RESUMO
Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by gland fibrosis. We previously found a close correlation between gland fibrosis and the expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2). In this study we explored the pathological and therapeutic significance of GRK2 in SS. Submandibular gland (SMG) antigen-induced SS mouse model was established in WT and GRK2+/- mice. We showed that the expression levels of GRK2 were significantly up-regulated in glandular tissue and positively correlated with fibrotic morphology in SS patients and mice. Hemizygous knockout of GRK2 significantly inhibited the gland fibrosis. In mouse salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs), we demonstrated that GRK2 interacted with Smad2/3 to positively regulate the activation of TGF-ß-Smad signaling with a TGF-ß-GRK2 positive feedback loop contributing to gland fibrosis. Hemizygous knockout of GRK2 attenuated TGF-ß-induced collagen I production in SGECs in vitro and hindered gland fibrosis in murine SS though preventing Smad2/3 nuclear translocation. Around 28 days post immunization with SMG antigen, WT SS mice were treated with a specific GRK2 inhibitor paroxetine (Par, 5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g. for 19 days). We found that Par administration significantly attenuated gland fibrosis and alleviated the progression of SS in mice. We conclude that genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of GRK2 significantly attenuates gland fibrosis and alleviates the progression of SS. GRK2 binds to Smad2/3 and positively regulates the activation of TGF-ß-Smad signaling. A TGF-ß-GRK2 positive feedback loop contributes to gland fibrosis. Our research points out that GRK2 could be a promising therapeutic target for treating SS.
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ß-arrestin2 (ß-arr2) is, a key protein that mediates desensitization and internalization of G protein-coupled receptors and participates in inflammatory and immune responses. Deficiency of ß-arr2 has been found to exacerbate collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) through unclear mechanisms. In this study we tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying ß-arr2 depletion-induced exacerbation of CAIA. CAIA was induced in ß-arr2-/- and wild-type (WT) mice by injection of collagen antibodies and LPS. The mice were sacrificed on d 13 after the injection, spleen, thymus and left ankle joints were collected for analysis. Arthritis index (AI) was evaluated every day or every 2 days. We showed that ß-arr2-/- mice with CAIA had a further increase in the percentage of plasma cells in spleen as compared with WT mice with CAIA, which was in accordance with elevated serum IgG1 and IgG2A expression and aggravating clinical performances, pathologic changes in joints and spleen, joint effusion, and joint blood flow. Both LPS stimulation of isolated B lymphocytes in vitro and TNP-LPS challenge in vivo led to significantly higher plasma cell formation and antibodies production in ß-arr2-/- mice as compared with WT mice. LPS treatment induced membrane distribution of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on B lymphocytes, accordingly promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the transcription of Blimp1. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that more TLR4 colocalized with ß-arr2 in B lymphocytes in response to LPS stimulation. Depletion of ß-arr2 restrained TLR4 on B lymphocyte membrane after LPS treatment and further enhanced downstream NF-κB signaling leading to additional increment in plasma cell formation. In summary, ß-arr2 depletion exacerbates CAIA and further increases plasma cell differentiation and antibody production through inhibiting TLR4 endocytosis and aggravating NF-κB signaling.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/metabolismo , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Plasmócitos/metabolismo , beta-Arrestina 2/deficiência , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Artrite Reumatoide/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Reumatoide/patologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Diferenciação Celular/fisiologia , Colágeno Tipo II/imunologia , Imunidade Humoral/fisiologia , Articulação do Joelho/metabolismo , Articulação do Joelho/patologia , Ativação Linfocitária/fisiologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein, a new biological agent, is constructed by linking a segment of human IgD-Fc with a segment of human IgG1-Fc, which specifically blocks the IgD-IgDR pathway and selectively inhibits the abnormal proliferation, activation, and differentiation of T cells. In this study we investigated whether IgD-Fc-Ig exerted therapeutic effects in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. CIA rats were treated with IgD-Fc-Ig (1, 3, and 9 mg/kg) or injected with biological agents etanercept (3 mg/kg) once every 3 days for 40 days. In the PBMCs and spleen lymphocytes of CIA rats, both T and B cells exhibited abnormal proliferation; the percentages of CD3+ total T cells, CD3+CD4+ Th cells, CD3+CD4+CD25+-activated Th cells, Th1(CD4+IFN-γ+), and Th17(CD4+IL-17+) were significantly increased, whereas the Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) cell percentage was decreased. IgD-Fc-Ig