Implications of Implementing the 2021 CKD-EPI Equation Without Race on Managing Patients With Kidney Disease in British Columbia, Canada.

Introduction: We investigated the implications of implementing race-free Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) 2021 equation among real-world patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) from British Columbia (BC), Canada. Methods: This study included nondialysis-dependent patients with CKD aged ≥19 years who were registered in the Patient Records and Outcome Management Information System (PROMIS) as of March 31, 2016 (index date) with ≥1 serum creatinine measurement within 1 year before the index date. Patients with a history of kidney transplantation before the index date were excluded. CKD-EPI 2021 versus 2009 equation was the exposure variable. Difference in mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and number (%) of patients reclassified to a different eGFR category were estimated. We used Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard model to investigate the association between change in eGFR category and progression to kidney failure (incident maintenance dialysis or kidney transplantation) within 2 years. Results: A total of 11,604 patients (median age 73 years, 52% male) were included. Compared to the 2009 equation, eGFR from 2021 equation was on average 2.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2 higher. Variation was higher among males. Overall, ∼17% of the study sample were reclassified to a category with higher eGFR by 2021 equation (switchers). The highest proportion (28%) of patients were reclassified from G5 to G4. The risk of progressing to kidney failure was 22% less among switchers compared to nonswitchers; adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) is 0.78 (0.65, 0.94). Conclusion: CKD-EPI 2021 equation appeared to provide higher eGFR compared to 2009 equation. This higher eGFR values appeared to be concordant with subsequent real-world CKD progression outcomes. Higher eGFR from the 2021 equation may have substantial clinical implications in both diagnosis as well as long-term care of patients with CKD.

Capacity for the management of kidney failure in the International Society of Nephrology North America and the Caribbean region: report from the 2023 ISN Global Kidney Health Atlas (ISN-GKHA).

The International Society of Nephrology Global Kidney Health Atlas charts the availability and capacity of kidney care globally. In the North America and the Caribbean region, the Atlas can identify opportunities for kidney care improvement, particularly in Caribbean countries where structures for systematic data collection are lacking. In this third iteration, respondents from 12 of 18 countries from the region reported a 2-fold higher than global median prevalence of dialysis and transplantation, and a 3-fold higher than global median prevalence of dialysis centers. The peritoneal dialysis prevalence was lower than the global median, and transplantation data were missing from 6 of the 10 Caribbean countries. Government-funded payments predominated for dialysis modalities, with greater heterogeneity in transplantation payor mix. Services for chronic kidney disease, such as monitoring of anemia and blood pressure, and diagnostic capability relying on serum creatinine and urinalyses were universally available. Notable exceptions in Caribbean countries included non-calcium-based phosphate binders and kidney biopsy services. Personnel shortages were reported across the region. Kidney failure was identified as a governmental priority more commonly than was chronic kidney disease or acute kidney injury. In this generally affluent region, patients have better access to kidney replacement therapy and chronic kidney disease-related services than in much of the world. Yet clear heterogeneity exists, especially among the Caribbean countries struggling with dialysis and personnel capacity. Important steps to improve kidney care in the region include increased emphasis on preventive care, a focus on home-based modalities and transplantation, and solutions to train and retain specialized allied health professionals.

Kidney Failure Risk Equation in vascular access planning: a population-based study supporting value in decision making.

Background: The Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE) can play a better role in vascular access (VA) planning in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring hemodialysis (HD). We described the VA creation and utilization pattern under existing estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)-based referral, and investigated the utility of KFRE score as an adjunct variable in VA planning. Methods: Patients with CKD aged ≥18 years with eGFR <20 mL/min/1.73 m2 who chose HD as dialysis modality from January 2010 to August 2020 were included from a population-based database in British Columbia, Canada. Modality selection date was the index date. Exposures were categorized as (i) current eGFR-based referral, (ii) eGFR-based referral plus KRFE 2-year risk score on index date (KFRE-2) >40% and (iii) eGFR-based referral plus KFRE-2 ≤40%. We estimated the proportion of patients who started HD on arteriovenous fistula/graft (AVF/G) within 2 years, indicating timely pre-emptive creation, and the proportion of patients in whom AVF/G was created but did not start HD within 2 years, indicating too-early creation. Results: Study included 2581 patients, median age 71 years, 60% male. Overall, 1562(61%) started HD and 276 (11%) experienced death before HD initiation within 2 years. Compared with current referral, the proportion of patients who started HD on AVF/G was significantly higher when KFRE-2 was considered in addition to current referral (49% vs 58%, P-value <.001). Adjunct KFRE-2 significantly reduced too-early creation (31% vs 18%, P-value <.001). Conclusions: KFRE in addition to existing eGFR-based referral for VA creation has the potential to improve VA resource utilization by ensuring more patients start HD on AVF/G and may minimize too-early/unnecessary creation. Prospective research is necessary to validate these findings.

