Priority effects transcend scales and disciplines in biology.

Although primarily studied through the lens of community ecology, phenomena consistent with priority effects appear to be widespread across many different scenarios spanning a broad range of spatial, temporal, and biological scales. However, communication between these research fields is inconsistent and has resulted in a fragmented co-citation landscape, likely due to the diversity of terms used to refer to priority effects across these fields. We review these related terms, and the biological contexts in which they are used, to facilitate greater cross-disciplinary cohesion in research on priority effects. In breaking down these semantic barriers, we aim to provide a framework to better understand the conditions and mechanisms of priority effects, and their consequences across spatial and temporal scales.

Application of Polyacrylamide (PAM) through Lay-Flat Polyethylene Tubing: Effects on Infiltration, Erosion, N and P Transport, and Corn Yield.

Polyacrylamides (PAMs), when applied as a soil amendment, purportedly improve soil infiltration, decrease erosion, and reduce offsite agrochemical transport. The effect of PAM on infiltration, erosion, agrochemical transport, and crop yield when applied in furrow to mid-southern US production systems has not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to assess PAM effects on infiltration, erosion, corn ( L.) grain yield, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transport when applied at 10 mg L through lay-flat polyethylene tubing. A 2-yr field study was conducted at the Mississippi State Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, on a Dundee silt loam and a Forestdale silty clay loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications of each treatment: irrigated plus no PAM (control) and irrigated plus PAM at 10 mg L. Each irrigation event delivered 102 mm of water at 18.9 L m per furrow, and runoff was captured in a holding tank on the lower end of each plot. Pooled over year and soil texture, PAM increased infiltration and corn grain yield by 6% ( ≤ 0.0398). Polyacrylamide effects on the offsite transport of sediment and N and P were inconsistent, varying across year and soil texture. Results indicate that PAM improves infiltration and corn grain yield on silt loam and silty clay loam textured soils; however, further research is required before PAM can be recommended as a best management practice for mitigating erosion and offsite agrochemical transport in mid-southern production systems.

Nondestructive sampling of insect DNA from defensive secretion.

Nondestructive techniques to obtain DNA from organisms can further genetic analyses such as estimating genetic diversity, dispersal and lifetime fitness, without permanently removing individuals from the population or removing body parts. Possible DNA sources for insects include frass, exuviae, and wing and leg clippings. However, these are not feasible approaches for organisms that cannot be removed from their natural environment for long periods or when adverse effects of tissue removal must be avoided. This study evaluated the impacts and efficacy of extracting haemolymph from a defensive secretion to obtain DNA for amplification of microsatellites using a nondestructive technique. A secretion containing haemolymph was obtained from Bolitotherus cornutus (the forked fungus beetle) by perturbation of the defensive gland with a capillary tube. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that the sampling methodology had no impact on mortality, reproductive success or gland expression. To evaluate the quality of DNA obtained in natural samples, haemolymph was collected from 187 individuals in the field and successfully genotyped at nine microsatellite loci for 95.7% of samples. These results indicate that haemolymph-rich defensive secretions contain DNA and can be sampled without negative impacts on the health or fitness of individual insects.

Fitness consequences of social network position in a wild population of forked fungus beetles (Bolitotherus cornutus).

Social networks describe the pattern of intraspecific interactions within a population. An individual's position in a social network often is expected to influence its fitness, but only a few studies have examined this relationship in natural populations. We investigated the fitness consequences of network position in a wild beetle population. Copulation success of male beetles positively covaried with strength (a measure of network centrality) and negatively covaried with clustering coefficient (CC) (a measure of cliquishness). Further analysis using mediation path models suggested that the activity level of individuals drove the relationships between strength and fitness almost entirely. In contrast, selection on CC was not explained by individual behaviours. Although our data suggest that social network position can experience strong sexual selection, it is also clear that the relationships between fitness and some network metrics merely reflect variation in individual-level behaviours.

Compaction of poultry litter.

