Phenolic Profiles and Bioactivities of Ten Original Lineage Beans in Thailand.

Legumes and pulses are important food components with various phytochemicals and health benefits. However, the health-related bioactivities of some underutilized species remain uninvestigated. To breed a new bean lineage with particular health-related properties, this study investigated phenolics (specifically, isoflavones) and the in vitro inhibitory activities of the enzyme relevant to some non-communicable diseases in underutilized cultivars of Phaseolus lunatus (lima beans), compared to the commonly consumed P. vulgaris (red kidney bean) and beans in the Glycine and Vigna genera. The results indicated that soybeans in the Glycine genus contained the highest isoflavone contents, especially glycitein (1825-2633 mg/100 g bean) and daidzein (1153-6471 mg/100 g bean), leading to potentially higher enzyme inhibitory activities (25-26% inhibition against α-amylase, 54-60% inhibition against α-glucosidase, 42-46% inhibition against dipeptidyl peptidase IV, 12-19% inhibition against acetylcholinesterase and 20-23% inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase) than those from other genera. Interestingly, lima beans with low isoflavone content (up to 2 mg/100 g bean) still possessed high inhibitory activities against lipase (12-21% inhibition) and ß-secretase (50-58% inhibition), suggesting that bioactive compounds other than the isoflavones might be responsible for these activities. Isoflavone contents and enzyme inhibitory activities in Vigna beans were diverse, depending on the particular cultivars. The information gained from this study can be used for further investigation of bioactive components and in-depth health properties, as well as for future breeding of a new lineage of bean with specific health potentials.

Nutritional Compositions, Phenolic Contents, and Antioxidant Potentials of Ten Original Lineage Beans in Thailand.

Legumes and pulses are nutrient-dense foods providing a good source of protein, complex carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. To breed a new lineage of beans with specific nutritional and health beneficial purposes, more information on original lineage beans must be obtained. However, data concerning the nutritive compositions, total phenolic contents (TPCs), and health benefits regarding the antioxidant potentials of some original lineage beans in Thailand remain scarce, causing difficulty in decisional selection to breed a new lineage. Thus, this study aimed to examine the nutritional values (proximate compositions, vitamins, and minerals), TPCs, and antioxidant activities of ten original lineage bean cultivars in Glycine, Phaseolus, and Vigna genera from Genebank, Department of Agriculture (DOA), Thailand. The results indicated that beans in the Glycine genus potentially provided higher energy, protein, fat, and calcium contents than other genera, while the Phaseolus genus tended to provide higher carbohydrate and dietary fiber. Specifically, lima bean cultivar '38' exhibited high vitamin B1, and red kidney bean cultivar '112' exhibited high potassium content. Beans in the Vigna genus exhibited high TPCs and antioxidant activities. However, their nutritional compositions were markedly varied. The results of this work could support bean consumption as a feasible alternative diet and be used as a reference for future bean breeding (within the same genera) of a new lineage with particular nutritional requirements and health potentials.

Proteomic Analysis of Isogenic Rice Reveals Proteins Correlated with Aroma Compound Biosynthesis at Different Developmental Stages.

Fragrant rice has a potent flavor compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). A better understanding of the 2AP biosynthetic pathway is gained by proteomic analysis of two isogenic lines of Thai jasmine rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105, which differ only in the aromatic gene Os2AP. The protein profiles of two lines, from six growth stages, seedling to grain filling, had 41 identifiable protein spots. Four of these spots were betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, a key enzyme responsible for 2AP production. This enzyme occurred in every growth stage of the non-aromatic rice line except smaller amount detected in the hard grain-filling stage of the aromatic line. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase, observed in the aromatic line, may involve in the metabolism of precursors for 2AP biosynthesis. In addition, glutamine synthetase and 1-cys peroxiredoxin A which function in ammonia reassimilation and hydrogen peroxide detoxification were unique in the aromatic line. However, proteins that correspond to photosynthesis and the nutrient reservoir were only detected in lower abundances. This possibly explains why the aroma rice grain weight is low. Our study proposed the possible role of these remarkable proteins which involved in 2AP biosynthesis in jasmine rice.

Evaluation of sample preparation methods from rice seeds and seedlings suitable for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

In a proteomic study, sample preparation is very important because it affects the quality of protein profiles on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). This study investigated the suitability of four protein extraction methods-direct lysis buffer extraction, trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone precipitation, phenol extraction, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation-from rice seeds and seedlings (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. Khao Dawk Mali 105). The effectiveness of these methods was evaluated by the protein quantity and the 2-DE profiling quality. This included the number of protein spots, the consistency and uniqueness of protein spots, and their distribution in different ranges of pI and molecular weight (M r ). For protein quantity, the phenol and direct lysis extraction methods gave the highest protein yield in rice seeds and rice seedlings, respectively. However, in terms of the quality of 2-DE profiles, samples prepared by the TCA/acetone and phenol methods exhibited higher protein resolution and more spots than the protein profile derived from direct lysis extract. In addition, TCA/acetone method had the efficiency for high M r protein detection. PEG fractionation provided the best 2-DE pattern in terms of resolution, number of spots, minimal streaking, and reproducibility. Moreover, PEG fractionation was better for determining low M r basic proteins.