RESUMO
In clinical settings, tumor compression, trauma, surgical injury, and other types of injury can cause hypothalamic damage, resulting in various types of hypothalamic dysfunction. Impaired release of oxytocin can lead to cognitive impairment and affect prognosis and long-term quality of life after hypothalamic injury. Hypothalamic injury-induced cognitive dysfunction was detected in male animals. Behavioral parameters were measured to assess the characteristics of cognitive dysfunction induced by hypothalamic-pituitary stalk lesions. Brains were collected for high-throughput RNA sequencing and immunostaining to identify pathophysiological changes in hippocampal regions highly associated with cognitive function after injury to corresponding hypothalamic areas. Through transcriptomic analysis, we confirmed the loss of oxytocin neurons after hypothalamic injury and the reversal of hypothalamic-induced cognitive dysfunction after oxytocin supplementation. Furthermore, overactivation of the ERK signaling pathway and ß-amyloid deposition in the hippocampal region after hypothalamic injury were observed, and cognitive function was restored after inhibition of ERK signaling pathway overactivation. Our findings suggest that cognitive dysfunction after hypothalamic injury may be caused by ERK hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampal region resulting from a decrease in the number of oxytocin neurons, which in turn causes ß-amyloid deposition.
Assuntos
Peptídeos beta-Amiloides , Disfunção Cognitiva , Hipocampo , Hipotálamo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Ocitocina , Ocitocina/metabolismo , Ocitocina/farmacologia , Animais , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Disfunção Cognitiva/etiologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202410000-00026/figure1/v/2024-02-06T055622Z/r/image-tiff Previous studies have shown that growth hormone can regulate hypothalamic energy metabolism, stress, and hormone release. Therefore, growth hormone has great potential for treating hypothalamic injury. In this study, we established a specific hypothalamic axon injury model by inducing hypothalamic pituitary stalk electric lesions in male mice. We then treated mice by intraperitoneal administration of growth hormone. Our results showed that growth hormone increased the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptors, and promoted the survival of hypothalamic neurons, axonal regeneration, and vascular reconstruction from the median eminence through the posterior pituitary. Altogether, this alleviated hypothalamic injury-caused central diabetes insipidus and anxiety. These results suggest that growth hormone can promote axonal reconstruction after hypothalamic injury by regulating the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 axis.
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PURPOSE: The histopathological study of brain tissue is a common method in neuroscience. However, efficient procedures to preserve the intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain specimens are not available in mice for histopathological study. METHOD: We describe a detailed procedure for obtaining mouse brain with pituitary-hypothalamus continuity. Unlike the traditional methods, we collect the brain via a ventral approach. We cut the intraoccipital synchondrosis, transection the endocranium of pituitary, broke the spheno-occipital synchondrosis, expose the posterior edge of pituitary, separate the trigeminal nerve, then the intact pituitary gland was preserved. RESULT: We report an more effective and practical method to obtain continuous hypothalamus -pituitary preparations based on the preserve of leptomeninges. COMPARED WITH THE EXISTING METHODS: Our procedure effectively protects the integrity of the fragile infundibulum preventing the pituitary from separating from the hypothalamus. This procedure is more convenient and efficient. CONCLUSION: We present a convenient and practical procedure to obtain intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain specimens for subsequent histopathological evaluation in mice.
Assuntos
Doenças da Hipófise , Neuro-Hipófise , Camundongos , Animais , Hipófise/patologia , Neuro-Hipófise/patologia , Hipotálamo/patologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário , Doenças da Hipófise/cirurgia , Doenças da Hipófise/patologiaRESUMO
Body fluid homeostasis is critical to survival. The integrity of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) is an important basis of the precise regulation of body fluid metabolism and arginine vasopressin (AVP) hormone release. Clinically, some patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) due to HNS lesions can experience recovery compensation of body fluid metabolism. However, whether the hypothalamus has the potential for structural plasticity and self-repair under pathological conditions remains unclear. Here, we report the repair and reconstruction of a new neurohypophysis-like structure in the hypothalamic median eminence (ME) after pituitary stalk electrical lesion (PEL). We show that activated and proliferating adult neural progenitor cells differentiate into new mature neurons, which then integrate with remodeled AVP fibers to reconstruct the local AVP hormone release neural circuit in the ME after PEL. We found that the transcription factor of NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2.1) and the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway, mediated by NKX2.1, are the key regulators of adult hypothalamic neurogenesis. Taken together, our study provides evidence that adult ME neurogenesis is involved in the structural reconstruction of the AVP release circuit and eventually restores body fluid metabolic homeostasis during hypothalamic self-repair.