Oral Nutritional Supplement Prescription and Patient-Reported Symptom Burden Among Patients With Late-Stage Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease.

Background: Malnutrition and protein-energy wasting (PEW) are nutritional complications of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) that contribute to morbidity, mortality, and decreased quality of life. No previous studies have assessed the effect of oral nutritional supplements (ONSs) on patient-reported symptom burden among patients with non-dialysis CKD (CKD-ND) who have or are at risk of malnutrition/PEW. Objective: The objective of this study was (1) to quantify the associations between baseline nutritional parameters and patient-reported symptom scores for wellbeing, tiredness, nausea, and appetite and (2) to compare the change in symptom scores among patients prescribed ONS with patients who did not receive ONS in a propensity-score-matched analysis. Design: This study conducted observational cohort analysis using provincial registry data. Setting: This study was done in multidisciplinary CKD clinics in British Columbia. Patients: Adult patients >18 years of age with CKD-ND entering multidisciplinary CKD clinics between January 1, 2010-July 31, 2019 who had at least 2 Edmonton Symptom Assessment System Revised: Renal (ESASr:Renal) assessments. Measurements: The measurements include nutrition-related parameters such as body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, serum phosphate, serum bicarbonate, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and ESASr:Renal scores (overall and subscores for wellbeing, tiredness, nausea, and appetite). Methods: Multivariable linear regression was applied to assess associations between nutritional parameters and ESASr:Renal scores. Propensity-score matching using the greedy method was used to match patients prescribed ONS with those not prescribed ONS using multiple demographic, comorbidity, health care utilization, and temporal factors. Linear regression was used to assess the association between first ONS prescription and change in ESASr:Renal overall score and subscores for wellbeing, tiredness, nausea, and appetite. Results: Of total, 2076 patients were included. Higher baseline serum albumin was associated with lower overall ESASr:Renal score (-0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.40 to -0.01 per 1 g/L increase in albumin), lower subscores for tiredness (-0.04, 95% CI = -0.07 to -0.01), nausea (-0.03, 95% CI = -0.04 to -0.01), and appetite (-0.03, 95% CI = -0.06 to -0.01). Higher BMI was associated with higher overall ESASr:Renal score (0.32, 95% CI = 0.16 to 0.48 per 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI), higher symptom subscores for wellbeing (0.02, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.04) and tiredness (0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.07). Higher baseline NLR was associated with higher overall score (0.21, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.39 per 1 unit increase in NLR), higher symptom subscores for wellbeing (0.03, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.05) and nausea (0.03, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.05). In the propensity-score-matched analysis, there were no statistically significant associations between ONS prescription and change in overall ESASr:Renal (beta coefficient for change in ESASr:Renal = 0.17, 95% CI = -2.64 to 2.99) or for subscores for appetite, tiredness, nausea, and wellbeing. Limitations: Possible residual confounding. The ESASr:Renal assessments were obtained routinely only in patients with G5 CKD-ND and/or experiencing significant CKD-related symptoms. Conclusions: This exploratory observational analysis of patients with advanced non-dialysis CKD demonstrated BMI, serum albumin, and NLR were modestly associated with patient-reported symptoms, but we did not observe an association between ONS use and change in ESASr:Renal scores.

