Sensomics-assisted analysis unravels the formation of the Fungus Aroma of Fu Brick Tea.

Fu Brick Tea (FBT) is characterized by Fungus Aroma (FA), which determines the quality of FBT products. However, the aroma constituents and their interactive mechanism for FA remain unclear. In this study, the FBT sample with the optimal FA characteristics was selected from 29 FBTs. Then, 19 components with OAV ≥ 1 were identified as the odorants involved in the FA formation. The aroma recombination test suggested that the FA was potentially produced by the synergistic interplay among the 15 key odorants, including (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-ß-ionone, 4-ketoisophorone, dihydroactinidiolide, (E)-ß-damascenone, 1-octen-3-ol, linalool, geraniol, heptanal, hexanal, and phenylacetaldehyde. And, the synergistic effects between them were preliminarily studied by aroma omissions, such as modulatory effects, masking effects, compensatory effects, and novelty effects, ultimately contributing to the FA. In all, this work helps us better understand the formation of the FA and provides a basis for the improvement of FBT production technology.

The 14-3-3 Protein BdGF14a Increases the Transcriptional Regulation Activity of BdbZIP62 to Confer Drought and Salt Resistance in Tobacco.

BdGF14a, a 14-3-3 gene from Brachypodium distachyon, induced by salt, H2O2, and abscisic acid (ABA), improved tolerance to drought and salt in tobacco, with a higher survival rate and longer roots under these stresses. Additionally, physiological index analyses showed that the heterologous expression of BdGF14a induced higher expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and their activities, leading to lighter DAB and NBT staining, denoting decreased H2O2 content. Additionally, the lower MDA content and ion leakage indicated enhanced cell membrane stability. Moreover, exogenous ABA resulted in shorter roots and a lower stomatal aperture in BdGF14a transgenic plants. BdGF14a interacted with NtABF2 and regulated the expression of stress-related genes. However, adding an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor suppressed most of these changes. Furthermore, similar salt and drought resistance phenotypes and physiological indicators were characterized in tobacco plants expressing BdbZIP62, an ABRE/ABF that interacts with BdGF14a. And Y1H and LUC assays showed that BdGF14a could enhance the transcription regulation activity of NtABF2 and BdbZIP62, targeting NtNECD1 by binding to the ABRE cis-element. Thus, BdGF14a confers resistance to drought and salinity through interaction with BdbZIP62 and enhances its transcriptional regulation activity via an ABA-mediated signaling pathway. Therefore, this work offers novel target genes for breeding salt- and drought-tolerant plants.

MePP2C24, a cassava (Manihot esculenta) gene encoding protein phosphatase 2C, negatively regulates drought stress and abscisic acid responses in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.

Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling plays a crucial role in plant development and response to abiotic/biotic stress. However, the function and regulation of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), a key component of abscisic acid signaling, under abiotic stress are still unknown in cassava, a drought-tolerant crop. In this study, a cassava PP2C gene (MePP2C24) was cloned and characterized. The MePP2C24 transcripts increased in response to mannitol, NaCl, and ABA. Overexpression of MePP2C24 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased sensitivity to drought stress and decreased sensitivity to exogenous ABA. This was demonstrated by transgenic lines having higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), ion leakage (IL), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), lower activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), and lower proline content than wild type (WT) under drought stress. Moreover, MePP2C24 overexpression caused decrease in expression of drought-responsive genes related to ABA signaling pathway. In addition, MePP2C24 was localized in the cell nucleus and showed self-activation. Furthermore, many MePYLs (MePYL1, MePYL4, MePYL7-9, and MePYL11-13) could interact with MePP2C24 in the presence of ABA, and MePYL1 interacted with MePP2C24 in both the presence and absence of ABA. Additionally, MebZIP11 interacted with the promoter of MePP2C24 and exerted a suppressive effect. Taken together, our results suggest that MePP2C24 acts as a negative regulator of drought tolerance and ABA response.

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia Characterized by Otalgia: A Retrospective Study.

