Postimplantation Syndrome After Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair in an Elderly Patient

Endovascular procedures have been proposed as minimally invasive alternative treatments, allowing safe and effective aortic aneurysm repair. Despite the potential benefits, endovascular stent grafting may elicit an unexpected systemic inflammatory response, called postimplantation syndrome (PIS). The main features of PIS include fever, elevated C-reactive protein levels, leukocytosis and/or coagulation disturbances, perigraft air on abdominal computed tomography, and no evidence of infection. The main management of PIS is supportive care. Antibiotics have no clinical benefit. We report a case of PIS after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in an elderly patient.

Obesity Increases Blood Pressure Variability during the Night

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported that obesity increases heart rate variability. Body mass index (BMI) has been reported to affect blood pressure variability (BPV) over 24 hours. However, the diurnal variation in the effect of BMI on BPV has not been evaluated. This study aimed to clarify the diurnal variation in the effect of BMI on BPV. METHODS: A total of 2,044 patients were consecutively enrolled in this study, and the data were analyzed retrospectively. All patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. We divided patients into two groups according to BMI (non-obese group: n = 1,145, BMI or = 25). We compared BPV during daytime and nighttime between the non-obese and obese groups. We also evaluated the impact of BMI on BPV by multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: On univariate regression analysis, there was no significant difference in BPV during daytime (systolic BP [SBP] variability: 20.7 vs. 21.7, p = 0.511; diastolic BP [DBP] variability: 16.8 vs. 17.5, p = 0.539). However, both SBP variability (13.8 vs. 17.6, p = 0.009) and DBP variability (11.7 vs. 14.3, p = 0.042) during nighttime were affected significantly by BMI. After adjusting other compounding variables (age > 60 years, current smoking habit, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and use of calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers), multivariate analysis showed that BMI was an independent factor associated with increase in BPV during the night (SBP variability: p = 0.039; DBP variability: p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity increased BPV during nighttime.

Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Intermediate Coronary Stenoses: MINIATURE Investigators (Korea MultIceNter TrIal on Long-Term Clinical Outcome According to the Plaque Burden and Treatment Strategy in Lesions with MinimUm Lumen ARea lEss Than 4 mm2 Usin

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the two-year clinical outcomes in patients with angiographically intermediate lesions according to the plaque burden and treatment strategy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients with angiographically intermediate lesions (diameter stenosis 30-70%) with an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) minimum lumen area (MLA) <4 mm2 with 50-70% plaque burden of 16 Korean percutaneous coronary intervention centers. Patients were divided into medical therapy group (n=85) and zotarolimus-eluting stent group (ZES; Resolute) group (n=74). We evaluated the incidences of two-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS: A two-year clinical follow-up was completed in 143 patients and MACE occurred in 12 patients. There were no significant differences in the incidences of death (1.3% vs. 3.0%, p=0.471), target vessel-related non-fatal myocardial infarction (0.0% vs. 0.0%, p=1.000) and target vessel revascularizations (7.8% vs. 4.5%, p=0.425) between medical and ZES groups. Independent predictors of two-year MACE included acute myocardial infarction {odds ratio (OR)=2.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43-6.12, p=0.014}, diabetes mellitus (OR=2.46; 95% CI 1.24-5.56, p=0.028) and non-statin therapy (OR=2.32; 95% CI 1.18-5.24, p=0.034). CONCLUSION: Medical therapy shows comparable results with ZES, and myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus and non-statin therapy were associated with the occurrence of two-year MACE in patients with intermediate lesion with IVUS MLA <4 mm2 with 50-70% of plaque burden.

The Inflammation Markers According to the Presence of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease

OBJECTIVE: Prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been reported to be high in patients with atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) in lower extremities. Various inflammatory markers have been known to be associated with CAD. The aim of study was to explore the role of inflammatory makers for CAD in patients with PAD. METHODS: A total of 346 PAD patients (71.51+/-9.41 years, 337 males) who underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty from June 2006 to April 2012 were included in this study. Patients were divided into the Group I (PAD with CAD: n=151, 149 males) and the Group II (PAD without CAD: n=195, 188 males). RESULTS: Among 346 patients, 149 patients had CAD (43.6%). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) (p=0.023) and smoking (p=0.010) were significantly higher in the group I when compared withthe group II. The level of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) increased (p or =3.0 mg/dL) (OR=2.595, 95% CI: 1.548-4.350, p<0.001), and age (OR=0.645; 95% CI, 0.454-0.915; p=0.014) were independent predictors for the development of CAD in PAD patients. CONCLUSION: 43.6% of patients with PAD also had CAD, and the predictors of CAD were smoking, DM, and high level of hs-CRP.

