Characteristic Extraction and Assessment Methods for Transformers DC Bias Caused by Metro Stray Currents.

Metro stray currents flowing into transformer-neutral points cause the high neutral DC and a transformer to operate in the DC bias state.Because neutral DC caused by stray current varies with time, the neutral DC value cannot be used as the only characteristic indicator to evaluate the DC bias risk level. Thus, unified characteristic extraction and assessment methods are proposed to evaluate the DC bias risk of a transformer caused by stray current, considering the signals of transformer-neutral DC and vibration. In the characteristic extraction method, the primary characteristics are obtained by comparing the magnitude and frequency distributions of transformer-neutral DC and vibration with and without metro stray current invasion. By analyzing the correlation coefficients, the final characteristics are obtained by clustering the primary characteristics with high correlation. Then, the magnitude and frequency characteristics are extracted and used as indicators to evaluate the DC bias risk. Moreover, to avoid the influence of manual experience on indicator weights, the entropy weight method (EWM) is used to establish the assessment model. Finally, the proposed methods are applied based on the neutral DC and vibration test data of a certain transformer. The results show that the characteristic indicators can be extracted, and the transformer DC bias risk can be evaluated by using the proposed methods.

Design and synthesis of bis(indolyl)-hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives and their antifungal activities against plant pathogen fungi.

A series of bis(indolyl)-hydrazide-hydrazone derivatives were synthesised, and their structures were characterised using 1H-NMR and HRMS. The antifungal activity of the prepared compounds was evaluated against Pyricularia oryzae Cav., Colletotrichum -gloeosporioides Penz., Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn using the mycelial growth rate method. The preliminary bioassays revealed that most of the synthesised compounds exhibited antifungal activity against the four tested fungi and displayed a remarkable inhibitory effect on the mycelium growth of R. solani. In particular, compounds 3b, 3c, and 3k demonstrated significant antifungal activity against R. solani, with EC50 values of 26.42, 20.74, and 22.41 µM, respectively, outperforming the positive control shenqinmycin (47.18 µM) and carvacrol (49.13 µM).

Complete Genome Sequence Analysis of Bacillus subtilis MC4-2 Strain That against Tobacco Black Shank Disease.

The MC4-2 bacterium strain was isolated and purified from the Periplaneta americana intestine as a biocontrol agent with good antagonistic effect against the pathogens of a soil-borne disease called tobacco black shank. The MC4-2 strain was found to have good broad-spectrum inhibition by plate stand-off test. Based on 16S rRNA and gyrB genes, ANI analysis, and other comparative genomics methods, it was determined that the MC4-2 strain was Bacillus subtilis. The complete genome sequence showed that the genome size was 4,076,630 bp, the average GC content was 43.78%, and the total number of CDSs was 4,207. Genomic prediction analysis revealed that a total of 145 genes were annotated by the CAZy, containing mainly GH and CE enzymes that break down carbohydrates such as glucose, chitin, starch, and alginate, and a large number of enzymes involved in glycosylation were present. A total of ten secondary metabolite clusters were predicted, six clusters of which were annotated as surfactin, bacillaene, fengycin, bacillibactin, subtilosin A, and bacilysin. The present investigation found the biological control mechanism of B. subtilis MC4-2, which provides a strong theoretical basis for the best use of this strain in biological control methods and provides a reference for the subsequent development of agents of this bacterium.