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is an uncommon facial pain syndrome and is characterized by paroxysms of excruciating pain in the distributions of the auricular and pharyngeal branches of cranial nerves IX and X. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia characterized by otalgia alone is rare. Herein, the authors analyzed 2 patients with GPN with otalgia as the main clinical manifestation. The clinical features and prognosis of this rare group of patients with GPN were discussed. They both presented with paroxysmal pain in the external auditory meatus and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging suggested the vertebral artery were closely related to the glossopharyngeal nerves. In both patients, compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve was confirmed during microvascular decompression, and the symptoms were relieved immediately after surgery. At 11 to 15 months follow-up, there was no recurrence of pain. A variety of reasons can cause otalgia. The possibility of GPN is a clinical concern in patients with otalgia as the main complaint. The authors think the involvement of the glossopharyngeal nerve fibers in the tympanic plexus via Jacobson nerve may provide an important anatomic basis for GPN with predominant otalgia. Surface anesthesia test of the pharynx and preoperative magnetic resonance imaging is helpful for diagnosis. Microvascular decompression is effective in the treatment of GPN with predominant otalgia.

Bilateral Transient Dilated and Fixed Pupils After Microvascular Decompression: Rare Clinical Experience.

Microvascular decompression (MVD) has a satisfactory safety, and it is the only surgical treatment for neurovascular compression diseases, such as hemifacial spasm, trigeminal neuralgia, and glossopharyngeal neuralgia, from the perspective of etiology. Bilateral dilated and fixed pupils have long been regarded as a sign of life threatening, which is common in patients with cerebral herniation due to cranial hypertension. However, transient dilated pupils after MVD have not been previously reported. Here, we presented 2 patients with bilateral transient dilated and fixed pupils after MVD and discussed the possible etiologies through the literature review. Physical examination of both patients showed bilateral pupils were normal and without a medical history of pupil dilation. They underwent MVD under general anesthesia and used propofol and sevoflurane. In both cases, the vertebral artery was displaced, and Teflon pads were inserted between the vertebral artery and the brain stem. Postoperation, we found transient bilateral mydriasis without light reflection in both patients. The emergency head computed tomography revealed no obvious signs of hemorrhage and cerebral herniation. About 1 hour later, this phenomenon disappeared. Therefore, the authors think if MVD is successfully carried out, bilateral transient mydriasis may not necessarily indicate brain stem hemorrhage, cerebral herniation, and other emergency conditions, which can be recovered within a short time. The causes could be related to stimulation of the sympathetic pathway in the brain stem during MVD and side effects of anesthetics.

Widely targeted volatileomics analysis reveals the typical aroma formation of Xinyang black tea during fermentation.

Xinyang black tea (XYBT) is characterized by the honey sugar-like aroma which is produced during the fermentation process. However, the formation of this typical aroma is still unclear. We here performed widely targeted volatileomics analysis combined with GC-MS and detected 116 aroma active compounds (AACs) with OAV > 1. These AACs were mainly divided into terpenoids, pyrazine, volatile sulfur compounds, esters, and aldehydes. Among them, 25 significant differences AACs (SDAACs) with significant differences in fermentation processes were identified, comprising phenylacetaldehyde, dihydroactinidiolide, α-damascenone, ß-ionone, methyl salicylate, and so forth. In addition, sensory descriptions and partial least squares discriminant analysis demonstrated that phenylacetaldehyde was identified as the key volatile for the honey sugar-like aroma. We further speculated that phenylacetaldehyde responsible for the aroma of XYBT was probably produced from the degradation of L-phenylalanine and styrene. In conclusion, this study helps us better understand the components and formation mechanism of the honey sugar-like aroma of XYBT, providing new insight into improving the processing techniques for black tea quality.

Hemifacial Spasm Caused by Distal Neurovascular Compression Confirmed by Lateral Spread Response Monitoring.

Primary hemifacial spasm (HFS) is likely related to a vascular compression of the facial nerve at its distal cisternal portion root exit Zone that has been reported during recent years. Most of these cases were found during secondary surgery or intraoperative monitoring of lateral spread response (LSR). Here we reported 2 patients with typical HFS caused by distal neurovascular compression that were successfully treated with microvascular decompression. Magnetic resonance imaging in both cases suggested that there was a contact between the vessel in cisternal segment and the facial nerve. LSR immediately disappeared after decompression of distal neurovascular compression. Resolution of spasm after the operation was achieved in both of these cases, with a short duration of vertigo and mild facial paralysis in case 1. Reviewing the literature, the majority of cases of distal neurovascular compression are found under the following 2 conditions:(1) When patients underwent a second operation. (2) When surgeons explored the distal part, the cisternal portion, after exploring the traditional root exit Zone without LSR disappearing. Therefore, it is the distal neurovascular compression at cisternal segment that may also be the cause of HFS. As for this kind of special HFS, these patients may also present with cranial nerve symptoms of VIII. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging can provide some information about compression sites. When we perform microvascular decompression, we should carefully pay attention to having an entire-root-exploration with intraoperative electrophysiology to find and decompress the real neurovascular compression.