The Impact of Ischemic Time on the Predictive Value of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Treated by Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of inflammation, has been known to be elevated in patients with coronary artery disease. However, there is controversy about the predictive value of hs-CRP after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Therefore, we evaluated the impact of ischemic time on the predictive value of hs-CRP in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who were treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 5123 STEMI patients treated by primary PCI from the Korean Working Group in Myocardial Infarction and divided enrolled patients into four groups by symptom-to-balloon time (SBT) and level of hs-CRP (Group I: SBT or =3 mg/L, Group III: SBT > or =6 hours and hs-CRP or =6 hours and hs-CRP > or =3 mg/L). To evaluate the impact of ischemic time on the predictive value of hs-CRP in STEMI patients, we compared the cumulative cardiac event-free survival rate between these four groups. RESULTS: The sum of the cumulative incidence of all-cause mortality and recurrence of MI was higher in Group IV than in the other groups. However, there was no significant difference among Group I, Group II, and Group III. The Cox-regression analyses showed that an elevated level of hs-CRP (> or =3 mg/L) was an independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular outcomes only among late-presenting STEMI patients (p=0.017, hazard ratio=2.462). CONCLUSION: For STEMI patients with a long ischemic time (> or =6 hours), an elevated level of hs-CRP is a poor prognostic factor of long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Rosuvastatin Does Not Affect Fasting Glucose, Insulin Resistance, or Adiponectin in Patients with Mild to Moderate Hypertension / 전남의대학술지

The effects of statins on insulin resistance and new-onset diabetes are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of rosuvastatin on insulin resistance and adiponectin in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. In a randomized, prospective, single-blind study, 53 hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to the control group (n=26) or the rosuvastatin (20 mg once daily) group (n=27) during an 8-week treatment period. Both groups showed significant improvements in systolic blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) after 8 weeks of treatment. Rosuvastatin treatment improved total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The control and rosuvastatin treatment groups did not differ significantly in the change in HbA1c (3.0+/-10.1% vs. -1.3+/-12.7%; p=0.33), fasting glucose (-1.3+/-18.0% vs. 2.5+/-24.1%; p=0.69), or fasting insulin levels (5.2+/-70.5% vs. 22.6+/-133.2%; p=0.27) from baseline. Furthermore, the control and rosuvastatin treatment groups did not differ significantly in the change in the QUICKI insulin sensitivity index (mean change, 2.2+/-11.6% vs. 3.6+/-11.9%; p=0.64) or the HOMA index (11.6+/-94.9% vs. 32.4+/-176.7%; p=0.44). The plasma adiponectin level increased significantly in the rosuvastatin treatment group (p=0.046), but did not differ significantly from that in the control group (mean change, 23.2+/-28.4% vs. 23.1+/-27.6%; p=0.36). Eight weeks of rosuvastatin (20 mg) therapy resulted in no significant improvement or deterioration in fasting glucose levels, insulin resistance, or adiponectin levels in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.

Rosuvastatin Does Not Affect Fasting Glucose, Insulin Resistance, or Adiponectin in Patients with Mild to Moderate Hypertension / 전남의대학술지

The effects of statins on insulin resistance and new-onset diabetes are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of rosuvastatin on insulin resistance and adiponectin in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. In a randomized, prospective, single-blind study, 53 hypertensive patients were randomly assigned to the control group (n=26) or the rosuvastatin (20 mg once daily) group (n=27) during an 8-week treatment period. Both groups showed significant improvements in systolic blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) after 8 weeks of treatment. Rosuvastatin treatment improved total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The control and rosuvastatin treatment groups did not differ significantly in the change in HbA1c (3.0+/-10.1% vs. -1.3+/-12.7%; p=0.33), fasting glucose (-1.3+/-18.0% vs. 2.5+/-24.1%; p=0.69), or fasting insulin levels (5.2+/-70.5% vs. 22.6+/-133.2%; p=0.27) from baseline. Furthermore, the control and rosuvastatin treatment groups did not differ significantly in the change in the QUICKI insulin sensitivity index (mean change, 2.2+/-11.6% vs. 3.6+/-11.9%; p=0.64) or the HOMA index (11.6+/-94.9% vs. 32.4+/-176.7%; p=0.44). The plasma adiponectin level increased significantly in the rosuvastatin treatment group (p=0.046), but did not differ significantly from that in the control group (mean change, 23.2+/-28.4% vs. 23.1+/-27.6%; p=0.36). Eight weeks of rosuvastatin (20 mg) therapy resulted in no significant improvement or deterioration in fasting glucose levels, insulin resistance, or adiponectin levels in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.