Assuntos
Líquidos Corporais , Eminência Mediana , Arginina Vasopressina/metabolismo , Líquidos Corporais/metabolismo , Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Eminência Mediana/metabolismo , Neurogênese , Hipófise/metabolismoRESUMO
The hypothalamus is the key region that regulates the neuroendocrine system as well as instinct behaviors, and hypothalamic dysfunction causes refractory clinical problems. Recent studies have indicated that neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) in the hypothalamus play a crucial role in hypothalamic function. However, specific hypothalamic NSPC culture methods have not been established, especially not detailed or efficient surgical procedures. The present study presented a convenient, detailed and efficient method for the isolation and cultivation of hypothalamic NSPCs from embryonic day 12.5 mice. The procedure includes embryo acquisition, brain microdissection to quickly obtain hypothalamic tissue and hypothalamic NSPC culture. Hypothalamic NSPCs can be quickly harvested and grow well in both neurosphere and adherent cultures through this method. Additionally, we confirmed the cell origin and evaluated the proliferation and differentiation properties of cultured cells. In conclusion, we present a convenient and practical method for the isolation and cultivation of hypothalamic NSPCs that can be used in extensive hypothalamic studies.
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BACKGROUND: Hypothalamic injury causes several complicated neuroendocrine-associated disorders, such as water-electrolyte imbalance, obesity, and hypopituitarism. Among these, central diabetes insipidus (CDI), characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, low urine specific gravity, and deficiency of arginine vasopressin contents, is a typical complication after hypothalamic injury. METHODS: CDI was induced by hypothalamic pituitary stalk injury in male animals. Behavioral parameters and blood sample were collected to evaluate the characteristics of body fluid metabolism imbalance. The brains were harvested for high-throughput RNA sequencing and immunostaining to identify pathophysiological changes in corresponding hypothalamic nuclei. RESULTS: Based on transcriptomic analysis, we demonstrated the upregulation of the activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3)/c-Jun axis and identified Lgals3, a microglial activation-related gene, as the most significant target gene in response to the body fluid imbalance in CDI. Furthermore, we found that the microglia possessed elevated phagocytic ability, which could promote the elimination of arginine vasopressin neurons after hypothalamic injury. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that the Atf3/c-Jun/Lgals3 axis was associated with the microglial activation, and might participate in the loss of functional arginine vasopressin neurons in CDI after hypothalamic injury.
Assuntos
Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico , Diabetes Mellitus , Doenças Hipotalâmicas , Fator 3 Ativador da Transcrição/metabolismo , Animais , Arginina Vasopressina/metabolismo , Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico/complicações , Galectina 3/metabolismo , Doenças Hipotalâmicas/complicações , Masculino , TranscriptomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The histopathological study of brain tissue is a conventional method in neuroscience. However, procedures specifically developed to recover intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain specimens, are not available. NEW METHOD: We describe a detailed protocol for obtaining intact rat brain with pituitary-hypothalamus continuity through an intact infundibulum. The brain is collected via a ventral approach through removing the skull base. Membranous structures surrounding the hypothalamus-pituitary system can be preserved, including vasculature. RESULTS: We report a retaining sphenoid and dura technique to obtain intact hypothalamic-pituitary brain preparations, and we confirm the practicability of this method. By combination of this technique with histological analysis or 3D brain tissue clearing and imaging methods, the functional morphology structure of the hypothalamus-pituitary can be further explored. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD: The current procedure is limited in showing the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Our procedure effectively protects the integrity of the fragile infundibulum and thus prevents the pituitary from separating from the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS: We present a convenient and practical approach to obtain intact hypothalamus-pituitary brain specimens for subsequent histopathological evaluation.
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Hipotálamo , Hipófise , Animais , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , RatosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism by which doublecortin promotes the recovery of cytoskeleton in arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in rats with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk (PEL). METHODS: Thirty-two SD rats were randomized into PEL group with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk through the floor of the skull base (n=25) and sham operation group (n=7), and the daily water consumption (DWC), daily urine volume (DUV) and urine specific gravity (USG) of the rats were recorded. Four rats on day 1 and 7 rats on each of days 3, 7 and 14 after PEL as well as the sham-operated rats were sacrificed for detection of the expressions of ß-Tubulin (Tuj1), doublecortin and caspase- 3 in the AVP neurons of the supraoptic nucleus using immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. RESULTS: After PEL, the rats exhibited a typical triphasic pattern of diabetes insipidus, with the postoperative days 1-2 as the phase one, days 3-5 as the phase two, and days 6-14 as the phase three. Immunofluorescent results indicated the repair of the AVP neurons evidenced by significantly increased doublecortin expressions in the AVP neurons following PEL; similarly, the expression of Tuj1 also increased progressively after PEL, reaching the peak level on day 7 after PEL. The apoptotic rates of the AVP neurons exhibited a reverse pattern of variation, peaking on postoperative day 3 followed by progressive reduction till day 14. Western blotting showed that the expressions of c-Jun and p-c-Jun were up-regulated significantly on day 3 (P < 0.05) and 7 (P < 0.01) after PEL, while an upregulated p-JNK expression was detected only on day 3 (P < 0.05), as was consistent with the time-courses of neuronal recovery and apoptosis after PEL. CONCLUSIONS: JNK/c-Jun pathway is activated after PEL to induce apoptosis of AVP neurons in the acute phase and to promote the repair of neuronal cytoskeleton by up-regulation of doublecortin and Tuj1 expressions.