Self-assembly preparation of Zn2+ -immobilized silica hybrid monolith and application in solid-phase micro-extraction of ß-agonists.

Exploiting adsorbents with highly efficient extraction performance is of great promise for extracting small organic molecules from biological samples. In this work, a novel Zn2+ -immobilized chitosan@silica hybrid monolith was prepared through a simple self-assembly Zn2+ -immobilization process. Exploited as an adsorbent in solid-phase micro-extraction for extracting trace ß-agonists, the monolith exhibited high extraction efficiencies for salbutamol, clenbuterol, and ractopamine with the enrichment factors approaching 120, 85, and 52, respectively. These could be attributed to the effective interaction between Zn2+ ions and the target molecule via coordination or other intermolecular interactions. Under optimized extraction operations, a sensitive determination was successfully developed coupling with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. The linear range was 0.17-58.8, 0.12-68.5, and 0.18-65.5 ng/ml for salbutamol, clenbuterol, and ractopamine. The limits of detection of the ß-agonists were from 0.04 to 0.07 ng/ml, and the limits of quantification were from 0.12 to 0.18 ng/ml. The recoveries of spiking in mutton samples were observed in the range of 85.9%-95.7%, with relative standard deviations <8.0% (n = 3). Application tests demonstrated this newly developed determination was practical, accurate, and convenient for detecting trace content ß-agonists in meat.

The circular RNA Edis regulates neurodevelopment and innate immunity.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are widely expressed in eukaryotes. However, only a subset has been functionally characterized. We identify and validate a collection of circRNAs in Drosophila, and show that depletion of the brain-enriched circRNA Edis (circ_Ect4) causes hyperactivation of antibacterial innate immunity both in cultured cells and in vivo. Notably, Edis depleted flies display heightened resistance to bacterial infection and enhanced pathogen clearance. Conversely, ectopic Edis expression blocks innate immunity signaling. In addition, inactivation of Edis in vivo leads to impaired locomotor activity and shortened lifespan. Remarkably, these phenotypes can be recapitulated with neuron-specific depletion of Edis, accompanied by defective neurodevelopment. Furthermore, inactivation of Relish suppresses the innate immunity hyperactivation phenotype in the fly brain. Moreover, we provide evidence that Edis encodes a functional protein that associates with and compromises the processing and activation of the immune transcription factor Relish. Importantly, restoring Edis expression or ectopic expression of Edis-encoded protein suppresses both innate immunity and neurodevelopment phenotypes elicited by Edis depletion. Thus, our study establishes Edis as a key regulator of neurodevelopment and innate immunity.

Mask, the Drosophila ankyrin repeat and KH domain-containing protein, affects microtubule stability.

Proper regulation of microtubule (MT) stability and dynamics is vital for essential cellular processes, including axonal transportation and synaptic growth and remodeling in neurons. In the present study, we demonstrate that the Drosophila ankyrin repeat and KH domain-containing protein Mask negatively affects MT stability in both larval muscles and motor neurons. In larval muscles, loss-of-function of mask increases MT polymer length, and in motor neurons, loss of mask function results in overexpansion of the presynaptic terminal at the larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). mask genetically interacts with stathmin (stai), a neuronal modulator of MT stability, in the regulation of axon transportation and synaptic terminal stability. Our structure-function analysis of Mask revealed that its ankyrin repeats domain-containing N-terminal portion is sufficient to mediate Mask's impact on MT stability. Furthermore, we discovered that Mask negatively regulates the abundance of the MT-associated protein Jupiter in motor neuron axons, and that neuronal knocking down of Jupiter partially suppresses mask loss-of-function phenotypes at the larval NMJs. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that Mask is a novel regulator for MT stability, and such a role of Mask requires normal function of Jupiter.

Comprehensive analysis and expression profiles of cassava UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) family reveal their involvement in development and stress responses in cassava.