administration dose-dependently decreased the indicators of arthritis; alleviated the histopathology of spleen and joint; reduced serum inflammatory cytokines levels; decreased the percentages of CD3+ total T cells, CD3+CD4+ Th cells, CD3+CD4+CD25+-activated Th cells, Th1 (CD4+IFN-γ+), and Th17(CD4+IL-17+); increased Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) cell percentage; and down-regulated the expression of key molecules in IgD-IgDR-Lck-NF-κB signaling (p-Lck, p-ZAP70, p-P38, p-NF-κB65). Treatment of normal T cells with IgD (9 µg/mL) in vitro promoted their proliferation. Co-treatment with IgD-Fc-Ig (0.1-10 µg/mL) dose-dependently decreased IgD-stimulated T cell subsets percentages and down-regulated the IgD-IgDR-Lck-NF-κB signaling. In summary, this study demonstrates that IgD-Fc-Ig alleviates CIA and regulates the functions of T cells through inhibiting IgD-IgDR-Lck-NF-κB signaling.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Imunoglobulina D/imunologia , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptores de IgG/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Ácido Acético , Animais , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Imunoglobulina D/química , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/química , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Receptores de IgG/metabolismoRESUMO
Objective: Immunoglobulin D (IgD) levels are often elevated in patients with autoimmune diseases. However, the oncogenic activities of IgD and IgD receptor (IgDR) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have not been reported in detail. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the expression of IgD and IgDR in patients with DLBCL. Methods: Membrane IgD (mIgD) and IgDR expression in tissue samples was analyzed using IHC, mIgD and IgDR expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was analyzed by FCM, and secreted IgD (sIgD) level was analyzed by ELISA. Fisher's exact test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to evaluate the relationship between IgD, IgDR, and clinical parameters. Results: The pathological lymph nodes of 34 patients with DLBCL were studied, and mIgD and IgDR expression was found in 16 and 19 patients. mIgD and IgDR expression was upregulated in patients with DLBCL and mIgD expression was significantly associated with IgDR expression. Further correlation analysis showed that mIgD expression was correlated with serum ß2-MG level and Hans algorithm as germinal center B (GCB), whereas IgDR expression correlated with serum LDH level, IPI score and GCB. ELISA showed that sIgD level was significantly increased in DLBCL patients and it correlated with serum ß2-MG and LDH levels. FCM showed that mIgD and IgDR expression in PBMCs of patients with DLBCL was significantly higher than that in healthy controls. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that overexpression of IgD and IgDR is an abnormal activation state in DLBCL.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Imunoglobulina D/biossíntese , Leucócitos Mononucleares/química , Receptores Fc/biossíntese , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Membrana Celular/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina D/análise , Imunoglobulina D/genética , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/sangue , Linfonodos/química , Linfonodos/patologia , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/sangue , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Masculino , Pseudolinfoma/sangue , Pseudolinfoma/patologia , Receptores Fc/análise , Receptores Fc/genética , Regulação para Cima , Microglobulina beta-2/análiseRESUMO
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most powerful antigen-presenting cells, and they play an important role in RA pathogenesis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent lipid mediator that can regulate the maturation and activation of DCs, but the molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, both in vitro and in an RA rat model, we investigated the mechanisms involved by focusing on PGE2-mediated signaling and using a novel anti-inflammatory compound, paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25). PGE2 combined with tumor necrosis factor-α promoted DC maturation and activation through EP4-cAMP signaling. Treatment with CP-25 increased the endocytic capacity of DCs induced by PGE2. CP-25 inhibited the potency of DCs induced by the EP4 receptor agonist, CAY10598, to stimulate allogeneic T cells. Consistent with these findings, the CAY10598-induced upregulation of DC surface activation markers and production of IL-23 was significantly inhibited by CP-25 in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo administration of CP-25 alleviated adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats through inhibition of DC maturation and activation. Our results indicate that PGE2-EP4-cAMP signal hyperfunction can lead to abnormal activation of DC functions, which correlates with the course of disease in AA rats and provides a possible treatment target. The inhibition of DC maturation and activation by CP-25 interference of the PGE2-EP4 pathway may significantly contribute to the immunoregulatory profile of CP-25 when used to treat RA and other immune cell-mediated disorders.
