[Carbon balance of household production system in the transition zone from the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China]. / 黄土高原-青藏高原过渡带农户生产系统的碳平衡.

The transition zone from the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is one of the regions with most dramatic changes in agricultural production mode and most sensitive response to the carbon balance effect. This paper analyzed the carbon balance of the agriculture system along the altitude gradient in Tongwei, Weiyuan and Xiahe counties. The results showed that with the increase of altitude, the carbon emission, carbon fixation and carbon sink capacity of crops per unit area decreased accordingly, while the average carbon emission, carbon fixation and carbon source capacity of each household in livestock system increased. The integrated crop-livestock production system changed from carbon sink to carbon source. The average carbon emission of each household rose with altitude, but the carbon fixation was the opposite. The change of percentage ofhousehold in the transition zone from the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with carbon balance could be fitted with Logistic equation. In the crop system of Tongwei, Weiyuan and Xiahe with the altitude increase, carbon emission at the inflection point where the household percentage accounted for 50.0% was 1491, 857 and 376 kg CE·household-1, and carbon fixation was 6187, 3872 and 778 kg CE·household-1, respectively. For the livestock system, carbon emission was 2218, 3725 and 49511 kg CE·household-1, and carbon fixation was 138, 230 and 2706 kg CE·household-1, respectively. For the integrated crop-livestock system, carbon emission was 3615, 4583 and 49918 kg CE·household-1, and carbon fixation was 6289, 4113 and 3819 kg CE·household-1, respectively, which could be the key point for the regulation of regional carbon balance.

A comprehensive and non-prefractionation on the protein level approach for the human urinary proteome: touching phosphorylation in urine.

Increasing attention has been paid to the urinary proteome because it holds the promise of discovering various disease biomarkers. However, most of the urine proteomics studies routinely relied on protein pre-fractionation and so far did not present characterization on phosphorylation status. Two robust approaches, integrated multidimensional liquid chromatography (IMDL) and Yin-yang multidimensional liquid chromatography (MDLC) tandem mass spectrometry, were recently developed in our laboratory, with high-coverage identification of peptide mixtures. In this study, we adopted a strategy without pre-fractionation on the protein level for urinary proteome identification, using both the IMDL and the Yin-yang MDLC methods for peptide fractionation followed by identification using a linear ion trap-orbitrap (LTQ-Orbitrap) mass spectrometer with high resolution and mass accuracy. A total of 1310 non-redundant proteins were highly confidently identified from two experiments, significantly including 59 phosphorylation sites. More than half the annotated identifications were membrane-related proteins. In addition, the lysosomal as well as kidney-associated proteins were detected. Compared with the six largest datasets of urinary proteins published previously, we found our data included most of the reported proteins. Our study developed a robust approach for exploring the human urinary proteome, which would provide a catalogue of urine proteins on a global scale. It is the first report, to our best knowledge, to profile the urinary phosphoproteome. This work significantly extends current comprehension of urinary protein modification and its potential biological significance. Moreover, the strategy could further serve as a reference for biomarker discovery.