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are widely involved in plant growth and stress responses. However, UGT family are not well understood in cassava. Here, we identified 121 MeUGT genes and classified them into 14 subfamilies by phylogenetic analysis. All MeUGT proteins have typical feature of the UGTs family. Tandem duplications are the crucial driving force for the expansion of MeUGT family. Cis-Acting elements analysis uncovered those 14 kinds of cis-elements associated with biotic and abiotic stress responses. Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that MeUGT genes participate in postharvest physiological deterioration of storage root and the responses of biotic and abiotic stresses. Of which, MeUGT-14/41 were significantly induced after Xam treatment. Silencing of MeUGT-14 or MeUGT-41 reduced cassava resistance to Xam, verifying the accuracy of transcriptomic data for function prediction. Together, this study characterized the MeUGTs family and revealed their potential functions, which build a solid foundation for MeUGTs associated genetic improvement of cassava.

In-tube solid phase microextraction and determination of ractopamine in pork muscle samples using amide group modified polysaccharide-silica hybrid monolith as sorbent prior to HPLC analysis.

A facile in-tube solid phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) procedure was developed to enrich ractopamine before HPLC-UV analysis. This was achieved by employing amide groups modified polysaccharide-silica hybrid monolith as an efficient sorbent. The monolith was synthesized by a simple reaction with agarose oxide and tetramethoxylisane, followed by the modification of amide groups via subsequent ring opening, "thiol-ene" click and dehydration reactions. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the enrichment factors for ractopamine, dopamine, clenbuterol, para-methylphenol and phenol were determined to be 50.5, 32.2, 4.8, 2.1 and 1.8, respectively. The monolithic column has ideal selectivity for ractopamine. Coupled with HPLC-UV, this method demonstrated a linearity within 2.0-800 ng/g for ractopamine with spiking in pork muscles (R2 = 0.9958). The LOD was 0.64 ng/g (S/N = 3) and recoveries ranged from 85.2 to 108.1% (n = 3). This approach provides a feasible way for analysis of trace ractopamine in biological samples.

Highly dynamic, coordinated, and stage-specific profiles are revealed by a multi-omics integrative analysis during tuberous root development in cassava.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an important starchy root crop that provides food for millions of people worldwide, but little is known about the regulation of the development of its tuberous root at the multi-omics level. In this study, the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome were examined in parallel at seven time-points during the development of the tuberous root from the early to late stages of its growth. Overall, highly dynamic and stage-specific changes in the expression of genes/proteins were observed during development. Cell wall and auxin genes, which were regulated exclusively at the transcriptomic level, mainly functioned during the early stages. Starch biosynthesis, which was controlled at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels, was mainly activated in the early stages and was greatly restricted during the late stages. Two main branches of lignin biosynthesis, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, also functioned during the early stages of development at both the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. Metabolomic analysis further supported the stage-specific roles of particular genes/proteins. Metabolites related to lignin and flavonoid biosynthesis showed high abundance during the early stages, those related to lipids exhibited high abundance at both the early and middle stages, while those related to amino acids were highly accumulated during the late stages. Our findings provide a comprehensive resource for broadening our understanding of tuberous root development and will facilitate future genetic improvement of cassava.

Genomic analyses of heat stress transcription factors (HSFs) in simulated drought stress response and storage root deterioration after harvest in cassava.

Heat shock factors (HSFs) play crucial roles in various plant stress responses. However, the current knowledge about HSFs in cassava, an important crop, is still insufficient. In this research, we identified 32 cassava HSF genes (MeHSFs) and clustered them into three groups (A, B, C) based on phylogenetic analysis and structural characteristics. Conserved motif analyses showed that MeHSFs display domains characteristic to HSF transcription factors. Gene structure analyses suggested that 29 MeHSFs contained only two exons. All identified 32 cassava MeHSFs were distributed on 13 chromosomes. Their expression profiles revealed that the different MeHSFs were expressed differentially in different tissues, most high expression genes belonged to group A. The similar MeHSFs were up-regulated after treatment with both PEG and abscisic acid (ABA), which implied that these MeHSFs may participate in resistance to simulated drought stress associated with the ABA signaling pathway. In addition, several MeHSFs were induced during postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) in cassava. Our results provided basic but important knowledge for future gene function analysis of MeHSFs toward efforts in improving tolerance to abiotic stress and PPD in cassava.

Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of glutathione transferase gene family under multiple stresses and hormone treatments in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

BACKGROUND: Glutathione transferases (GSTs), the ancient, ubiquitous and multi-functional proteins, play significant roles in development, metabolism as well as abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Wheat is one of the most important crops, but the functions of GST genes in wheat were less studied. RESULTS: A total of 330 TaGST genes were identified from the wheat genome and named according to the nomenclature of rice and Arabidopsis GST genes. They were classified into eight classes based on the phylogenetic relationship among wheat, rice, and Arabidopsis, and their gene structure and conserved motif were similar in the same phylogenetic class. The 43 and 171 gene pairs were identified as tandem and segmental duplication genes respectively, and the Ka/Ks ratios of tandem and segmental duplication TaGST genes were less than 1 except segmental duplication gene pair TaGSTU24/TaGSTU154. The 59 TaGST genes were identified to have syntenic relationships with 28 OsGST genes. The expression profiling involved in 15 tissues and biotic and abiotic stresses suggested the different expression and response patterns of the TaGST genes. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR data showed that GST could response to abiotic stresses and hormones extensively in wheat. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a large GST family with 330 members was identified from the wheat genome. Duplication events containing tandem and segmental duplication contributed to the expansion of TaGST family, and duplication genes might undergo extensive purifying selection. The expression profiling and cis-elements in promoter region of 330 TaGST genes implied their roles in growth and development as well as adaption to stressful environments. The qRT-PCR data of 14 TaGST genes revealed that they could respond to different abiotic stresses and hormones, especially salt stress and abscisic acid. In conclusion, this study contributed to the further functional analysis of GST genes family in wheat.

The Class III Peroxidase (POD) Gene Family in Cassava: Identification, Phylogeny, Duplication, and Expression.

The class III peroxidase (POD) enzymes participate in plant development, hormone signaling, and stress responses. However, little is known about the POD family in cassava. Here, we identified 91 cassava POD genes (MePODs) and classified them into six subgroups using phylogenetic analysis. Conserved motif analysis demonstrated that all MePOD proteins have typical peroxidase domains, and gene structure analysis showed that MePOD genes have between one and nine exons. Duplication pattern analysis suggests that tandem duplication has played a role in MePOD gene expansion. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis revealed that MePOD genes in cassava are involved in the drought response and postharvest physiological deterioration. Several MePODs underwent transcriptional changes after various stresses and related signaling treatments were applied. In sum, we characterized the POD family in cassava and uncovered the transcriptional control of POD genes in response to various stresses and postharvest physiological deterioration conditions. These results can be used to identify potential target genes for improving the stress tolerance of cassava crops.

Strand-specific RNA-seq based identification and functional prediction of lncRNAs in response to melatonin and simulated drought stresses in cassava.

Melatonin (MT) plays important roles in mediating plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought. lncRNAs also play crucial roles in regulating responses to drought stress, however, their roles in MT-mediated drought stress responses in plants remain largely unknown. In this study, a total of 1405 high-confidence lncRNAs were identified in leaves of cassava, an important food crop in tropical and sub-tropical regions, using strand-specific RNA-seq technology. Of which, 185 were differentially expressed between polyethylene glycol (PEG) or MT treatment and the control condition. Trans-regulatory co-expression network revealed that MT-uniquely-responsive lncRNAs were mainly involved in tetrapyrrole synthesis, cytochrome P450, and cell wall modification; PEG-uniquely-responsive lncRNAs mainly participated in RNA regulation of transcription, calcium signaling, mitochondrial electron transport/ATP synthesis, hormone metabolism, and transport; and MT and PEG both-responsive lncRNAs were mainly involved in light reaction, light signaling, FA synthesis and FA elongation, secondary metabolism, and tetrapyrrole synthesis. In addition, 28 lncRNA-mRNA pairs referred to cis-acting regulation were identified, and these lncRNAs regulated the expression of their neighboring genes mainly through calcium signaling, RNA regulation of transcription, ABA and ethylene metabolism, and redox homeostasis. Besides, 78 lncRNAs (especially TCONS_00003360, TCONS_00015102, and TCONS_00149293) responsive to MT and/or PEG treatment were identified as putative targets of cassava known miRNAs. These findings provide a comprehensive view of the lncRNAs and their roles in response to MT and drought stress in cassava, which will enable in-depth functional analyses in the near future.