Assuntos
Adjuvantes Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Adjuvantes Farmacêuticos/efeitos adversos , Animais , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Experimental/metabolismo , Artrite Reumatoide/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the biological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the associated changes in G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) expression. METHODS: The mean serum levels of Ang II and TNF-α in normal subjects and patients with benign liver tumors (BLTs) and HCC were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and liver samples from the patients with HCC and HCC mice were used to assess the protein levels of both cytokines, their major receptors and GRK2. In addition, the dynamics of Bel-7402 cells were determined with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell experiments, while the levels of the primary cytokine receptors Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R) and type-2 receptor (AT2R) as well as TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The effects of Ang II and TNF-α on the GRK2 levels in Bel-7402 cells and on the dynamics of GRK2-knockdown HCC cells were also investigated. RESULTS: Both cytokines independently enhanced Bel-7402 cell growth, migration and invasion by decreasing the GRK2 level. In contrast, down-regulating the GRK2 level in Bel-7402 cells suppressed these effects. No synergistic effects were discovered when Ang II and TNF-α were administered together. Furthermore, increased AT1R and TNFR1 levels stimulated HCC initiation and progression, whereas AT2R overexpression produced the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggested that Ang II and TNF-α promote Bel-7402 cell growth, migration and invasion by down-regulating GRK2 expression, and that the associated receptors AT1R, AT2R and TNFR1 participate in HCC initiation and progression.
Assuntos
Angiotensina II/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Progressão da Doença , Regulação para Baixo , Humanos , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas Experimentais/patologia , Camundongos , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismoRESUMO
Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is a novel compound derived from paeoniflorin that has been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated to date. We explored this mechanism in the present study by treating rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA) with CP-25. We found that the membrane EP4 protein level was downregulated; whereas, GRK2 was upregulated, in fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS)s of AA rats. Prostaglandin (PGE)2 stimulated FLS proliferation and enhanced the membrane EP4 receptor protein level; the latter was reversed by the administration of an EP4 receptor agonist, whereas the membrane GRK2 protein level gradually increased. The changes in the EP4 receptor and GRK2 expression were enhanced by TNF-α, and the former was accompanied by an alteration in the cyclic (c)AMP level. The EP4 receptor agonist stimulation increased the association between GRK2 and the EP4 receptor. GRK2 knockdown abrogated the abnormalities in FLS proliferation. The CP-25 treatment (100 mg/kg) suppressed joint inflammation with an efficacy that was similar to that of methotrexate. This finding was associated with EP4 upregulation and GRK2 downregulation in FLSs. Thus, GRK2 plays an important role in the abnormal FLS proliferation observed in AA possibly by promoting EP4 receptor desensitization and decreasing the cAMP level. Our results demonstrate that CP-25 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of human RA via GRK2 regulation.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Monoterpenos/uso terapêutico , Sinoviócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Articulação do Tornozelo/patologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Artrite Reumatoide/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Masculino , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Prostaglandina E Subtipo EP4/metabolismoRESUMO
Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (CP-25) is a new ester derivative of paeoniflorin with improved lipid solubility and oral bioavailability, as well as better anti-inflammatory activity than its parent compound. In this study we explored whether CP-25 exerted therapeutic effects in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice through regulating B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-BAFF receptors-mediated signaling pathways. CIA mice were given CP-25 or injected with biological agents rituximab or etanercept for 40 days. In CIA mice, we found that T cells and B cells exhibited abnormal proliferation; the percentages of CD19+ total B cells, CD19+CD27+-activated B cells, CD19+BAFFR+ and CD19+TACI+ cells were significantly increased in PBMCs and spleen lymphocytes. CP-25 suppressed the indicators of arthritis, alleviated histopathology, accompanied by reduced BAFF and BAFF receptors expressions, inhibited serum immunoglobulin levels, decreased the B-cell subsets percentages, and prevented the expressions of key molecules in NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, we showed that treatment with CP-25 reduced CD19+TRAF2+ cell expressions stimulated by BAFF and decreased TRAF2 overexpression in HEK293 cells in vitro. Thus, CP-25 restored the abnormal T cells proliferation and B-cell percentages to the normal levels, and normalized the elevated levels of IgA, IgG2a and key proteins in NF-κB signaling. In comparison, rituximab and etanercept displayed stronger anti-inflammatory activities than CP-25; they suppressed the elevated inflammatory indexes to below the normal levels in CIA mice. In summary, our results provide evidence that CP-25 alleviates CIA and regulates the functions of B cells through BAFF-TRAF2-NF-κB signaling. CP-25 would be a soft immunomodulatory drug with anti-inflammatory effect.