Poultry litter, a combination of accumulated chicken manure, feathers and bedding materials, is a potential feedstock for bioenergy and other value-added applications. The use of this waste product has been historically limited to within few miles of the place of generation because of its inherent low density. Compaction is one possible way to enhance the storage and transportation of the litter. This study therefore investigates the effect of moisture content (19.8-70.7%, d.b.) and pressure (0.8-8.4 MPa) on the compaction characteristics of poultry litter. Results obtained showed that the initial density of densified poultry litter, energy required for compaction and the strength of the densified material after 2 months of storage were significantly (P<0.05) affected by moisture content and pressure applied during compaction. The density of the compacted material was only affected by pressure applied during compaction after 2 months of storage. The specific energy required to produce the densified material varied from 0.25 to 2.00 kJ/kg and was significantly less than the energy required to produce pellets from biological materials. The results obtained from the study can be used for the economical design of on-farm compaction equipment for poultry litter.

Discontinuation of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy due to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor-related metabolic toxicity.

We aimed to evaluate the reasons for, and timing of, treatment changes in a cohort of treatment-naïve patients initiating non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). All 268 patients initiating these regimens between January 1998 and September 2003 were included. Median follow up was 103 weeks. The median baseline CD4 count was 150 cells/microL. Seven patients (3%) died and 155 patients (58%) experienced a change in their HAART regimen. The reasons drugs were discontinued included toxicity in 106 patients (40%), virological failure in 21 (8%), other reasons in 23 (9%) and unknown reasons in five (2%). Fifty-one patients (19%) stopped NRTIs due to peripheral neuropathy, hyperlactataemia, lipoatrophy, lipodystrophy or myelosuppression, and these events were more likely in patients with baseline CD4 count below the median (P = 0.039). The findings in this cohort show that discontinuation of HAART was commonly due to toxicity, especially metabolic or mitochondrial toxicity in those with lower baseline CD4 count.

Trace element speciation in poultry litter.

Trace elements are added to poultry feed for disease prevention and enhanced feed efficiency. High concentrations are found in poultry litter (PL), which raises concerns regarding trace element loading of soils. Trace metal cation solubility from PL may be enhanced by complexation with dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Mineralization of organo-As compounds may result in more toxic species such as As(III) and As(V). Speciation of these elements in PL leachates should assist in predicting their fate in soil. Elemental concentrations of 40 PL samples from the southeastern USA were determined. Water-soluble extractions (WSE) were fractionated into hydrophobic, anionic, and cationic species with solid-phase extraction columns. Arsenic speciation of seven As species, including the main As poultry feed additives, roxarsone (ROX; 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) and p-arsanilic acid (p-ASA; 4-aminophenylarsonic acid), was performed by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS). Total As concentrations in the litter varied from 1 to 39 mg kg(-1), averaging 16 mg kg(-1). Mean total Cu, Ni, and Zn concentrations were 479, 11, and 373 mg kg(-1), respectively. Copper and Ni were relatively soluble (49 and 41% respectively) while only 6% of Zn was soluble. Arsenic was highly soluble with an average of 71% WSE. Roxarsone was the major As species in 50% of PL samples. However, the presence of As(V) as the major species in 50% of the PL samples indicates that mineralization of ROX had occurred. The high solubility of As from litter and its apparent ready mineralization to inorganic forms coupled with the large quantity of litter that is annually land-applied in the USA suggests a potential detrimental effect on soil and water quality in the long term.

Peanut hulls as a litter source for broiler breeder replacement pullets.