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Massive Accumulation of Secondary Metabolites in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a traditional medicinal plant for treating human diseases that is widely cultivated in many countries. However, the component and related metabolic pathways are still unclear. To understand the changes in expression of the component and related genes during seed development, this study employed metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses and integrative analysis to explore the metabolites and pathways involved in the growth of fenugreek. The antifungal activity of the fenugreek seeds was also analyzed. A total of 9499 metabolites were identified in the positive ion mode, and 8043 metabolites were identified in the negative ion mode. Among them, the main components were fatty acyls, prenol lipids, steroids, steroid derivatives, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids. Among these enriched pathways, the top 20 pathways were "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis", "isoflavonoid biosynthesis", and "flavonoid biosynthesis". 3,7-Di-O-methylquercetin, flavonoids, pseudobaptigenin, isoflavonoids, methylecgonine, alkaloids, and derivatives were the most significantly upregulated metabolites. There were 38,137 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified via transcriptomic analysis. According to the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, 147 DEGs were significantly enriched in "flavonoid biosynthesis". Ten DEGs of the six key enzymes were found to be involved in three pathways related to flavonoid and alkaloid synthesis in fenugreek. The antifungal activity test revealed the inhibitory effect of the ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds on Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze)Wiltshire and Magnaporthe oryzae. These findings further prove that the use of botanical pesticides in fenugreek fruit has research value.

Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Terrein Derivatives and Butenolides Isolated from the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus terreus HT5.

Two new terrein derivatives, aspergilethers A and B (1 and 2), two known analogues (3 and 4), and three known butenolides (5-7) were isolated from the endophyte Aspergillus terreus HT5. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and ECD and NMR calculations. Interestingly, 1 and 2 had unpresented medium aliphatic side chains in terrein derivatives, with different absolute configurations at C-7, which was very scarce. (+)-Terrein (3) exhibited potent postemergence phytotoxicity toward Amaranthaceae, Portulacaceae, and Fabaceae, with MIC values of 250-1000 µg/mL. Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR suggested that (+)-terrein induced the transcriptional expression of aging-related genes to accelerate organ senescence and stimulated plant detoxification response. The conjugated system between keto carbonyl and double bonds in the cyclopentenone ring and side chain, and the configurations of C-2 and C-3, played critical roles in the phytotoxicity of terrein derivatives. Meanwhile, 3 was first reported to display moderate antioomycetes activity toward Phytophthora nicotiana.

Identification and functional analysis of serine protease inhibitor gene family of Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff).

The predatory natural enemy Eocanthecona furcellata plays a crucial role in agricultural ecosystems due to its effective pest control measures and defensive venom. Predator venom contains serine protease inhibitors (SPIs), which are the primary regulators of serine protease activity and play key roles in digestion, development, innate immunity, and other physiological regulatory processes. However, the regulation mechanism of SPIs in the salivary glands of predatory natural enemies is still unknown. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of E. furcellata salivary gland and identified 38 SPIs genes named EfSPI1∼EfSPI38. Through gene structure, multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) expression profiles of different developmental stages and different tissues were analyzed. RNAi technology was used to explore the gene function of EFSPI20. The results showed that these 38 EfSPIs genes contained 8 SPI domains, which were serpin, TIL, Kunitz, Kazal, Antistasin, Pacifastin, WAP and A2M. The expression profile results showed that the expression of different types of EfSPIs genes was different at different developmental stages and different tissues. Most of the EfSPIs genes were highly expressed in the egg stage. The EfSPI20, EfSPI21, EfSPI22, and EfSPI24 genes of the Pacifastin subfamily and the EfSPI35 gene of the A2M subfamily were highly expressed in the nymphal and adult stages, which was consistent with the RT-qPCR verification results. These five genes are positively correlated with each other and have a synergistic effect on E. furcellata, and they were highly expressed in salivary glands. After interfering with the expression of the EfSPI20 gene, the survival rate and predatory amount of male and female adults were significantly decreased. Taken together, we speculated some EfSPIs may inhibit trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase, and some EfSPIs may be involved in autoimmune responses. EfSPI20 was essential for the predation and digestion of E. furcellata, and the functions of other EfSPIs were discussed. Our findings provide valuable insights into the diversity of EfSPIs in E. furcellata and the potential functions of regulating their predation, digestion and innate immunity, which may be of great significance for developing new pest control strategies.

Mechanistic investigation of the influence of defects on armchair unburned carbon for PbCl2 adsorption.

