Determinants of Multi-drug resistant Tuberculosis in four treatment centers of Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia: A case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis is the major global burden of disease contributing about 2% of the global challenges. Poor tuberculosis treatment increased risk of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis occurence. Thus, we aimed to identify determinants of mult-drug resistant tuberclosis in treatment centers of Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY: Facility based unmatched case-control study was employed in East Amhara, Ethiopia. Cases were tuberculosis patients confirmed for mult-drug resistant tuberclosis while controls were tuberculosis patients with confirmed tuberculosis but susceptible to first line drugs. Respondents were selected using simple random sampling technique. Bivariable and multivariable analysis was conducted to identify diterminants at level of statistical significance p < 0.05. RESULTS: We enrolled 450 tuberculosis patients. Rural residents (AOR = 3, 95% CI: 1.4-6.0; p = 0.024), family size greater than five (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6-8.6; p = 0.0098), having single room (AOR = 4.1, 95% CI:1.8-9.0; p = 0.027), room without window (AOR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.6-8.5); p = 0.043), contact history of known mult-drug resistant tuberclosis patient (AOR = 5.1, 95% CI: 2.2-12.0; p = 0.02), history of tuberculosis treatment (AOR = 5.7, 95%CI: 2.6-12.9; p = 0.008), window opening practice (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.4-9.8; p = 0.005), tuberculosis treatment failure (AOR = 7.3, 95% CI: 5.2-7.8; p = 0.035) and tuberculosis relapse (AOR = 5,95% CI: 1.6-15.2; p = 0.019) were determinants of mult-drug resistant tuberclosis. CONCLUSIONS: Socio-demographic (residence, family size), environmental (number of rooms, number of windows in a room, opening window practice) and clinical (history of tuberculosis treatment, treatment failure and having contact with known tuberculosis patient) variables were the identified determinants for increased multi-drug resistance tuberculosis.

Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Associated Factors among Married Gumuz Women in Metekel Zone North West Ethiopia.

Background. Modern contraceptives are a key intervention to improve the health of both the mother and children by preventing unintended pregnancy. However, significant numbers of women were facing abortion-related morbidity and mortality globally including Ethiopia due to the nonuse or failure of contraceptive uses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the utilization of modern contraceptive methods and associated factors among married Gumuz women in Metekel Zone North West Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 580 women from March 1 to 30/2019. Pretested structured interview administer questionnaires was used to collect the data. Data were cleaned, coded, and entered into Epi-info version 7.1 and export to SPSS for farther analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. On bivariate analysis P value, less than 0.2 were used to select the candidate variable for multivariate analysis. P value and 95% confidence interval were used to measure the level of significance on multivariate analysis and those variables whose P value < 0.05 were considered as statically significant. The prevalence of modern contraceptive method was 18.6% [95% CI: 15.00-22.00]. Age ≥ 35 year AOR 4.67; 95% CI (1.34 -16.18), able to read and write AOR 6.45 95% CI(2.98-13.97), primary school AOR 6.56; 95% CI (2.22-19.38), secondary school AOR 7.27; 95% CI (3.00 -17.61), counseled on contraceptive methods AOR 3.72 95% CI (2.11-6.56), moderate knowledge on modern contraceptive method AOR 2.31; 95% CI (1.15-4.64), and good knowledge on modern contraceptive method AOR 4.37; 95% CI (2.38-8.02) were identified as statistically significant with modern contraceptive methods utilization. The prevalence of contraceptive utilization was low when compared to the national and the regional figure. Maternal age, maternal educational status, counseling about modern contraceptive methods, and knowledge on modern contraceptive methods were found as statistically significant with modern contraceptive utilization.