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Monoterpenos/uso terapêutico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Reumatoide/induzido quimicamente , Fator Ativador de Células B/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Colágeno , Etanercepte/uso terapêutico , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Articulações/patologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Subunidade p50 de NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Rituximab/uso terapêutico , Baço/patologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Fator 2 Associado a Receptor de TNF/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common digestive system malignancy that is associated with a poor prognosis. This study researched the interaction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in HCC cells proliferation, migration and invasion and examined their influence on the expression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and relevant receptors. METHODS: Cell Counting Kit-8 and Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the effects of TNF-α and Ang II on HepG2 cells proliferation, migration and invasion. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 receptors (AT2R) on the surface of HepG2 cells. Additionally, Western blot was performed to assess the modulation of GRK2 expression by TNF-α and Ang II in HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, GRK2 siRNA-transfected HepG2 cells were used to confirm the effects of GRK2, TNF-α and Ang II on the proliferation, migration and invasion of GRK2-knockdown HCC cells. Finally, the expression of TNF-α, Ang II, TNFR1, AT1R, AT2R and GRK2 proteins in HCC, tumor-adjacent and normal liver tissues were tested by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The data demonstrated that TNF-α and Ang II can enhance the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells through suppressing GRK2 expression but that the two reagents combined did not have synergistic effects. Moreover,overexpression of TNFR1 and AT1R perhaps promoted the formation and progression of HCC, while high AT2R expression had the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of HCC by researching the interaction and probable mechanism of different bioactive factors associated with HCC.
Assuntos
Angiotensina II/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Angiotensina II/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citometria de Fluxo , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Invasividade Neoplásica/patologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Receptor Tipo 1 de Angiotensina/biossíntese , Receptor Tipo 2 de Angiotensina/biossíntese , Receptores Tipo I de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Paeoniflorin-6'-O-benzene sulfonate (code: CP-25) was the chemistry structural modifications of Paeoniflorin (Pae). CP-25 inhibited B cells proliferation stimulated by B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) or Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). CP-25, Rituximab and Etanercept reduced the percentage and numbers of CD19+ B cells, CD19+CD20+ B cells, CD19+CD27+ B cells and CD19+CD20+CD27+ B cells induced by BAFF or TNF-alpha. There was significant difference between CP-25 and Rituximab or CP-25 and Etanercept. CP-25 down-regulated the high expression of BAFFR, BCMA, and TACI stimulated by BAFF or TNF-alpha. The effects of Rituximab and Etanercept on BAFFR or BCMA were stronger than that of CP-25. CP-25, Rituximab and Etanercept down-regulated significantly the expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 on B cell stimulated by BAFF or TNF-alpha. CP-25, Rituximab and Etanercept down-regulated the expression of MKK3, P-p38, P-p65, TRAF2, and p52 in B cells stimulated by BAFF and the expression of TRAF2 and P-p65 in B cells stimulated by TNF-alpha. These results suggest that CP-25 regulated moderately activated B cells function by regulating the classical and alternative NF-κB signaling pathway mediated by BAFF and TNF-alpha-TRAF2-NF-κB signaling pathway. This study suggests that CP-25 may be a promising anti-inflammatory immune and soft regulation drug.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside metabolite compound K (CK) is a degradation product of ginsenoside in the intestine by bacteria. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of CK have been reported. This study investigated whether CK exerted its immunoregulatory effect through modulation of dendritic cells (DCs) function. METHODS In vivo, severity of collegen-induced arthritis (CIA), T cells and DCs subsets, phenotype of DC were assayed by flow cytometry, CCL19 and CCL21 level in lymph nodes assayed by ELISA. In vitro, bone marrow-derived DCs from normal mice were matured with lipopolysaccharide and treated with CK for 48 h. In vivo, bone marrow-derived DCs were generated from CIA mice before and 2 weeks into CK treatment. DCs were analyzed for migration, phenotype and T- cell stimulatory capacity. RESULTS CK alleviated the severity of CIA, decreased pDCs and mo-DCs, increased na?ve T cells in CIA mice lymph nodes, and suppressed CCL21 expression in lymph nodes. CK suppressed DCs migration induced by CCL21 and T cells-stimulatory capability of DC, down-regulated LPS-induced expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII and CCR7 on DCs. CONCLUSION This study elucidated the novel immunomodulatory property of CK via impairing function of DCs in priming T cells activation. These results provide an interesting novel insight into the potential mechanism by which CK contribute to the restoration of immunoregulation in autoimmune conditions.