As the largest consumer of coal energy, coal-fired power plants emit large amounts of PbCl2 each year, which is of wide concern due to its high toxicity, global migration, and accumulation. Unburned carbon is considered a promising adsorbent for effective PbCl2 removal. However, there is a problem that the current unburned carbon model cannot show the structure of carbon defects on the actual unburned carbon surface. Therefore, it is important to construct defective unburned carbon models with practical significance. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of PbCl2 by an unburned model is not studied deeply enough and the reaction mechanism is not clear yet. This has seriously affected the development of effective adsorbents. To reveal the adsorption mechanism of PbCl2 on unburned carbon, the adsorption mechanism of PbCl2 on defective unburned carbon surfaces was analyzed by using the density flooding theory to investigate the adsorption process of PbCl2 on different unburned carbon models. This will provide theoretical guidance for the design and development of adsorbents for the removal of PbCl2 from coal-fired power plants.

Identification and expression analysis of heat shock protein family genes of gall fly (Procecidochares utilis) under temperature stress.

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are molecular chaperones involved in many normal cellular processes and environmental stresses. At the genome-wide level, there were no reports on the diversity and phylogeny of the heat shock protein family in Procecidochares utilis. In this study, 43 HSPs were identified from the genome of P. utilis, including 12 small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), 23 heat shock protein 40 (DNAJs), 6 heat shock protein 70 (HSP70s), and 2 heat shock protein 90 (HSP90s). The characteristics of these candidates HSP genes were analyzed by BLAST, and then phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze the spatiotemporal expression patterns of sHSPs and HSP70s in P. utilis after temperature stress. Results showed that most sHSPs could be induced under heat stress during the adult stage of P. utilis, while a few HSP70s could be induced at the larval stage. This study provides an information framework for the HSP family of P. utilis. Moreover, it lays an important foundation for a better understanding of the role of HSP in the adaptability of P. utilis to various environments.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of sesquiterpenoids isolated from Laggera pterodonta.

Plant-derived natural products are important resources for pesticide discovery. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a well-validated pesticide target, and inhibiting AChE proves fatal for insects. Recent studies have shown that the potential of various sesquiterpenoids as AChE inhibitors. However, few studies have been conducted with eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes with AChE inhibitory effects. Therefore, in this research, we isolated two new sesquiterpenes, laggeranines A (1) and B (2), along with six known eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes (3-8) from Laggera pterodonta, and characterized their structures and the inhibitory effect they exerted on AChE. The results showed that these compounds had certain inhibitory effects on AChE in a dose-dependent manner, of which compound 5 had the best inhibitory effect with IC50 of 437.33 ± 8.33 mM. As revealed by the Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots, compound 5 was observed to suppress AChE activity reversibly and competitively. Furthermore, all compounds exhibited certain toxicity levels on C. elegans. Meanwhile, these compounds had good ADMET properties. These results are significant for the discovery of new AChE targeting compounds, and also enrich the bioactivity activity repertoire of L. pterodonta.

Combined Activity of Saponin B Isolated from Dodonaea viscosa Seeds with Pesticide Azadirachtin against the Pest Spodoptera litura.

Azadirachtin is regarded as one of the best botanical pesticides due to its broad spectrum of insecticides and low interference with natural enemies. To enhance the effect of azadirachtin and slow down the generation of resistance, the combined activity was studied. Here, we found that Dodonaea viscosa saponin B (DVSB) isolated from the seeds of Dodonaea viscosa has good combined activity with the azadirachtin. The mixture of DVSB and azadirachtin in a volume ratio of 1:4 had the strongest combined effect against Spodoptera litura, with a co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) of 212.87. DVSB exerted its combined activity by affecting the contact angle, surface tension, maximum retention and cell membrane permeability. When mixed with DVSB, the contact angle and surface tension decreased by 30.38% and 23.68%, and the maximum retention increased by 77.15%. DVSB was screened as an effective combined activity botanical compound of azadirachtin upon the control of S. litura and highlights the potential application of botanical compounds as pesticide adjuvants in the pest management.