Contexte: La malnutrition et la dénutrition protéino-énergétique (DPÉ) sont des complications nutritionnelles de l'insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) de stade avancé qui contribuent à la morbidité, à la mortalité et à la diminution de la qualité de vie associées à la maladie. Aucune étude n'a évalué l'effet des suppléments nutritionnels administrés par voie orale (SNO) sur le fardeau des symptômes autodéclarés par les patients non dialysés atteints d'IRC (IRC-ND) et souffrant de malnutrition/DPÉ ou risquant d'en souffrir. Objectifs: (1) Quantifier les associations entre les paramètres nutritionnels initiaux et les scores des symptômes autodéclarés en lien avec le bien-être, la fatigue, les nausées et l'appétit. (2) Comparer, dans une analyse des scores de propension appariés, la variation des scores associés aux symptômes des patients ayant reçu une ordonnance de SNO par rapport aux patients n'en ayant pas reçu. Conception: Analyse de cohorte observationnelle à partir des données du registre provincial. Cadre: Cliniques multidisciplinaires d'IRC en Colombie-Britannique. Sujets: Des patients adultes atteints d'IRC-ND admis entre le 1er janvier 2010 et le 31 juillet 2019 dans des cliniques multidisciplinaires d'IRC avec au moins deux évaluations selon l'Échelle d'évaluation Edmonton pour l'insuffisance rénale (ESASr:renal­Edmonton Symptom Assessment System Revised: Renal). Mesures: Les paramètres liés à la nutrition: indice de masse corporelle (IMC), albumine sérique, phosphate sérique, bicarbonate sérique, rapport neutrophiles/lymphocytes (RNL), ainsi que les scores ESASr:renal (scores globaux et scores secondaires pour le bien-être, la fatigue, les nausées et l'appétit). Méthodologie: La régression linéaire multivariable a servi à évaluer les associations entre les paramètres nutritionnels et les scores ESASr:renal. Une correspondance des scores de propension par la méthode Greedy a été utilisée pour apparier des patients ayant reçu ordonnance de SNO avec des patients n'en ayant pas reçu selon plusieurs facteurs démographiques, les comorbidités, l'utilisation des soins de santé et des facteurs temporels. La régression linéaire a servi à évaluer l'association entre la première ordonnance de SNO et la variation des scores globaux et des scores secondaires de l'ESASr:renal pour le bien-être, la fatigue, les nausées et l'appétit. Résultats: Au total, 2 076 patients ont été inclus à l'étude. Un taux d'albumine sérique plus élevé à l'inclusion était associé à un score ESASr:rénal global plus faible (-0,20 [IC 95 %: -0,40 à -0,01 pour 1 g/L d'augmentation de l'albumine]) et à des scores secondaires plus faibles pour la fatigue (-0,04 [IC 95 %: -0,07 à -0,01]), les nausées (-0,03 [IC 95 %: -0,04 à 0,01]) et l'appétit (0,03 [IC 95 %: -0,06 à -0,01]). Un IMC plus élevé était associé à un score ESASr:renal global plus élevé (0,32 [IC 95 %: 0,16 à 0,48 par augmentation de 1 kg/m2 de l'IMC]), des scores secondaires de symptômes plus élevés pour le bien-être (0,02 [IC 95 %: 0,00 à 0,04]) et la fatigue (0,05 [IC 95 %: 0,02 à 0,07]). Un RNL initial plus élevé était associé à un score ESASr:renal global plus élevé (0,21 [IC 95 %: 0,03 à 0,39 par unité d'augmentation du RNL]), des scores secondaires de symptômes plus élevés pour le bien-être (0,03 [IC 95 %: 0,01 à 0,05]) et les nausées (0,03 [IC 95 %: 0,02 à 0,05]). Dans l'analyse des scores de propension appariés, aucune association statistiquement significative n'a été observée entre une ordonnance de SNO et une variation significative dans les scores globaux de l'ESASr:renal (coefficient bêta de variation de l'ESASr:rénal: 0,17 [IC 95 %: -2,64 ­ à 2,99]) ou les scores secondaires pour l'appétit, la fatigue, les nausées et le bien-être. Limites: Possibilité de facteurs de confusion résiduels. Les évaluations ESASr:renal ont été effectuées de routine uniquement pour les patients atteints d'IRC-ND G5 et/ou présentant des symptômes importants liés à l'IRC. Conclusion: Cette analyse observationnelle exploratoire portant sur des patients atteints d'IRC avancée non dialysés a démontré que l'IMC, l'albumine sérique et le RNL étaient associés de façon modeste aux symptômes autodéclarés. Toutefois, aucune association n'a été observée entre une ordonnance de SNO et une variation des scores ESASr:renal.

Sustainable Development Goals: Challenges and the Role of the International Society of Nephrology in Improving Global Kidney Health.

The United Nations 2030 agenda for sustainable development includes 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) that represent a universal call to end poverty and protect the planet, and are intended to guide government and private sector policies for international cooperation and optimal mobilization of resources. At the core of their achievement is reducing mortality by improving the global burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. CKD is the only NCD with a consistently rising age-adjusted mortality rate and is rising steadily up the list of the causes of lives lost globally. Kidney disease is strongly affected by social determinants of health, with a strong interplay between CKD incidence and progression and other NCDs and SDGs. Tackling the shared CKD and NCD risk factors will help with progress toward the SDGs and vice versa . Challenges to global kidney health include both preexisting socioeconomic factors and natural and human-induced disasters, many of which are intended to be addressed through actions proposed in the sustainable development agenda. Opportunities to address these challenges include public health policies focused on integrated kidney care, kidney disease surveillance, building strategic partnerships, building workforce capacity, harnessing technology and virtual platforms, advocacy/public awareness campaigns, translational and implementation research, and environmentally sustainable kidney care.