Assuntos
Arginina Vasopressina/farmacologia , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Neurônios/citologia , Hipófise/lesões , Regeneração , Animais , Apoptose , Proteína Duplacortina , Hipófise/citologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-jun/metabolismo , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismoRESUMO
Modern pharmacological studies revealed that Celastrol exhibits antiinflammation, antibacteria, antivirus, antifertility, insectresistance functions and has been used for the treatment of rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, blood diseases, skin diseases and agricultural insecticide. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Celastrol on glucocorticoidinduced osteoporosis (GIOP) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. The findings of the current study revealed that Celastrol reduced body weight, urine calcium/creatinine, tartrateresistant acid phosphatase 5b, Cterminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and induced osteocalcin in GIOP rats. In addition, alkaline phosphatase, triiodothyronine receptor auxiliary protein and cathepsin K mRNA expression levels were effectively suppressed, and osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, type I collagen and runtrelated transcription factor 2 mRNA expression levels were effectively induced in osteoporosis rats treated with Celastrol. Celastrol inhibited prostaglandin E2 and caspase3 protein expression levels, and induced phosphoinositol 3kinase (PI3K), phosphorylatedprotein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase3 phosphorylation, Wnt and ßcatenin protein expression in GIOP rats. The present study demonstrated that Celastrol may inhibit GIOP in rats via the PI3K/AKT and Wnt signaling pathways.
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Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Osteoporose/genética , Triterpenos/administração & dosagem , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/urina , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Colágeno Tipo I/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucocorticoides/toxicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/genética , Osteocalcina/genética , Osteoporose/induzido quimicamente , Osteoporose/patologia , Triterpenos Pentacíclicos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Ratos , Fosfatase Ácida Resistente a Tartarato/genética , Triterpenos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Epigallocatechin3gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic compound extracted and isolated from green tea, which has a variety of important biological activities in vitro and in vivo, including antitumor, antioxidation, antiinflammation and lowering blood pressure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of EGCG against secondary osteoporosis in a mouse model via the Wnt/ßcatenin signaling pathway. Reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) and western blotting were used to analyze runtrelated transcription factor 2 and osterix mRNA expression, and the protein expression of cyclin D1, Wnt and ßcatenin, and suppressed peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ protein expression. The protective effect of EGCG against secondary osteoporosis was examined and its potential mechanism was analyzed. Treatment with EGCG significantly decreased serum calcium, urinary calcium, body weight and body fat, and increased leptin levels in mice with secondary osteoporosis. In addition, EGCG treatment significantly inhibited the structure score of articular cartilage and cancellous bone in proximal tibia metaphysis in mice with secondary osteoporosis. Treatment also significantly decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, runtrelated transcription factor 2 and osterix mRNA expression. EGCG also significantly induced the protein expression of cyclin D1, Wnt and ßcatenin, and suppressed peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ protein expression in mice with secondary osteoporosis. Taken together, these results suggest that EGCG may be a possible new drug in clinical settings.
Assuntos
Catequina/análogos & derivados , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Osteoporose/tratamento farmacológico , Chá/química , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Cálcio/sangue , Cálcio/urina , Cartilagem/efeitos dos fármacos , Catequina/administração & dosagem , Catequina/química , Ciclina D1/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Camundongos , Osteoporose/sangue , Osteoporose/genética , Osteoporose/patologia , PPAR gama/genética , beta Catenina/genéticaRESUMO
A stable and reproducible rat injury model is not currently available to study central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and the neurohypophyseal system. In addition, a system is needed to assess the severity of CDI and measure the accompanying neurobiological alterations. In the present study, a 3D-printed lesion knife with a curved head was designed to fit into the stereotaxic instrument. The neuro-anatomical features of the brain injury were determined by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) immunostaining on brain sections. Rats that underwent pituitary stalk electrical lesion (PEL) exhibited a tri-phasic pattern of CDI. MRI revealed that the hyperintenseT1-weighted signal of the pituitary stalk was interrupted, and the brain sections showed an enlarged end proximal to the injury site after PEL. In addition, the number of AVP-positive cells in supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) decreased after PEL, which confirmed the success of the CDI model. Unlike hand-made tools, the 3D-printed lesion knives were stable and reproducible. Next, we used an ordinal clustering method for staging and the k-means' clustering method to construct a CDI index to evaluate the severity and recovery of CDI that could be used in other multiple animals, even in clinical research. In conclusion, we established a standard PEL model with a 3D-printed knife tool and proposed a CDI index that will greatly facilitate further research on CDI.