Correction: In situ synthesis of chiral AuNCs with aggregation-induced emission using glutathione and ceria precursor nanosheets for glutathione biosensing.

Correction for 'In situ synthesis of chiral AuNCs with aggregation-induced emission using glutathione and ceria precursor nanosheets for glutathione biosensing' by Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa et al., Analyst, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2an00939k.

Bio-accumulation effects of heavy metals Pb, Zn and Cd on Procecidochares utilis parasitism to Eupatorium adenophorum at Suzu metal mines, Yunnan.

Procecidochares utilis is an obligatory parasitic insect to Eupatorium adenophorum. Both organisms have been spread to some metal mines areas. The objective of this study is to comprehend the trend of heavy metals transfer and the process of their bio-accumulation in the soil-E. adenophorum-P. utilis system and particularly their impact on the parasitic effect of P. utilis to E. adenophorum to reflect the impact of heavy metals on obligate parasitic insect and its host. Therefore, a detailed investigation was carried out at the Suzu Lead-Zinc Mine in Yunnan Province using the concentric circle's method. The results showed that the parasitic rate of P. utilis to a single plant and branch is positively correlated with distance. The metals content of the soil in E. adenophorum and P. utilis, decreased dramatically with an increase in distance away from the center of the mining area. From which is cleared that these metals could enter to E. adenophorum and P. utilis through the soil-E. adenophorum-P. utilis system which likely to affect its parasitic activities. In addition, the parasitic rate is impacted by per Zn content greatly, and the parasitic rate per plant is affected by Cd content enormously. This work could provide important basis of data for further understanding and clarifying the effects of bioaccumulation and heavy metals pollution on various aspects of the food chain. Simultaneously, it could clarify and simplify whether heavy metal contamination affects the parasitic behaviour of some obligatory parasitic insects.

In situ synthesis of chiral AuNCs with aggregation-induced emission using glutathione and ceria precursor nanosheets for glutathione biosensing.

In the present study, a mediator release test (MRT) strategy has been designed for the photoluminescent sensing of glutathione (GSH). On the basis of the redox reaction of GSH and cerium-based nanosheets (Ce(CO3)2 NSs), Ce3+ ions were released to act as a mediator for the photoluminescence emission of the Au-thiolate complexes through an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) process. Remarkably, AIE was also accompanied by high chirality for the in situ synthesis of AuNCs using Ce(CO3)2 NSs as a template and GSH as a releaser for oligomeric Au-thiolate complexes. Multiple characterization techniques, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), were employed to check the structure and morphology of the Ce(CO3)2 NSs as well as the successful in situ fabrication of the AuNCs. Using this new MRT strategy, an eco-friendly, selective, biocompatible and label-free AIE probe was established for the sensitive sensing of GSH with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.02 µM. Moreover, this switch-on luminescent nanoplatform of the conjugate probe of Au-thiolate/Ce-based NSs was successfully applied for the selective and reliable GSH detection in human serum samples.

Antifeedant Mechanism of Dodonaea viscosa Saponin A Isolated from the Seeds of Dodonaea viscosa.

Dodonaea viscosa is a medicinal plant which has been used to treat various diseases in humans. However, the anti-insect activity of extracts from D. viscosa has not been evaluated. Here, we found that the total saponins from D. viscosa (TSDV) had strong antifeedant and growth inhibition activities against 4th-instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. The median antifeeding concentration (AFC50) value of TSDV on larvae was 1621.81 µg/mL. TSDV affected the detoxification enzyme system of the larvae and also exerted antifeedant activity possibly through targeting the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. The AFC50 concentration, the carboxylesterase activity, glutathione S-transferases activity, and cytochrome P450 content increased to 258%, 205%, and 215%, respectively, and likewise the glutamate decarboxylase activity and GABA content to 195% and 230%, respectively, in larvae which fed on TSDV. However, D. viscosa saponin A (DVSA) showed better antifeedant activity and growth inhibition activity in larvae, compared to TSDV. DVSA also exerted their antifeedant activity possibly through targeting the GABA system and subsequently affected the detoxification enzyme system. Further, DVSA directly affected the medial sensillum and the lateral sensillum of the 4th-instar larvae. Stimulation of Spodoptera litura. with DVSA elicited clear, consistent, and robust excitatory responses in a single taste cell.