Long-term effect of COVID-19 infection on kidney function among COVID-19 patients followed in post-COVID-19 recovery clinics in British Columbia, Canada.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the effect of Post-Acute COVID Syndrome or "long-COVID" on kidney function among patients followed in post-COVID recovery clinics (PCRC) in British Columbia, Canada. METHODS: Long-COVID patients referred to PCRC between July 2020 to April 2022, aged ≥18 years who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value recorded at 3 months from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis (index) date were included. Those requiring renal replacement therapy prior to index date were excluded. Primary outcome was change in eGFR and urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) after COVID-19 infection. The proportion of patients in each of the six eGFR categories (<30, 30-44, 45-59, 60-89, 90-120 and >120 mL/min/1.73 m2) and three UACR categories (<3, 3-30 and >30 mg/mmol) in all of the study time points were calculated. Linear mixed model was used to investigate change in eGFR over time. RESULTS: The study sample included 2212 long-COVID patients. Median age was 56 years, 51% were male. Half (∼47%-50%) of the study sample had normal eGFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2) from COVID-19 diagnosis to 12 months post-COVID and <5% of patients had an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. There was an estimated 2.96 mL/min/1.73 m2 decrease in eGFR within 1 year after COVID-19 infection that was equivalent to 3.39% reduction from the baseline. Decline in eGFR was highest in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (6.72%) followed by diabetic patients (6.15%). More than 40% of patients were at risk of CKD. CONCLUSIONS: People with long-COVID experienced a substantial decline in eGFR within 1 year from the infection date. The prevalence of proteinuria appeared to be high. Close monitoring of kidney function is prudent among patients with persistent COVID-19 symptoms.

International practice patterns of dyslipidemia management in patients with chronic kidney disease under nephrology care: is it time to review guideline recommendations?

BACKGROUND: In contrast to guidelines related to lipid therapy in other areas, 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines recommend conducting a lipid profile upon diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and treating all patients older than 50 years without defining a target for lipid levels. We evaluated multinational practice patterns for lipid management in patients with advanced CKD under nephrology care. METHODS: We analyzed lipid-lowering therapy (LLT), LDL- cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and nephrologist-specified LDL-C goal upper limits in adult patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min from nephrology clinics in Brazil, France, Germany, and the United States (2014-2019). Models were adjusted for CKD stage, country, cardiovascular risk indicators, sex, and age. RESULTS: LLT treatment differed significantly by country, from 51% in Germany to 61% in the US and France (p = 0.002) for statin monotherapy. For ezetimibe with or without statins, the prevalence was 0.3% in Brazil to 9% in France (< 0.001). Compared with patients not taking lipid-lowering therapy, LDL-C was lower among treated patients (p < 0.0001) and differed significantly by country (p < 0.0001). At the patient level, the LDL-C levels and statin prescription did not vary significantly by CKD stage (p = 0.09 LDL-C and p = 0.24 statin use). Between 7-23% of untreated patients in each country had LDL-C ≥ 160 mg/dL. Only 7-17% of nephrologists believed that LDL-C should be < 70 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: There is substantial variation in practice patterns regarding LLT across countries but not across CKD stages. Treated patients appear to benefit from LDL-C lowering, yet a significant proportion of hyperlipidemia patients under nephrologist care are not receiving treatment.

Assessment of Hypertension Complications and Health Service Use 5 Years After Implementation of a Multicomponent Intervention.

Importance: There is a lack of information regarding the impact of implementing a protocol-driven, team-based, multicomponent intervention in public primary care settings on hypertension-related complications and health care burden over the long term. Objective: To compare hypertension-related complications and health service use at 5 years among patients managed with Risk Assessment and Management Program for Hypertension (RAMP-HT) vs usual care. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this population-based prospective matched cohort study, patients were followed up until the date of all-cause mortality, an outcome event, or last follow-up appointment before October 2017, whichever occurred first. Participants included 212 707 adults with uncomplicated hypertension managed at 73 public general outpatient clinics in Hong Kong between 2011 and 2013. RAMP-HT participants were matched to patients receiving usual care using propensity score fine stratification weightings. Statistical analysis was conducted from January 2019 to March 2023. Interventions: Nurse-led risk assessment linked to electronic action reminder system, nurse intervention, and specialist consultation (as necessary), in addition to usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures: Hypertension-related complications (cardiovascular diseases, end-stage kidney disease), all-cause mortality, public health service use (overnight hospitalization, attendances at accident and emergency department, specialist outpatient clinic, and general outpatient clinic). Results: A total of 108 045 RAMP-HT participants (mean [SD] age: 66.3 [12.3] years; 62 277 [57.6%] female) and 104 662 patients receiving usual care (mean [SD] age 66.3 [13.5] years; 60 497 [57.8%] female) were included. After a median (IQR) follow-up of 5.4 (4.5-5.8) years, RAMP-HT participants had 8.0% absolute risk reduction in cardiovascular diseases, 1.6% absolute risk reduction in end-stage kidney disease, and 10.0% absolute risk reduction in all-cause mortality. After adjusting for baseline covariates, the RAMP-HT group was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (hazard ratio [HR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.61-0.64), end-stage kidney disease (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.50-0.59), and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.50-0.54) compared with the usual care group. The number needed to treat to prevent 1 cardiovascular disease event, end-stage kidney disease, and all-cause mortality was 16, 106, and 17, respectively. RAMP-HT participants had lower hospital-based health service use (incidence rate ratios ranging from 0.60 to 0.87) but more general outpatient clinic attendances (IRR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.06-1.06) compared with usual care patients. Conclusions and Relevance: In this prospective matched cohort study involving 212 707 primary care patients with hypertension, participation in RAMP-HT was associated with statistically significant reductions in all-cause mortality, hypertension-related complications, and hospital-based health service use after 5 years.