Cranioplasty Using Polymethylmethacrylate Cement Following Retrosigmoid Craniectomy Decreases the Rate of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak and Pseudomeningocele.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak frequently occurs after retrosigmoid craniectomy. The present study investigated the effects of cranioplasty using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement to reduce the incidence of CSF leak following retrosigmoid craniectomy as compared with the autologous bone flap combined with titanium plates. METHODS: Two hundred forty-three patients underwent surgeries via retrosigmoid approach for microvascular decompression or tumor resection. Of these, 107 patients underwent craniotomy, and incomplete cranioplasty was performed with autologous bone flap fixed with titanium plates, while 136 patients underwent craniectomy and complete cranioplasty was performed with PMMA cement. Variables including the incidence of CSF leak, pseudomeningocele formation, wound infection, rejection reaction were compared retrospectively based on the clinical data between the 2 groups. RESULTS: In the autologous bone group, 9 patients had postoperative CSF leaks, and 11 patients had pseudomeningoceles, while 3 CSF leaks and 2 pseudomeningoceles were found in the PMMA group. Statistical analysis showed that PMMA significantly decreased the incidence of postoperative CSF leaks (P = 0.03) and pseudomeningocele formation (P = 0.002). Wound infections were observed in 2 and 1 patients between the autologous bone and PMMA group, respectively, which did not differ significantly (P = 0.58). None of the patients in both groups developed a rejection reaction of artificial materials. CONCLUSIONS: Complete cranioplasty with PMMA cement following retrosigmoid craniectomy could decrease the incidence of CSF leak and pseudomeningocele formation as compared with the autologous bone flap combined with titanium plates. Thus, PMMA cement is preferable for bone reconstruction with excellent biocompatibility and without increasing the rate of wound infection.

Strand-specific RNA-seq based identification and functional prediction of drought-responsive lncRNAs in cassava.

BACKGROUND: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as playing crucial roles in abiotic stress responsive regulation, however, the mechanism of lncRNAs underlying drought-tolerance remains largely unknown in cassava, an important tropical and sub-tropical root crop of remarkable drought tolerance. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 833 high-confidence lncRNAs, including 652 intergenic and 181 anti-sense lncRNAs, were identified in cassava leaves and root using strand-specific RNA-seq technology, of which 124 were drought-responsive. Trans-regulatory co-expression network revealed that lncRNAs exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns and they preferred to function differently in distinct tissues: e.g., cell-related metabolism, cell wall, and RNA regulation of transcription in folded leaf (FL); degradation of major carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism, calvin cycle and light reaction, light signaling, and tetrapyrrole synthesis in full expanded leaf (FEL); synthesis of major CHO metabolism, nitrogen-metabolism, photosynthesis, and redox in bottom leaf (BL); and hormone metabolism, secondary metabolism, calcium signaling, and abiotic stress in root (RT). In addition, 27 lncRNA-mRNA pairs referred to cis-acting regulation were identified, and these lncRNAs regulated the expression of their neighboring genes mainly through hormone metabolism, RNA regulation of transcription, and signaling of receptor kinase. Besides, 11 lncRNAs were identified acting as putative target mimics of known miRNAs in cassava. Finally, five drought-responsive lncRNAs and 13 co-expressed genes involved in trans-acting, cis-acting, or target mimic regulation were selected and confirmed by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a comprehensive view of cassava lncRNAs in response to drought stress, which will enable in-depth functional analysis in the future.

Extensive Post-Transcriptional Regulation Revealed by Transcriptomic and Proteomic Integrative Analysis in Cassava under Drought.

Cassava is a major tropical/subtropical food crop and its yield is greatly restrained by drought; however, the mechanism underlying the drought stress remains largely unknown. In this study, totally 1242 and 715 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), together with 237 and 307 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), were respectively identified in cassava leaves and roots through RNA-seq and iTRAQ techniques. The majority of DEGs and DEPs were exclusively regulated at the mRNA and protein level, respectively, whereas only a few were commonly regulated, indicating the major involvement of post-transcriptional regulation under drought. Subsequently, the functions of these specifically or commonly regulated DEGs and DEPs were analyzed, and the post-transcriptional regulation of genes involved in heat shock protein, secondary metabolism biosynthesis, and hormone biosynthesis was extensively discussed. This is the first report on an integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis in cassava, and it provides new insights into the post-transcriptional regulation of cassava drought stress.