Phytotoxic Azaphilones From the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum HY5.

Mangrove is a unique marine ecosystem growing in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical coast, with the characteristics of hypoxia tolerance, high salinity, and high humidity. In order to discover novel leading compounds with potent phytotoxicity, seven pairs of azaphilones E/Z isomers, isochromophilone H (1a/1b), sclerotiorins A and B (2a/2b and 3a/3b), ochlephilone (4a/4b), isochromophilone IV (5a/5b), isochromophilone J (6a/6b), and isochromophilone I (7a/7b), were isolated from the culture broth of the mangrove-derived fungus, the Penicillium sclerotiorum HY5, by various chromatographic methods. Among them, 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, and 6b were new compounds. Their chemical structures and absolute configurations were elucidated based on high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis, and comparisons of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. Compounds 3, 4, and 7 exhibited potent phytotoxicity against the growth of radicle and plumule on Amaranthus retroflexus L., with EC50 values ranging from 234.87 to 320.84 µM, compared to the positive control glufosinate-ammonium, with EC50 values of 555.11 µM for radicle, and 656.04 µM for plumule. Compounds 4 and 7 also showed inhibitory effects on the growth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medikus), with EC50 values ranging from 768.97 to 1,201.52 µM. This study provides new leading compounds for the research and development of marine-derived bioherbicides.

Nematicidal activity of tirotundin and parthenolide isolated from Tithonia diversifolia and Chrysanthemum parthenium.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that catalyzes acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. Conventional pesticides, including organophosphates and carbamates target and inhibit the activity of AChE. To obtain more pesticide precursors that meet the safety requirements, more than 200 compounds were screened. Tirotundin and parthenolide identified as potential neurotoxins to nematodes were isolated from Tithonia diversifolia and Chrysanthemum parthenium, respectively. Their IC50 values were 6.89 ± 0.30 and 5.51 ± 0.23 µg/mL, respectively against the AChE isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans. AChE was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner using the two compounds. And the Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots indicated that tirotundin and parthenolide were reversible inhibitors against AChE, both inhibiting AChE in a mixed-type competitive manner and demonstrating these compounds may possess dual binding site AChE inhibitors. LC50 values of tirotundin and parthenolide against C. elegans were 9.16 ± 0.21 and 7.23 ± 0.48 µg/mL, respectively. These results provide a certain theoretical basis for the development and utilization of novel pesticides.

Observation of the fine structure of antennal sensilla of the stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).

In order to explore the mechanism underlying chemosensation in Eocanthecona furcellata, the external morphology of its antennae and the type, quantity, distribution and ultrastructure of the sensilla were observed on both sexes of adults and 5th-instar nymphs using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the antennae of E. furcellata consisted of three parts: scape, pedicel and flagellum. There were five types of sensilla on the antennae, which included sensilla trichoidea (ST), sensilla chaetica (SCh), sensilla coeloconica (SCo), sensilla basiconica (SB) and squamifornia denticles (SD). Further, there were 4 subtypes of ST and SB and 2 subtypes of SCo and SCh. The number of sensilla on nymphs was significantly lower than that on adults. The antennae of adults showed sexual dimorphism, as the number of sensilla on female adults was higher than that on male adults. SB4 was found only on females and SCo2 was found only on males. These inter-sexual differences may be related to chemoreception of sex pheromone and chemical predation location. The morphology and putative functions of each sensilla were compared and discussed. These results provide a reference for further study of the behavioral biology, chemical ecology and electrophysiology of insects, and also provides a scientific basis for new ways of biological control.