Prescription Pattern of Cation Exchange Resins and Their Efficacy in Treating Chronic Hyperkalemia Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Diseases: Findings From a Population-Based Analysis in British Columbia, Canada.

Background: Little was known about how chronic hyperkalemia (cHK) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is managed in British Columbia, Canada. Objective: To investigate the trend in sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and calcium polystyrene sulfonate (CPS) utilization and their efficacy in treating cHK in CKD patients from British Columbia, Canada. Study Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting & Patients: CKD patients aged ≥18 years, followed in Kidney Care Clinic (KCC), who had at least 2 potassium values ≥5.0 mmol/L separated by no more than 91 days during the period of June 1, 2015, to July 31, 2021, were included. Index date was the first date of the 2 potassium values ≥5.0 mmol/L. Patients who received SPS or CPS within 90 days before index date were excluded. Patients who were on dialysis or received kidney transplantation on or before index date were also excluded. Exposure: Continuous exposure to SPS and CPS. Outcome: SPS/CPS prescription utilization trend was described by the proportion of patients ever treated with SPS/CPS, median time in days between cHK diagnosis and initiating treatment with SPS/CPS, total and median number of SPS/CPS prescriptions dispensed. Change in mean serum potassium concentration before and after a 90-day continuous treatment with SPS/CPS was estimated. Analytical Approach: Descriptive. Results: This study included 10 495 patients with cHK (median age 74 years, 60% were male). Median follow-up time was 625 days. Only 2864 (27%) patients were dispensed at least 1 prescription of either SPS or CPS. A total 7300 prescriptions were dispensed; median prescriptions dispensed per patients were 2 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-3). Median time from index date to the first prescription dispensing date was 154 days (IQR: 36-455). Continuous 90-day treatment with SPS/CPS decreased the mean serum potassium concentration by 0.60 mmol/L, from 5.58 to 4.98 mmol/L. Limitations: Descriptive observational study without control group. Conclusions: In British Columbia, only 1 in 4 CKD patients with cHK were dispensed with SPS/CPS, mostly with higher degrees of hyperkalemia. These medications appeared to be moderately effective in reducing the serum potassium concentration. Future research is necessary to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of newer generation medications.

Contexte: On savait peu de choses sur la façon dont l'hyperkaliémie chronique (HKc) est prise en charge chez les patients atteints d'insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) de la Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.), au Canada. Objectif: Étudier les tendances d'utilisation du sulfonate de polystyrène sodique (SPS) et du sulfonate de polystyrène calcique (SPC), ainsi que l'efficacité de ces agents dans le traitement de l'HKc chez les patients britanno-colombiens atteints d'IRC. Type d'étude: étude de cohorte rétrospective. Sujets et cadre de l'étude: Ont été inclus des adultes atteints d'IRC suivis en clinique de soins rénaux qui avaient au moins 2 valeurs de potassium ≥ 5,0 mmol/L mesurées à moins de 91 jours d'intervalle entre le 1er juin 2015 et le 31 juillet 2021. La date de la première des deux valeurs de potassium ≥ 5,0 mmol/L constitue la date indice. Les patients qui avaient reçu du SPS ou du SPC dans les 90 jours précédant la date indice ont été exclus. Les patients sous dialyse ou ayant reçu une greffe rénale avant ou à la date indice ont également été exclus. Exposition: Exposition continue au SPS et au SPC. Résultats: La tendance d'utilisation de SPS/SPC a été décrite par la proportion de patients ayant déjà été traités par SPS/SPC, par le temps médian en jours entre le diagnostic d'hyperkaliémie chronique et le début du traitement par SPS/SPC, et par le nombre total et médian de prescriptions de SPS/SPC délivrées. La variation de la concentration moyenne de potassium sérique avant et après un traitement continu de 90 jours avec SPS/SPC a été estimée. Approche analytique: Descriptive. Résultats: L'étude porte sur 10 495 patients atteints d'hyperkaliémie chronique (60 % d'hommes; âge médian: 74 ans). Le temps médian de suivi était de 625 jours. Seulement 2 864 (27 %) patients avaient reçu au moins une prescription de SPS ou de SPC. Au total, 7 300 ordonnances ont été délivrées; la moyenne d'ordonnances délivrées par patient était de 2 (IIQ: 1, 3). Le délai médian entre la date indice et la date de la première ordonnance était de 154 jours (IIQ: 36, 455). Un traitement continu de 90 jours avec SPS/SPC a abaissé la concentration moyenne de potassium sérique de 0,60 mmol/L, la faisant passer de 5,58 à 4,98 mmol/L. Limites: Étude observationnelle descriptive sans groupe témoin. Conclusion: En C.-B., seul un patient sur quatre atteint d'IRC avec HKc avait reçu une prescription de SPS/SPC, la plupart présentaient des degrés plus élevés d'hyperkaliémie. Ces médicaments se sont avérés modérément efficaces pour réduire la concentration sérique en potassium. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour évaluer l'efficacité comparative des médicaments de nouvelle génération.