Broiler breeder pullets were reared on either peanut hulls or pine shavings to determine effects of litter type on growth performance and litter characteristics. Pullets were reared to 20 wk of age in rooms initially bedded with 8 cm of clean shavings or hulls. Heating and ventilation were standardized in all rooms. Restricted skip-a-day feeding was used to attain recommended growth curves. Water was continuously provided for ad libitum consumption. Litter and environmental variables were measured throughout rearing and 2 wk after pullets were removed from the litter materials. Feed consumption, BW, mortality, and uniformity at 20 wk were not affected by litter type; however, gizzard weights were decreased in pullets reared on hulls. Litter bulk density increased with use and was greater for shavings through 11 wk, but not thereafter. Particle size decreased with use in both litter types. Through 11 wk, there were more particles in the > 4 mm range and less in the < 1.7 mm range with hulls. Litter moisture increased with use but was not affected by litter type. Litter pH was greater in unused shavings, but during and after use was generally greater in hulls. With both litter types, litter and environmental ammonia levels increased to 11 wk then decreased; however, this effect was more pronounced for hulls. Bacteria populations were not affected by litter type; however, greater fungal populations were observed in shavings at 7 and 15 wk. Aflatoxins were detected in unused hulls but not shavings. Because aflatoxin levels decreased during use and Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus populations were not detected in samples collected during use, aflatoxins observed were presumed to have been formed prior to use. Peanut hulls performed similarly to pine shavings as a litter source for breeder pullets; however, the specific influence of the aflatoxins contained in this litter source on bird performance deserves further study.

Bartonella henselae bacteraemia in domestic cats from Auckland.

Bartonella henselae causes most cases of cat scratch disease, a self-limited localised lymphadenopathy illness of humans. Bartonella henselae also causes disseminated cutaneous and visceral disease in immunocompromised people. Cat blood (1-5 ml) collected from cats in the Auckland area was processed and plated on to 5% sheep blood brain heart infusion agar and incubated at 35 degrees C in 5% CO2 for 14 days. Bartonella henselae was identified by colony morphology, Gram's stain, twitching motility, biochemical tests and molecular methods. Eight of 48 cats (17%) had Bartonella bacteraemia. Species-specific probes and biochemical profiles identified all isolates as B. henselae. Infected cats pose a risk to humans they lick, scratch or bite. People should be made aware of the risk cats pose.

Comparison of pressure differential procedures for dipping turkey hatching-eggs in gentamicin solution.

Studies have shown that antibiotics introduced into hatching eggs can destroy certain egg-borne bacterial pathogens. An investigation was made to determine an effective procedure to introduce gentamicin solutions into turkey eggs. The findings showed that a pressure differential (PD) method using a reduced pressure of 38 cm. (15 inches) Hg for 15 minutes followed by an absorption period of 15 minutes at atmospheric pressure was an effective method which did not cause excessive egg cracking nor adversely effect hatchability. In excess of two times more fluid was absorbed using a PD method compared to an established temperature differential procedure. For maximum absorption, eggs should be washed at collection time and stored for a period of up to two weeks prior to dipping.

Haemoglobin concentration, eosinophilia and intestinal helminths in children in rural Jamaica

Investigations on haemoglobin and haematocrit values, eosinophils and faecal helminth eggs in rural Jamaican infants and children are summarized. Haemoglobin levels rose from 10.6g percent at about the fifth month of life to 10.9g percent at one year and thereafter climbed slowly to 12.2g percent at 6 years and remained at this level to 15 years. Values for haematocrit and MCHC behaved similarly. The mean haemoglobin levels were about 1.0g percent below optimal values but about 2.0g percent above those reported from Gambia. Severe anaemia was rare but minor degrees of iron deficiency and, in the first year of life, of folic acid deficiency, may be common. 2 cases of sickle-cell anaemia and one of thalassaemia major were seen. Neither malaria, which has been eradicated nor hookworm is now an important cause of anaemia in Jamaica. Helminth eggs in stools were not common in the first and second years but were present in 60 percent of children in the third and fourth years. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most prevalent, giving rise to the heaviest concentration of eggs, followed by Trichuris trichiura. A few hookworm eggs were found in about 10 percent of children over 2 years. In one study involving 160 children aged about 3 years, no relationship was found between helminth eggs and haemoglobin levels, heiaghts, weights or symptoms which might be related to infection. Helminthiasis, although extermely common, does not appear to be a major cause of ill-health or of failure to thrive among Jamaican children. Eosinophils were numerous in the latter half of the second year of life and by 5 years, on average, comprised 13.5 percent of all white cells. Although an aetiology other than intestinal helminthiasis in not obvious, a correlation between eosinophils and faecal helminth eggs could not be demonstrated. Some children may have been infected with Toxocara canis (Summary)