Gross morphology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands of the stink bug predator Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff).

Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a native generalist predator which attacks and kills its prey by first inserting its stylet into the prey's body and then injecting saliva into it. Here, we describe the histology and ultrastructure of its salivary glands. The study showed that the salivary glands were made up of pairs of principal and tubular accessory salivary glands. The principal salivary glands were bilobed and consisted of a smaller anterior lobe and a larger elongated posterior lobe. The ducts of the principal and accessory salivary glands were located in a narrow region between the anterior and posterior lobe known as the hilum. The principal salivary gland was lined with a single-layered epithelium. The cells cytoplasm was enriched with rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory, and the nucleus showed a higher level of uncondensed chromatin. The basal region of the cell had plasma membrane infoldings. The cytoplasm of the accessory gland was rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and many large cavities. The ducts of the principal salivary gland were made up of a single layer of flattened cells which had a thin cuticle lining the apical portion. Variation in the lumen content of the different lobes, which made up the principal gland suggested that their chemical products also varied. These results indicate that these two salivary glands produce the proteins found in the saliva.

Development of luminol-based chemiluminescence approach for ultrasensitive sensing of Hg(II) using povidone-I2 protected gold nanoparticles as an efficient coreactant.

In this work, we fabricated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) capped with both polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and iodine (I2) to act as efficient chemiluminescent coreactants for luminol. AuNPs synthesis was based on the direct chemical reduction of Au3+ with NaBH4 in the presence of PVP-I2 complex. The successful synthesis of PVP-I2@AuNPs was confirmed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-vis spectrophotometry. Chemiluminescence (CL) intensity of luminol was greatly enhanced, upon its chemical reaction with chemisorbed I2 on AuNPs surfaces owing to the excellent catalytic activity of AuNPs. The PVP-I2@AuNPs/luminol CL sensing system was successfully applied for determination of Hg2+ ions and the results displayed linearity in a wide range from 0.5 to 2000 nM and an ultrasensitive response to 1.0 nM Hg2+. The detection limit of Hg2+ ions was 0.1 nM, which was 100 times lower than the limit value (10 nM) defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in drinkable water. This ultrasensitive luminogenic system for Hg2+ detection also exhibited excellent selectivity among 13 types of metals, suggesting that the luminol/PVP-I2@AuNPs system is a promising sensor for real-time detection of Hg2+. Graphical abstract.

Inhibitory activities of flavonoids from Eupatorium adenophorum against acetylcholinesterase.

Fifteen flavonoids isolated from the Eupatorium adenophorum showed inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans and Spodoptera litura. Their IC50 values ranged from 12.54 to 89.06µg/mL and 12.08 to 86.01µg/mL, respectively against the AChE isolated from the nematode and insect species. AChE was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by all tested flavonoids, The isolated compound quercetagetin-7-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-ß-D-glucopyranoside) displayed the highest inhibitory effect against AChE from C. elegans and S. litura, with IC50 values of 12.54 µg/mL and 12.58 µg/mL, respectively. The structure-activity relationship of flavonoids on the inhibitory activities indicated that additional phenolic hydroxyl groups in the glucose were favorable for their inhibitory effects and the degree of increase in inhibitory activity also depended on the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups. The Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots indicated that quercetagetin-7-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-ß-d-glucopyranoside) is a reversible inhibitor against AChE. Quercetagetin-7-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-ß-d-glucopyranoside), 5,4'-Dihydroxytlavone and quercetin-3-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside inhibited AChE in a mixed-type competitive manner and these compounds might be the dual binding site AChE inhibitors. Further, nine compounds showed poisonous effects against C. elegans and inhibitory effects on the growth and development of S. litura.