RESUMO
AIM: B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) is a member of TNF family and required for peripheral B cell survival and homeostasis. BAFF has been shown to promote the proliferation of T and B cells. In this study we examined whether and how BAFF mediated the interaction between mouse T and B cells in vitro. METHODS: BAFF-stimulated B or T cells were co-cultured with T or B cells. The interactions between T and B cells were analyzed by measuring the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD28/CD80 or CD40/CD154), the proliferation and secretion of T and B cells and other factors. Two siRNAs against the transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) were used to identify the receptors responsible for the actions of BAFF. RESULTS: BAFF-stimulated B cells significantly promoted the proliferation and activity of co-cultured T cells, and increased the percentages of CD4(+)CD28(+) and CD4(+)CD154(+) T cells. Similarly, BAFF-stimulated T cells significantly promoted the proliferation and activity of co-cultured B cells, and increased CD19(+)CD80(+) and CD19(+)CD40(+)B cell subpopulations. BAFF-R siRNA-silenced B cells showed significantly lower expression of CD40 and CD80 than the control B cells. When the BAFF-R siRNA-silenced B cells were stimulated with BAFF, then co-cultured with T cells, the expression of CD28 and CD154 on T cells was not increased. TACI siRNA-silenced B cells exhibited higher expression of CD40 and CD80 than the control B cells. When the TACI siRNA-silenced B cells were stimulated with BAFF, then co-cultured with T cells, the expression of CD28 and CD154 on T cells was significantly increased. CONCLUSION: BAFF upregulates CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 expression, and promotes the interactions between T and B cells in a BAFF-R-dependent manner.
Assuntos
Fator Ativador de Células B/fisiologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Antígenos CD28/biossíntese , Antígenos CD40/biossíntese , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Animais , Receptor do Fator Ativador de Células B/antagonistas & inibidores , Comunicação Celular/fisiologia , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Técnicas de Cocultura , Masculino , Camundongos , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Proteína Transmembrana Ativadora e Interagente do CAML/antagonistas & inibidores , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of paeoniflorin (Pae) on recombinant human interleukin-1ß (rhIL-1ß)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. PBMCs were collected by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation and were co-cultured with rhIL-1ß for different time periods. The proliferation response was determined by a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The production of IL-17 and IL-10 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) was detected by flow cytometry analysis. These results indicated that rhIL-1ß stimulation induced the proliferation of PBMCs in a concentration- and time-dependent manner; it also increased the level of IL-17 and decreased the level of IL-10 in a concentration-dependent manner. The flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the stimulation of rhIL-1ß significantly downregulated the percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg in CD4(+) T cells. However, administration of Pae significantly suppressed the proliferation response of rhIL-1ß-induced PBMCs and regulated the secretion function of IL-17 and IL-10. Additional experiments demonstrated that Pae treatment significantly reduced rhIL-1ß-induced decreases in PBMCs CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) subpopulation numbers. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of Pae is attributable to its regulation of IL-17/IL-10 secretion and Treg expression.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Interleucina-1beta/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Humanos , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Masculino , Linfócitos T Reguladores/citologiaRESUMO
The present study aimed to investigate the regulation exerted by the total glucosides of paeony (TGP) on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10 and IL-17 in the serum and lymphocytes of mice with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). ACD in mice was induced by the repeated application of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to their skins. The mice were orally administered TGP (35, 70, and 140mg/kg/d) and prednisone (Pre, 5mg/kg/d) from day 1 to day 7 after immunization. The inflammatory responses were evaluated by ear swelling and histological examination. Thymocyte proliferation was assayed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide assay. The cytokine production in