Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of new 9-N-alkyl derivatives of 9(S)-erythromycylamine.

A series of new 9-N-alkyl derivatives of 9(S)-erythromycylamine has been synthesized by reductive alkylation of erythromycylamine with aliphatic aldehydes and sodium cyanoborohydride. Alternative syntheses employing hydrogenation methods have also been developed. These new 9-N-alkyl derivatives possess excellent antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo, especially when administered orally to treat experimental infections in mice. From structure-activity studies, 9-N-(1-propyl)erythromycylamine (LY281389) was selected as the most efficacious derivative. These methods have also been extended to the synthesis of some 9-N,N-dialkyl derivatives of erythromycylamine.

Branched-chain fatty acids produced by mutants of Streptomyces fradiae, putative precursors of the lactone ring of tylosin.

Three branched-chain fatty acids (7-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylnona-2,4-dienoic acid [compound 1], its 7-epimer [compound 2], and 7-keto-4,6-dimethylnona-2,4-dienoic acid [compound 3]) and a ketone (9-hydroxy-6,8-dimethylundeca-4,6-dien-3-one [compound 4]) were isolated from the culture broth of mutants of Streptomyces fradiae which were blocked in the biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic tylosin. Two phenotypic classes of mutants of this organism which were blocked in the addition of mycaminose to tylactone (compound 6) accumulated these compounds. These compounds were not produced by mutants which were blocked in lactone synthesis, in steps beyond mycaminose addition, or by the wild-type strain. Synthesis of these compounds, like synthesis of tylosin, was inhibited by the addition of cerulenin. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 were partially interconvertible by these mutants; but they were not produced from the degradation of tylactone and they were not directly incorporated into tylosin by intact cells. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were equivalent to that of a predicted intermediate (S. Yue, J. S. Duncan, Y. Yamamoto, and C. R. Hutchinson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109:1253-1255, 1987) in the biosynthesis of tylactone. The ketone (compound 4) reported previously (N. D. Jones, M. O. Chaney, H. A. Kirst, G. M. Wild, R. H. Baltz, R. L. Hamill, and J. W. Paschal, J. Antibiot. 35:420-425, 1982) appears to be the decarboxylation product of the intermediate following that represented by compound 1. This represents the first report of the isolation of putative precursors of tylactone from tylosin-producing organisms.

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin (tilmicosin, EL-870) and related cyclic amino derivatives.

A series of 20-deoxo-20-cyclic (alkylamino) derivatives of tylosin, desmycosin, macrocin and lactenocin was prepared by reductive amination of the C-20 aldehyde group. The majority of the compounds were prepared using metal hydrides (sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium borohydride) as the reducing agents and a suitable cyclic alkylamine. Subsequently, a more convenient procedure was developed using formic acid as a reducing agent. The C-20 amino derivatives prepared from desmycosin exhibited good in vitro antimicrobial activity against Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida (MIC range of 0.78 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml) as well as Mycoplasma species (MIC range of 0.39 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml). Several derivatives showed excellent oral efficacy against infections caused by P. multocida in chicks. One of these derivatives, 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)desmycosin (tilmicosin or EL-870) was selected for development as a therapeutic agent for pasteurellosis in calves and pigs.

Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and structure-activity relationships within 23-modified derivatives of 5-O-mycaminosyltylonolide.

A large series of C-23-modified derivatives of 5-O-mycaminosyltylonolide were synthesized, in which the C-23 hydroxyl group was replaced by halo, aryl ether or thioether, azido, amino or dialkylamino substituents via SN2 displacement reactions. The majority of derivatives possessed excellent in vitro activity against a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. While some of the compounds treated experimental infections in rodents by parenteral administration, none showed any significant efficacy or bioavailability after oral dosing. Novel rearrangement products were obtained from some of the reactions; these were identified as 13,23-cyclopropyl-12,22-exomethylene and 13,23-cyclopropyl-12-alkoxy derivatives.