RESUMO
Un clima escolar (CE) percibido negativamente facilita la ocurrencia y el sostenimiento de las situaciones de intimidación escolar (IE). No hay evidencia sobre cómo varía la percepción del mismo según la participación del alumno en dichas situaciones en el ámbito escolar a lo largo de un ciclo lectivo. El objetivo fue comparar la variación de la percepción del CE en los alumnos según el dinamismo de su participación en situaciones de intimidación. Fue un estudio descriptivo realizado en 2015 en niños/as de 8-12 años de edad de escuelas primarias de Bahía Blanca. Se utilizaron los cuestionarios PRECONCIMEI (versión niños) y ECLIS. Variables estudiadas: tipo de participación en IE, participación en IE, dinamismo de la participación en IE, percepción del CE. Se realizó test de ANOVA, prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y de la mediana. La media de las diferencias para la percepción del CE global entre los participantes fue de -3.91 (IC 95% -8,02; 0,21). La diferencia de clima global no difirió significativamente entre categorías de dinamismo (P=0,38). Se observó un empeoramiento del CE en las categorías de dinamismo de participación en IE respecto a la de los niños no participantes, quienes no experimentaron cambios en su percepción del CE a lo largo del ciclo lectivo. No se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el análisis global y por dimensiones de la variación de CE entre ambas tomas.
A negatively perceived school climate (CE) facilitates the occurrence and maintenance of situations of school bullying (IE). There is no evidence on how the perception of it varies according to the participation of the student in said situations in the school environment throughout a school year. The objective was to compare the variation of the perception of the CE in the students according to the dynamism of their participation in bullying situations. It was a descriptive study carried out in 2015 in children aged 8-12 from primary schools in Bahía Blanca. The PRECONCIMEI (children's version) and ECLIS questionnaires were used. Variables studied: type of participation in EI, participation in EI, dynamism of participation in EI, perception of CE. ANOVA test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed. The mean of the differences for the perception of the global CE between the participants was -3.91 (95% CI -8.02; 0.21). The global climate difference did not differ significantly between dynamism categories (P=0.38). A worsening of the CE was observed in the categories of dynamism of participation in IE with respect to that of the non-participating children, who did not experience changes in their perception of the CE throughout the school year. No statistically significant differences were detected in the overall analysis and by dimensions of the CE variation between the two intakes.
Assuntos
Escolaridade , Percepção , Instituições Acadêmicas , CriançaRESUMO
The scope of immune monitoring is to define the existence, magnitude, and quality of immune mechanisms operational in a host. In clinical trials and praxis, the assessment of humoral immunity is commonly confined to measurements of serum antibody reactivity without accounting for the memory B cell potential. Relying on fundamentally different mechanisms, however, passive immunity conveyed by pre-existing antibodies needs to be distinguished from active B cell memory. Here, we tested whether, in healthy human individuals, the antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2, seasonal influenza, or Epstein-Barr virus antigens correlated with the frequency of recirculating memory B cells reactive with the respective antigens. Weak correlations were found. The data suggest that the assessment of humoral immunity by measurement of antibody levels does not reflect on memory B cell frequencies and thus an individual's potential to engage in an anamnestic antibody response against the same or an antigenically related virus. Direct monitoring of the antigen-reactive memory B cell compartment is both required and feasible towards that goal.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Influenza Humana , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Anticorpos Antivirais , Células B de Memória , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Assessment of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents is typically restricted to detecting antigen-specific antibodies in the serum. Rarely does immune monitoring entail assessment of the memory B-cell compartment itself, although it is these cells that engage in secondary antibody responses capable of mediating immune protection when pre-existing antibodies fail to prevent re-infection. There are few techniques that are capable of detecting rare antigen-specific B cells while also providing information regarding their relative abundance, class/subclass usage and functional affinity. In theory, the ELISPOT/FluoroSpot (collectively ImmunoSpot) assay platform is ideally suited for antigen-specific B-cell assessments since it provides this information at single-cell resolution for individual antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here, we tested the hypothesis that antigen-coating efficiency could be universally improved across a diverse set of viral antigens if the standard direct (non-specific, low affinity) antigen absorption to the membrane was substituted by high-affinity capture. Specifically, we report an enhancement in assay sensitivity and a reduction in required protein concentrations through the capture of recombinant proteins via their encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) affinity tag. Affinity tag antigen coating enabled detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD)-reactive ASC, and also significantly improved assay performance using additional control antigens. Collectively, establishment of a universal antigen-coating approach streamlines characterization of the memory B-cell compartment after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccinations, and facilitates high-throughput immune-monitoring efforts of large donor cohorts in general.