the serum and lymphocytes supernatant was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results indicated that the topical application of DNCB to the skin provoked obvious inflammatory responses. The oral administration of TGP (70 and 140mg/kg/d) and Pre (5mg/kg/d) significantly inhibited skin inflammation, decreased the thymus and spleen indices, and inhibited thymocyte proliferation in mice treated with DNCB. Further study indicated that TGP increased IL-4 and IL-10 production but decreased the production of IL-2 and IL-17 in the serum and lymphocyte supernatant. The correlation analysis suggested significantly positive correlations between IL-2 and IL-17 production and the severity of skin inflammation, whereas negative correlations were obtained for IL-4 and IL-10 production and skin inflammation. In summary, these results suggest that the therapeutic effects of TGP on ACD may result from its regulation of the imbalanced secretion of IL-2/IL-4 and IL-10/IL-17.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/imunologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Paeonia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/etiologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/patologia , Dinitroclorobenzeno , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Camundongos , Fitoterapia , Raízes de Plantas/química , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/patologia , Baço/citologia , Timócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Timócitos/imunologiaRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the anti-arthritis and immunomodulatory activities of ginsenoside compound K (C-K) in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS: DBA/1 mice with CIA were treated with C-K (28, 56 or 112 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ig) or the positive control methotrexate (2 mg/kg, ig, every 3 d) for 34 d. Splenic T and B lymphocytes were positively isolated using anti-CD3-coated magnetic beads or a pan B cell isolation kit. T lymphocyte subsets, and CD28, T cell receptor (TCR), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression in purified splenic T lymphocytes were analyzed using flow cytometry, Western blotting and laser confocal microscopy. RESULTS: C-K treatment significantly ameliorated the pathologic manifestations of CIA mice, remarkably inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation, and marginally inhibited the proliferation of B lymphocytes. C-K treatment significantly suppressed TNF-α and anti-CII antibody levels, and increased IFN-γ level in the joints of CIA mice, but did not alter IL-4 production. Treatment of CIA mice with C-K significantly decreased the percentages of activated T cells, co-stimulatory molecule-expressing T cells and effector memory T cells, and increased the frequencies of naive T cells and regulatory T cells. Furthermore, C-K treatment significantly decreased the expression of CD28 and TCR, whereas it increased the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 on T lymphocytes of CIA mice. Methotrexate treatment exerted comparable effects in all these experiments. CONCLUSION: C-K suppresses the progression of CIA through regulating TCR, CD28, CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression, thus inhibiting the abnormal activation and differentiation of T lymphocytes.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Colágeno/farmacologia , Ginsenosídeos/farmacologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Artrite Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Antígenos CD28/imunologia , Complexo CD3/imunologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Colágeno/imunologia , Ginsenosídeos/imunologia , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen-presenting cells that have an important role in the immunity and immune tolerance. Transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) is a pleiotropic cytokine widely expressing in various tissues and cells, which regulates cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of several immune cells and is considered to be a key factor in inducing immune tolerance. The effect of TGF-ß on DCs is very complex. In this study, we further investigated the effect of TGF-ß on inducing immune tolerance of DCs. DCs were differentiated from mice bone marrow cells in the absence or presence of TGF-ß. The phenotype as well as function was studied in detail. We found that TGF-ß limited the expression of CD40, CD83, CD86 and MHCII in DCs, increased CD45RB and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in DCs, promoted IL-10 and limited IL-12 secretion by DCs. Moreover, TGF-ß increased the endocytosis ability of DCs and limited the ability of DCs in activating T cells. These results suggest that TGF-ß affects the immunity of DCs and enhances their tolerogenicity.
