wider conservation strategies. We quantitatively demonstrate the critical nature of the genetic resources within the breed and offer a perspective on implementing this data in considered breed management strategies.
Assuntos
Testes Genéticos/veterinária , Cavalos/genética , Repetições de Microssatélites , Animais , Cruzamento , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Feminino , Efeito Fundador , Variação Genética , Cavalos/classificação , Masculino , Linhagem , Densidade Demográfica , Reino UnidoRESUMO
The ligands L1 and L2 form trinuclear self-assembled complexes with Cu2+ (i.e. [(L1 )2 Cu3 ]6+ or [(L2 )2 Cu3 ]6+ ) both of which act as a host to a variety of anions. Inclusion of long aliphatic chains on these ligands allows the assemblies to extract anions from aqueous media into organic solvents. Phosphate can be removed from water efficiently and highly selectively, even in the presence of other anions.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Cyanide is a highly toxic compound, and the consumption of products containing cyanide is a significant public health concern. Conversely, ß-carotene possesses essential nutritional attributes for human health, therefore the characterisation and quantification of both compounds in food products is fundamental. Herein, cyanide and ß-carotene levels in two flours produced from the roots of two varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta crantz), namely UMUCASS-38(TMS 01/1371) and NR-8082, and their associated food products were detected and quantified. RESULTS: The cyanide content of NR-8082 and UMUCASS-38 flours was determined at 18.01 ± 0.01 ppm and 17.02 ± 0.02 ppm (mean ± SD), respectively. These flours contained significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the residual cyanide levels determined in the cookies and cake produced therefrom with levels of 10.00 ± 0.00 ppm and 7.10 ± 0.14 ppm (mean ± SD), respectively. The levels of ß-carotene determined in both the cake and cookie samples varied significantly (p < 0.05). The highest levels of ß-carotene at 6.53 ± 0.02 µg/g (mean ± SD) were determined in raw roots of UMUCASS-38. While NR-8082 levels of ß-carotene were less than UMUCASS-38 at 1.12 ± 0.02 µg/g (mean ± SD). Processing the roots into flour reduced the ß-carotene content to 4.78 ± 0.01 µg/g and 0.76 ± 0.02 µg/g (mean ± SD) in UMUCASS-38 and NR-8082 flours, respectively. Cookies and cake produced from flour derived from the UMUCASS-38 variety had (mean ± SD) 2.15 ± 0.01 µg/g and 2.84 ± 0.04 µg/g of ß-carotene, respectively.
Assuntos
Cianetos/análise , Farinha/análise , Manihot/química , beta Caroteno/análise , Glicosídeos/análise , Raízes de Plantas/químicaRESUMO
Recently, remarkable efforts have focused on research towards enhancing and delivering efficacious and advanced therapeutic agents. Even though this involves significant challenges, innovative techniques and materials have been explored to overcome these. The advantageous properties of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), such as unique morphologies and geometries, makes then favorable for use for various drug delivery targeting purposes, particularly in cancer therapy. As we discuss here, MSNs have been utilized over the past few decades to improve the efficiency of anticancer drugs by enhancing their solubility to render them suitable for application, reducing adverse effects, and improving their anticancer cytotoxic efficiency.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Portadores de Fármacos/administração & dosagem , Dióxido de Silício/administração & dosagem , Animais , Humanos , PorosidadeRESUMO
Metabolomics techniques are now applied in numerous fields, with the ability to provide information concerning a large number of metabolites from a single sample in a short timeframe. Although high-frequency (HF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis represents a common method of choice to perform such studies, few investigations employing low-frequency (LF) NMR spectrometers have yet been published. Herein, we apply and contrast LF and HF 1H-NMR metabolomics approaches to the study of urine samples collected from type 2 diabetic patients (T2D), and apply a comparative investigation with healthy controls. Additionally, we explore the capabilities of LF 1H-1H 2D correlation spectroscopy (COSY) experiments regarding the determination of metabolites, their resolution and associated analyses in human urine samples. T2D samples were readily distinguishable from controls, with several metabolites, particularly glucose, being associated with this distinction. Comparable results were obtained with HF and LF spectrometers. Linear correlation analyses were performed to derive relationships between the intensities of 1D and 2D resonances of several metabolites, and R2 values obtained were able to confirm these, an observation attesting to the validity of employing 2D LF experiments for future applications in metabolomics studies. Our data suggest that LF spectrometers may prove to be easy-to-use, compact and inexpensive tools to perform routine metabolomics analyses in laboratories and 'point-of-care' sites. Furthermore, the quality of 2D spectra obtained from these instruments in half an hour would broaden the horizon of their potential applications.