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Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipófise , Impressão Tridimensional , Animais , Arginina Vasopressina/metabolismo , Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico/diagnóstico , Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico/etiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Hipófise/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipófise/lesões , Hipófise/metabolismo , Hipófise/patologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Central diabetes insipidus can occur after hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract injury. This injury is linked with a deficit in circulating vasopressin and oxytocin, which are produced in the supraoptic nuclei and the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei. Previous studies indicate that an ectopic neural lobe forms after pituitary stalk lesion in rats, and while the relationship between an ectopic neural lobe and CDI outcomes is unclear, the underlying mechanisms are also unknown. Here, we report that two different CDI characteristics are shown in rats that underwent pituitary stalk electric lesion and are defined by two different groups classified as the recovery group and the no-recovery group. Rats showed an enlarged functional ectopic neural lobe at the lesion site with a low CDI index. Moreover, growth associated protein-43, p-PI3K and p-AKT were up-regulated in the unmyelinated fibers of the ectopic neural lobe. Our findings suggest that the enlarged structure formed a functional ectopic neural lobe after the pituitary stalk lesion, and its regeneration might influence the CDI outcome. This regeneration might be due to an increase in GAP-43 expression through the PI3K/AKT pathway.
Assuntos
Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico/metabolismo , Proteína GAP-43/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Neuro-Hipófise/metabolismo , Hipófise/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Animais , Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico/etiologia , Diabetes Insípido Neurogênico/patologia , Masculino , Neuro-Hipófise/patologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais , Regulação para Cima , Vasopressinas/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To establish an improved method for stereotactic location of the supraoptic nucleus in rats. METHODS: Twenty-four SD rats were randomly divided into experimental group (12 rats) and control group (12 rats) for oblique (20° to the left) stereotactic puncture (OSP group) and vertical stereotactic puncture (VSP group), respectively, both targeting the supraoptic nucleus (SON). The surgical data and postoperative (within 24) mortality of the rats were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The nucleus locating time was longer in OSP group than in VSP group (59.55∓3.64s vs 27.44∓2.18 s, P=0.000), and the postoperative mortality rate of the rats did not differ significantly between the groups (0 vs 44.4%, P=0.082). In OSP group, compared with VSP group, the procedure was associated with a lowered rupture rate of the superior sagittal sinus (11.1% vs 88.9%, P=0.003), a shortened hemostatic time after craniotomy (52.89∓24.05 s vs 157.445 ime a s, P=0.000) and after puncture (24.33 reas 45 s vs 133.89∓28.81 s, P=0.000), and also a shortened operation time (178.89 on tims vs 362.44 timees, P=0.000). CONCLUSION: The improved method for locating supraoptic nucleus in rats is convenient, stable and reproducible, and helps to avoid important blood vessels and specific nuclei according to the needs of different experiments and allows the operators to choose different surgical paths.
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Punções , Núcleo Supraóptico/diagnóstico por imagem , Núcleo Supraóptico/cirurgia , Animais , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of open reduction and internal fixation and repair of palmar ligment in treating trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation. METHODS: From June 1995 to June 2001,14 patients with trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation were treated with open reduction and internal fixation and repair of palmar ligment. Among them,there were 13 males and 1 female,the ranging in age from 21 to 38 years,averaged 25.4 years. All patients were posterior dislocation and all operations were performed within 2 weeks after injury. RESULTS: All patients were followed up from 24 to 60 months with an average of 28.3 months. Thirteen scaphoid fractures were primary healed and functions of wrist joint were good. Bone disunion was found in 1 case and part functions of wrist joint were limited. No found necrosis of lunate and scaphoid. According to clinical scoring system of Cooney, 9 case got excellent results, 3 good, 1 fair and 1 poor. CONCLUSION: Open reduction and internal fixation and repair of palmar ligament is effective in treating trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation,which can early provide steady fixation for scaphoid,and profit to recover blood supply of lunatum and subterminal scaphoid.