Trajectories of Nutritional Parameters Before and After Prescribed Oral Nutritional Supplements: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Not Requiring Dialysis.

BACKGROUND: The association between oral nutritional supplement use and nutritional parameters among patients with nondialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD-ND) with or at high risk of undernutrition/protein-energy wasting has not been previously studied. The definition of patient subgroups most likely to benefit from oral nutritional supplementation (ONS) is also an area where more research is needed. OBJECTIVE: To assess nutritional parameter trajectories among patients with CKD-ND prescribed oral nutritional supplements in British Columbia, and to compare trajectories by nutritional phenotype. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study, pre-post design. SETTING: Multidisciplinary CKD clinics across British Columbia. PATIENTS: A total of 3957 adult patients with CKD-ND, who entered multidisciplinary CKD clinics during 2010 to 2019, met criteria for oral nutritional supplement prescription based on dietitian assessment, and received ≥1 oral nutritional supplement prescription. MEASUREMENTS: Longitudinal nutritional parameters, including body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, serum bicarbonate, serum phosphate, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). METHODS: Using linear mixed models, slopes for nutritional and inflammation parameters were assessed in the 2-year periods before and after the first oral nutritional supplement prescription. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to identify nutritional phenotypes using baseline data, and slope analysis was repeated by cluster. RESULTS: In the pre-oral-nutritional-supplement period, declines in BMI (-0.87 kg/m2/year, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.99 to -0.75), albumin (-1.11 g/L/year, 95% CI: -1.27 to -0.95), and bicarbonate (-0.49 mmol/L/year; 95% CI: -0.59 to -0.39), and increases in NLR (+0.79/year; 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.98) and phosphate (+0.05 mmol/L/year; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.06) were observed. Following oral nutritional supplement prescription, there were statistically significant increases in BMI slope (+0.91 kg/m2/year, P < .0001), albumin slope (+0.82 g/L/year, P < .0001), and phosphate slope (+0.02 mmol/L/year, P = .005), as well as a decline in NLR slope of -0.55/year (P < .0001). There was no significant change in bicarbonate slope. Cluster analysis identified 5 distinct phenotypes. The cluster with the highest mean baseline NLR and lowest mean BMI demonstrated the greatest number of improvements in nutritional parameter slopes in the post-oral-nutritional-supplement period. LIMITATIONS: Possibility of residual confounding. Data on dietary intake, muscle mass, and nutritional scoring systems were not available in the registry. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with CKD-ND prescribed oral nutritional supplements, there were improvements in nutrition/inflammation parameters over time following the first ONS prescription. The heterogeneity in response to ONS by cluster subgroup suggests an individualized approach to nutritional management may be beneficial.

CONTEXTE: L'association entre la prise de suppléments nutritionnels par voie orale (SNO) et les paramètres nutritionnels n'a jamais été étudiée chez les patients atteints d'insuffisance rénale chronique non dialysés (IRC-ND) présentant un risque élevé de sous-alimentation/dénutrition protéino-énergétique. Des recherches sont également nécessaires pour définir les sous-groupes de patients les plus susceptibles de bénéficier d'une supplémentation par voie orale. OBJECTIFS: Évaluer les trajectoires des paramètres nutritionnels des patients atteints d'IRC-ND sous ordonnance de SNO en Colombie-Britannique, puis comparer ces trajectoires selon le phénotype nutritionnel. CONCEPTION: Étude de cohorte longitudinale avec devis pré-post. CADRE: Cliniques multidisciplinaires d'IRC en Colombie-Britannique. SUJETS: 3 957 patients adultes IRC-ND ayant fréquenté les cliniques multidisciplinaires d'IRC entre 2010 et 2019, ayant satisfait au critère de prescription de SNO après évaluation par une diététicienne et ayant reçu au moins une ordonnance de SNO. MESURES: Paramètres nutritionnels longitudinaux : indice de masse corporelle (IMC), albumine sérique, bicarbonate sérique, phosphate sérique et rapport neutrophiles/lymphocytes (RNL). MÉTHODOLOGIE: Des modèles linéaires mixtes ont servi à évaluer les courbes des paramètres nutritionnels et inflammatoires pour des périodes de deux ans précédant et suivant la première prescription de SNO. Une analyse de classification hiérarchique a servi à établir les phénotypes nutritionnels grâce aux données initiales, puis l'analyse de la courbe a été répétée par classe. RÉSULTATS: Au cours de la période précédant la prescription de SNO, on a observé une réduction de l'IMC (-0,87 kg/m2/année; IC 95 % : -0,99 à -0,75), du taux d'albumine (-1,11 g/L/année; IC 95 % : -1,27 à -0,95) et du taux de bicarbonate (-0,49 mmol/L/année; IC 95 % : -0,59 à -0,39), et une hausse du RNL (+0,79/année; IC 95 % : 0,60 à 0,98) et du taux de phosphate (+0,05 mmol/L/année; IC 95 % : 0,04 à 0,06). Après la prescription d'un SNO, on a noté une hausse statistiquement significative de la courbe de l'IMC (+0,91 kg/m2/année; p<0,0001), de la courbe de l'albumine (+0,82 g/L/année; p<0,0001) et de la courbe du phosphate (+0,02 mmol/L/an; p=0,005), ainsi qu'une réduction de la courbe du RNL de -0,55/année (p<0,0001). Aucun changement significatif n'a été observé pour la courbe du bicarbonate. L'analyse de classification hiérarchique a permis de dégager cinq phénotypes distincts. Dans la période suivant la prescription de SNO, les classes ayant montré le plus grand nombre d'améliorations sont celles qui présentaient le RNL moyen le plus élevé et l'IMC moyen le plus bas au début de l'étude. LIMITES: Possibilité de confusion résiduelle. Les données sur l'apport alimentaire, la masse musculaire et les systèmes de notation de la qualité nutritionnelle n'étaient pas disponibles dans le registre. CONCLUSION: Des améliorations ont été observées au fil du temps dans les paramètres nutritionnels et inflammatoires des patients atteints d'IRC-ND après une première ordonnance de SNO. L'hétérogénéité de la réponse aux SNO dans les sous-groupes de patients suggère qu'une approche individualisée de la gestion nutritionnelle des patients serait bénéfique.