RESUMO
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are predominantly very rare recessive autosomal neurodegenerative diseases.Sphingolipidoses, a sub-group of LSDs, result from defects in lysosomal enzymes involved in sphingolipid catabolism, and feature disrupted storage systems which trigger complex pathogenic cascades with other organelles collaterally affected. This process leads to cell dysfunction and death, particularly in the central nervous system. One valuable approach to gaining insights into the global impact of lysosomal dysfunction is through metabolomics, which represents a discovery tool for investigating disease-induced modifications in the patterns of large numbers of simultaneously-analysed metabolites, which also features the identification of biomarkers Here, the scope and applications of metabolomics strategies to the investigation of sphingolipidoses is explored in order to facilitate our understanding of the biomolecular basis of these conditions. This review therefore surveys the benefits of applying 'state-of-the-art' metabolomics strategies, both univariate and multivariate, to sphingolipidoses, particularly Niemann-Pick type C disease. Relevant limitations of these techniques are also discussed, along with the latest advances and developments. We conclude that metabolomics strategies are highly valuable, distinctive bioanalytical techniques for probing LSDs, most especially for the detection and validation of potential biomarkers. They also show much promise for monitoring disease progression and the evaluation of therapeutic strategies and targets.
Assuntos
Metabolômica/métodos , Doença de Niemann-Pick Tipo C/metabolismo , Biomarcadores/análise , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/normas , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas/normas , Metabolômica/normas , Doença de Niemann-Pick Tipo C/genética , Doença de Niemann-Pick Tipo C/patologia , Esfingolipídeos/análise , Esfingolipídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Exposure of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich culinary oils (COs) to high temperature frying practices generates high concentrations of cytotoxic and genotoxic lipid oxidation products (LOPs) via oxygen-fueled, recycling peroxidative bursts. These toxins, including aldehydes and epoxy-fatty acids, readily penetrate into fried foods and hence are available for human consumption; therefore, they may pose substantial health hazards. Although previous reports have claimed health benefits offered by the use of PUFA-laden COs for frying purposes, these may be erroneous in view of their failure to consider the negating adverse public health threats presented by food-transferable LOPs therein. When absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) system into the systemic circulation, such LOPs may significantly contribute to enhanced risks of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), e.g. cancer, along with cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Herein, we provide a comprehensive rationale relating to the public health threats posed by the dietary ingestion of LOPs in fried foods. We begin with an introduction to sequential lipid peroxidation processes, describing the noxious effects of LOP toxins generated therefrom. We continue to discuss GI system interactions, the metabolism and biotransformation of primary lipid hydroperoxide LOPs and their secondary products, and the toxicological properties of these agents, prior to providing a narrative on chemically-reactive, secondary aldehydic LOPs available for human ingestion. In view of a range of previous studies focused on their deleterious health effects in animal and cellular model systems, some emphasis is placed on the physiological fate of the more prevalent and toxic α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes. We conclude with a description of targeted nutritional and interventional strategies, whilst highlighting the urgent and unmet clinical need for nutritional and epidemiological trials probing relationships between the incidence of NCDs, and the frequency and estimated quantities of dietary LOP intake.