A Case of Periaortitis Diagnosed with Abdomen CT in a Patient with Malignant Fibrous Histiocytosis

Periaortitis is a very rare disease, characterized by a fibro-inflammatory tissue which develops around abdominal aorta and iliac arteries, and spreads into the structures of retroperitoneum. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for the diagnosis. Here, we report a case of periaortitis diagnosed with abdomen CT in patient with malignant fibrous histiocytoma.

Elevated hs-CRP in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The association between inflammatory markers and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with stable angina pectoris remains controversial. This study explored the relationships between the serum high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) level and severity of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with stable angina. METHODS: The study enrolled 377 stable angina patients (298 males, 79 females) undergoing coronary angiography from June 2006 to August 2010. Based on the coronary angiography results, they were divided into two groups according to the diameter of stenosis (DS): Group I (DS > or = 50%) and Group II (DS or = 3.0 mg/L versus low hs-CRP or = 50% coronary stenosis have higher hs-CRP levels than patients with < 50% coronary stenosis and stable angina. Further study is needed to define the role of hs-CRP in the progression of angina pectoris.

Reverse Controlled Antegrade and Retrograde Subintimal Tracking in Chronic Total Occlusion of Right Coronary Artery

Passage failure of guidewire is still remained most common reason for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) failure in chronic total occlusion (CTO). Intravascular ultrasound study (IVUS) and cardiac CT angiography can help identify features that most influence current success rates of PCI. We report our experience using the reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking technique under the aid of IVUS, cardiac CT angiography for an ambiguous CTO of proximal right coronary artery.

Below the Knee Intervention Using Multidisciplinary Methods Including an Antegrade, Retrograde Approach Without the Use of a Sheath but With a Plaque Excision Device

Below the knee (BTK) interventions are increasing in patients with rest pain or critical limb ischemia, and these interventions are frequently successful in facilitating limb salvage. New intervention techniques and devices allow successful recanalization of occluded BTK arteries. Here, we report a case of successful recanalization of BTK arteries using multidisciplinary methods, including an antegrade approach and retrograde approach without the use of a sheath, but with simple balloon angioplasty, and plaque excision using Silverhawk atherectomy device.

Thrombotic Occlusion of the External Iliac and Popliteal Arteries after Hip Hemiarthroplasty: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

Vascular complications related to hip arthroplasty are common, however, total occlusion of a critical artery that threatens survival of an extremity is extremely rare. We report on a patient who had thrombotic arterial occlusions at the iliac and popliteal arteries following hemiarthroplasty of the hip.

Effects of Weight Change on Clinical Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Underwent Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / 전남의대학술지

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for many chronic disorders. However, the effect of weight change after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not well known. Among consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention between November 2005 and November 2007 due to AMI, patients who were overweight (23.0< or =body mass index [BMI]<27.5 kg/m2, n=341) and obese (BMI> or =27.5 kg/m2, n=80) were selected for analysis. According to weight change, the patients were divided into 4 groups: Group I (weight loss>5%, n=61), Group II (0%<weight loss< or =5%, n=133), Group III (0%< or =weight gain<5%, n=181), and Group IV (weight gain> or =5%, n=46). We assessed the association between weight change and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Greater weight loss was more frequent among older individuals (Group I: 64.1+/-12.4 years, II: 60.6+/-12.1 years, III: 59.0+/-11.9 years, IV: 61.4+/-10.6 years; p=0.028) and patients with diabetes (Group I: 34.4%, II: 27.1%, III: 21.2%, IV: 15.2%; p=0.009). However, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics or in angiographic or procedural factors except for the proportions of patients with three-vessel disease, which were higher in patients with weight loss (Group I: 20.8%, II: 23.0%, III: 12.5%, IV: 11.6%; p=0.005). The group with greater weight loss had the highest MACE rate at the 12-month clinical follow-up (Group I: 36.9%, II: 25.0%, III: 25.9%, IV: 17.3%; p=0.020). Although weight loss after AMI appears to be associated with worse outcomes, it remains unclear whether the effect is of cardiac origin.