Nutritional Status, Nutritional Phenotypes, and Oral Nutritional Supplement Prescription Patterns Among Patients With Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease in British Columbia.

OBJECTIVES: Management of protein-energy wasting and undernutrition with oral nutritional supplements (ONS) has not been systematically studied in the non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD-ND) population. We aimed to describe nutritional status, identify phenotypes of patients prescribed ONS, and evaluate ONS prescription patterns among CKD-ND patients in British Columbia. DESIGN AND METHODS: This observational study assessed adult CKD-ND patients who entered multidisciplinary CKD clinics during 2013-2018 in British Columbia. Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline nutrition and inflammation parameters among patients prescribed ONS versus patients not prescribed ONS within 1 year of clinic entry. Hierarchical clustering method with consensus clustering was applied to identify phenotypes of patients prescribed ONS. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the associations between ONS prescription and health region/dietitian full-time equivalents per 1,000 CKD patients. RESULTS: Of 15,859 CKD-ND patients, 9% of patients entering CKD clinics were prescribed ONS within 1 year of clinic entry, and these patients demonstrated lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, bicarbonate, as well as greater age, serum phosphate, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio compared with those not receiving ONS. Cluster analysis revealed 5 phenotypes of ONS users: cluster 1 had the highest mean neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; cluster 2 had the lowest mean albumin; cluster 3 had the lowest mean BMI; cluster 4 had the highest mean BMI; and cluster 5 had the lowest mean bicarbonate. There was regional variability in ONS prescription, and an odds ratio for ONS prescription of 1.32 (95% confidence interval 1.16-1.50) for every 1-unit increase in dietitian full-time equivalents per 1,000 patients. Over 3 years of follow-up, overall ONS use among CKD-ND patients remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates appropriate prescribing of ONS to patients with suboptimal nutritional status, although regional variation exists. Patients receiving ONS represent a heterogenous group with phenotypes reflecting several clinical and biochemical features of the protein-energy wasting syndrome. These findings will assist with updating ONS policy, planning quality improvement initiatives, and informing dietitian resource allocation.

Serum Biomarkers of Iron Stores Are Associated with Increased Risk of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Nondialysis CKD Patients, with or without Anemia.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 30%-45% of patients with nondialysis CKD have iron deficiency. Iron therapy in CKD has focused primarily on supporting erythropoiesis. In patients with or without anemia, there has not been a comprehensive approach to estimating the association between serum biomarkers of iron stores, and mortality and cardiovascular event risks. METHODS: The study included 5145 patients from Brazil, France, the United States, and Germany enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, with first available transferrin saturation (TSAT) and ferritin levels as exposure variables. We used Cox models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), with progressive adjustment for potentially confounding variables. We also used linear spline models to further evaluate functional forms of the exposure-outcome associations. RESULTS: Compared with patients with a TSAT of 26%-35%, those with a TSAT ≤15% had the highest adjusted risks for all-cause mortality and MACE. Spline analysis found the lowest risk at TSAT 40% for all-cause mortality and MACE. Risk of all-cause mortality, but not MACE, was also elevated at TSAT ≥46%. Effect estimates were similar after adjustment for hemoglobin. For ferritin, no directional associations were apparent, except for elevated all-cause mortality at ferritin ≥300 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency, as captured by TSAT, is associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality and MACE in patients with nondialysis CKD, with or without anemia. Interventional studies evaluating the effect on clinical outcomes of iron supplementation and therapies for alternative targets are needed to better inform strategies for administering exogenous iron.