Clinical Outcome of Veterans with Acute Coronary Syndrome Who Had Been Exposed to Agent Orange / 전남의대학술지

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), one of the components of Agent Orange, has been reported to be a deadly poison despite its presence at extremely small doses. TCDD is reported to cause various kinds of cancers and other harmful effects on humans. However, a correlation between exposure to TCDD and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not yet proven. Thus, we examined the correlation between exposure to TCDD and ACS through an analysis of coronary angiograms from veterans of the Vietnam War. Two hundred fifty-one consecutive men undergoing coronary angiograms owing to ACS between April 2004 and May 2009 at Gwangju Veterans Hospital were analyzed. Included subjects were between 50 and 70 years of age. The patients were divided into two groups: 121 patients who had been exposed to TCDD (Group I) and 130 patients who had not been exposed to TCDD (Group II). Clinical and coronary angiographic findings were evaluated. Baseline clinical characteristics, inflammatory markers, and echocardiographic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of hypertension (71.1% vs. 60.0%, p=0.039) and hyperlipidemia (27.3% vs. 16.9%, p=0.038) was higher in Group I than in Group II. Total occlusion, stent length, stent use, and coronary lesion characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. The rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) had no relationship with exposure to TCDD. Exposure to TCDD might not affect severity or the rate of MACE in persons with ACS.

Effects of Weight Change on Clinical Outcomes in Overweight and Obese Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Underwent Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / 전남의대학술지

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for many chronic disorders. However, the effect of weight change after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is not well known. Among consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention between November 2005 and November 2007 due to AMI, patients who were overweight (23.0 or =27.5 kg/m2, n=80) were selected for analysis. According to weight change, the patients were divided into 4 groups: Group I (weight loss>5%, n=61), Group II (0% or =5%, n=46). We assessed the association between weight change and major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Greater weight loss was more frequent among older individuals (Group I: 64.1+/-12.4 years, II: 60.6+/-12.1 years, III: 59.0+/-11.9 years, IV: 61.4+/-10.6 years; p=0.028) and patients with diabetes (Group I: 34.4%, II: 27.1%, III: 21.2%, IV: 15.2%; p=0.009). However, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics or in angiographic or procedural factors except for the proportions of patients with three-vessel disease, which were higher in patients with weight loss (Group I: 20.8%, II: 23.0%, III: 12.5%, IV: 11.6%; p=0.005). The group with greater weight loss had the highest MACE rate at the 12-month clinical follow-up (Group I: 36.9%, II: 25.0%, III: 25.9%, IV: 17.3%; p=0.020). Although weight loss after AMI appears to be associated with worse outcomes, it remains unclear whether the effect is of cardiac origin.

Clinical Outcome of Veterans with Acute Coronary Syndrome Who Had Been Exposed to Agent Orange / 전남의대학술지

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), one of the components of Agent Orange, has been reported to be a deadly poison despite its presence at extremely small doses. TCDD is reported to cause various kinds of cancers and other harmful effects on humans. However, a correlation between exposure to TCDD and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is not yet proven. Thus, we examined the correlation between exposure to TCDD and ACS through an analysis of coronary angiograms from veterans of the Vietnam War. Two hundred fifty-one consecutive men undergoing coronary angiograms owing to ACS between April 2004 and May 2009 at Gwangju Veterans Hospital were analyzed. Included subjects were between 50 and 70 years of age. The patients were divided into two groups: 121 patients who had been exposed to TCDD (Group I) and 130 patients who had not been exposed to TCDD (Group II). Clinical and coronary angiographic findings were evaluated. Baseline clinical characteristics, inflammatory markers, and echocardiographic parameters were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of hypertension (71.1% vs. 60.0%, p=0.039) and hyperlipidemia (27.3% vs. 16.9%, p=0.038) was higher in Group I than in Group II. Total occlusion, stent length, stent use, and coronary lesion characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups. The rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) had no relationship with exposure to TCDD. Exposure to TCDD might not affect severity or the rate of MACE in persons with ACS.