A real-world longitudinal study of anemia management in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients: a multinational analysis of CKDopps.

Previously lacking in the literature, we describe longitudinal patterns of anemia prescriptions for non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) patients under nephrologist care. We analyzed data from 2818 Stage 3-5 NDD-CKD patients from Brazil, Germany, and the US, naïve to anemia medications (oral iron, intravenous [IV] iron, or erythropoiesis stimulating agent [ESA]) at enrollment in the CKDopps. We report the cumulative incidence function (CIF) of medication initiation stratified by baseline characteristics. Even in patients with hemoglobin (Hb) < 10 g/dL, the CIF at 12 months for any anemia medication was 40%, and 28% for ESAs. Patients with TSAT < 20% had a CIF of 26% and 6% for oral and IV iron, respectively. Heart failure was associated with earlier initiation of anemia medications. IV iron was prescribed to < 10% of patients with iron deficiency. Only 40% of patients with Hb < 10 g/dL received any anemia medication within a year. Discontinuation of anemia treatment was very common. Anemia treatment is initiated in a limited number of NDD-CKD patients, even in those with guideline-based indications to treat. Hemoglobin trajectory and a history of heart failure appear to guide treatment start. These results support the concept that anemia is sub-optimally managed among NDD-CKD patients in the real-world setting.

Anemia and iron deficiency among chronic kidney disease Stages 3-5ND patients in the Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study: often unmeasured, variably treated.

BACKGROUND: International variation in anemia assessment and management practices in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is poorly understood. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of anemia laboratory monitoring, prevalence and management in the prospective Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (CKDopps). A total of 6766 participants with CKD Stages 3a-5ND from nephrology clinics in Brazil, France, Germany and the USA were included. RESULTS: Among patients with anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL), 36-58% in Brazil, the USA and Germany had repeat hemoglobin measured and 40-61% had iron indices measured within 3 months of the index hemoglobin measurement. Anemia was more common in the USA and Brazil than in France and Germany across CKD stages. Higher ferritin and lower iron saturation (TSAT) levels were observed with lower hemoglobin levels, and higher ferritin with more advanced CKD. The proportion of anemic patients with ferritin <100 ng/mL or TSAT <20% ranged from 42% in Brazil to 53% in France and Germany, and of these patients, over 40% in Brazil, Germany and the USA, compared with 27% in France, were treated with oral or intravenous iron within 3 months after hemoglobin measurement. The proportion of patients with hemoglobin <10 g/dL treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents ranged from 28% in the USA to 57% in Germany. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoglobin and iron stores are measured less frequently than per guidelines. Among all regions, there was a substantial proportion of anemic patients with iron deficiency who were not treated with iron, highlighting an area for practice improvement in CKD care.

Prediction of Mortality and Hospitalization Risk Using Nutritional Indicators and Their Changes Over Time in a Large Prevalent Hemodialysis Cohort.

OBJECTIVE(S): Malnutrition and protein-energy wasting are associated with morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Existing nutritional scores rely primarily on cross-sectional data. Using readily available nutritional indicators, we developed models to predict the risk of mortality and hospitalization in prevalent hemodialysis patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we constructed prediction models of 1-year mortality and hospitalization using generalized linear models, generalized additive models (GAM), classification tree, and random forest models. The models were compared using area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC) and calibration curves. Model predictors included nutritional and inflammation indicators, demographics, comorbidities, and slopes of all continuous variables over 6 months. Patients were randomly split in the ratio 2:1:1 into training, testing, and validation cohorts, respectively. We included patients with hemodialysis vintage ≥1 year from Fresenius Medical Care North America clinics from July 2011 to December 2012 (N = 21,802 in mortality analysis; N = 13,892 in hospitalization analysis).The outcome variables were 1-year mortality and hospitalization. RESULTS: For mortality prediction, GAM was the best model (AUC = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.83-0.86), comprised of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio slope, serum bicarbonate slope, and vintage as nonlinear predictors, and age, serum albumin, and creatinine as linear predictors. For hospitalization prediction, GAM was also the best model (AUC = 0.70, 95% confidence interval = 0.62-0.79) and included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio slope, bicarbonate slope, volume of urea distribution, vintage, and phosphate slope as nonlinear predictors, in addition to albumin, congestive heart failure, age, phosphate, equilibrated normalized protein catabolic rate, and creatinine as linear predictors. Both models demonstrated good calibration, with mild overestimation of hospitalization risk at the highest risk interval. CONCLUSIONS: The GAM model can accurately predict the risk of mortality and hospitalization. Application of these prediction models could inform allocation of nutritional interventions to patients at highest nutritional risk.