The Impact of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Arterial Stiffness in Korea

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is an important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor, which is known to acutely increase arterial stiffness. But the chronic effects of smoking on arterial stiffness are still controvertial. We studied the effects of chronic cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness in Korean subjects. METHODS: Our subjects included those >18 years of age (n=2685, 991 females) who had undergone a pulse wave velocity from July 2004 to June 2008. They were classified into two groups, smokers (n=641) and non-smokers (n=2044). In addition to the pulse wave velocity (PWV), we reviewed the highly sensitive C-reactive protein levels in a random manner when it was available. RESULTS: Males were predominant in the smokers group. Smokers had significantly higher heart-femoral PWVs than non-smokers (1083.6+/-264.1 cm/sec vs. 1041.3+/-257.3 cm/sec; p<0.001). There was no linear relationship between smoking duration and PWV (r= -0.225, p=0.506) even after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. Furthermore, there was no difference in the ankle-brachial index between the two groups. On the multivariate regression analysis, age, male gender, hypertension, and diabetes were independent predictors of increased arterial stiffness. CONCLUSION: In this study, chronic cigarette smoking increased central arterial stiffness in Korean subjects.

Hypertensive Heart Failure Associated with Middle Aortic Syndrome Reversed Dramatically by Endovascular Management

A 42-year-old male patient presented with refractory hypertension and congestive heart failure. He had taken hydrochlorthiazide 50 mg, carvedilol 25 mg, diltiazem 180 mg, and losartan 100 mg per day. Aortogram revealed a severe luminal narrowing in the distal thoracic aorta with a peak systolic pressure gradient of 60 mmHg across the lesion. Endovascular management was performed with 22 x 80 mm self-expandable Nitinol-S stent after predilation with 10 x 40 mm balloon. After endovascular management, the patient's blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and dilated LV dimension were remarkably improved.

Relationship between the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study examined the relationship between the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: Between January 2006 and December 2007, 867 patients (age, 62.6+/-12.5 years; males, 71%) undergoing a 1-year follow- up after PCI for AMI were divided into five groups according to the LDL-C level: or =160 mg/dL. RESULTS: Smoking (63%), hypertension (46%), and diabetes mellitus (28%) were common risk factors. The history of ischemic heart disease decreased as the LDL-C level increased (p=0.036). Patients with lower LDL-C levels had lower creatinine clearance and higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels. The rate of in-hospital complications after PCI declined with increases in the LDL-C level, except in patients with LDL-C >160 mg/dL (linear p=0.010). There was no correlation between the LDL-C level and the 30-day or 1-year clinical outcome after PCI. After multivariate adjustment, independent predictors of the 1-year mortality after PCI were left ventricular ejection fraction, hsCRP, age, and creatinine clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Higher LDL-C levels were related to fewer in-hospital complications, but there was no correlation between the LDL-C level and long-term clinical outcome after PCI in Korean patients with AMI.

Efficacy of Triple Anti-Platelet Therapy Including Cilostazol in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Triple anti-platelet therapy is known to prevent restenosis after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. However, there is little available data concerning the efficacy of triple anti-platelet therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 528 consecutive patients with AMI undergoing DES implantation between Nov 2005 and Apr 2008. We compared clinical outcomes in the triple anti-platelet therapy (group I, n=413: cilostazol combined with aspirin and clopidogrel for at least one month) and dual antiplatelet therapy groups (group II, n=115: aspirin and clopidogrel). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. However, ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and use of TAXUS(R) stents were more common (70.9% vs. 55.7%, p=0.002; 83.5% vs. 73.0%, p=0.011) in Group I. Group I had lower incidences of cardiac death, 6-month target lesion revascularization (TLR), and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) compared to Group II (1.7% vs. 5.7%, p=0.022; 5.7% vs. 11.5%, 0.035; 7.9% vs. 16.0%, p=0.011). On subgroup analysis, the incidence of 6-month TLR was lower among patients with American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) B2 or C lesions and non-STEMI (6.0% vs. 14.9%, p=0.012; 4.3% vs. 19.1%, p=0.002) in Group I compared to those in Group II. The rates of bleeding complications were no different between the two groups. On multivariate analysis, Killip III or IV and triple anti-platelet therapy were independent predictors of 6-month MACCE {hazard ratio (HR)=3.382; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.384-8.262, HR=0.436; 95% CI=0.203-0.933}. CONCLUSION:Triple anti-platelet therapy is safe and efficacious, and it prevents TLR in patients with AMI, especially those with complex lesions and non-STEMIs.