Assuntos
Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Tolerância Imunológica/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Animais , Antígenos de Superfície/genética , Antígenos de Superfície/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Endocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunofenotipagem , Interleucina-10/biossíntese , Interleucina-12/biossíntese , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/farmacologiaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of G proteins in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and to determine the effect of total glucosides of paeony (TGP). CIA rats were induced with chicken type II collagen (CCII) in Freund's complete adjuvant. The rats with experimental arthritis were randomly separated into five groups and then treated with TGP (25, 50, and 100mg/kg) from days 14 to 35 after immunization. The secondary inflammatory reactions were evaluated through the polyarthritis index and histopathological changes. The level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was measured by radioimmunoassay. The FLS proliferation response was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of G proteins was performed through autoradiography. The results show that TGP (25, 50, and 100mg/kg) significantly decreased the arthritis scores of CIA rats and improved the histopathological changes. TGP inhibited the proliferation of FLSs and increased the level of cAMP. Moreover, the FLS proliferation and the level of Gαi expression were significantly increased, but the level of Gαs expression was decreased after stimulation with IL-1ß (10ng/ml) in vitro. TGP (12.5 and 62.5µg/ml) significantly inhibited the FLS proliferation and regulated the balance between Gαi and Gαs. These results demonstrate that TGP may exert its anti-inflammatory effects through the suppression of FLS proliferation, which may be associated with its ability to regulate the balance of G proteins. Thus, TGP may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Paeonia , Fitoterapia , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Membrana Sinovial/patologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Galinhas , Colágeno Tipo II/imunologia , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fibroblastos/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Paeoniflorin (Pae) was previously reported to inhibit inflammation in the skin of mice with allergic contact dermatitis (ACD); however, the mechanism remains unclear. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Pae on the regulation of cytokine production in a murine model of ACD. METHODS: ACD was induced in the mice by repeated application of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to their skin. Cutaneous inflammation was evaluated by measuring ear swelling and by histological examination. The cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: The results showed that topical application of DNCB caused obvious swelling and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment with Pae (70 or 140 mg/kg/d) significantly inhibited the cutaneous inflammation and decreased thymocyte proliferation in the mice with ACD. Additional data indicated that Pae increased interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 production but reduced IL-2 and IL-17 levels in the serum as well as in thymocyte and splenocyte culture supernatants. As expected, IL-2 and IL-17 levels in the serum displayed a significant positive correlation with the severity of skin inflammation. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were negatively correlated with the inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: The anti-inflammatory action of Pae in the murine model of ACD may be related to its regulation of an imbalanced cytokine production.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Benzoatos/farmacologia , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/farmacologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/imunologia , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Animais , Animais não Endogâmicos , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Benzoatos/uso terapêutico , Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos com Pontes/uso terapêutico , Citocinas/sangue , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Alérgica de Contato/patologia , Dinitroclorobenzeno , Glucosídeos/uso terapêutico , Irritantes , Masculino , Camundongos , Monoterpenos , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/patologia , Baço/citologia , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/patologia , Timo/citologia , Timo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of BF02 on adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats and the regulatory effects of BF02 on T lymphocyte function. METHODS: SD rats received a single intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant emulsion into the right hind metatarsal footpad. After the onset of AA, the rats were injected BF02 (1, 3, or 9 mg/kg, sc) every 3 d for a total of 15 d. Intragastric administration of methotrexate (MTX, 0.5 mg/kg, every 3 d for a total of 15 d) was taken as the positive control drug. Arthritis index, swollen joint count, ankle joint histopathology, spleen histopathology and the paw radiography were used for evaluating the drug effects on AA rats. T lymphocyte function was assessed by measuring T lymphocyte cytokine levels, IL17 and TNF-α mRNA expression levels, and percentage of T lymphocyte subsets. RESULTS: In the AA rats, remarkable secondary inflammatory responses exhibited, accompanied by significantly higher levels of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, LTα, RANKL, and MMP-13. The expression of IL17 and TNF-α mRNAs was also substantially higher than in normal rats. The percentages of CD3(+)CD4(+) and CD4(+)CD25(+) T lymphocytes were increased, whereas the percentages of CD4(+)CD62L(+) and CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T lymphocytes were decreased. Treatment of the AA rats with BF02 (9 mg/kg) or MTX significantly decreased the arthritis index, swollen joint count and arthritis global assessment. Moreover, both BF02 (9 mg/kg) and MTX significantly inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation, and blocked the above mentioned aberrance in T lymphocyte cytokine levels, IL17 and TNF-α mRNA expression, and percentages of T lymphocyte subsets. CONCLUSION: BF02 exerts therapeutic effects on AA rats via the regulation of T lymphocytes.
Assuntos
Antirreumáticos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/uso terapêutico , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Antirreumáticos/administração & dosagem , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Artrite Experimental/radioterapia , Artrografia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragmentos Fc das Imunoglobulinas/administração & dosagem , Articulações/efeitos dos fármacos , Articulações/imunologia , Articulações/patologia , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Tipo II do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/administração & dosagem , Baço/efeitos dos fármacos , Baço/imunologia , Baço/patologia , Timo/efeitos dos fármacos , Timo/imunologia , Timo/patologiaRESUMO
ß-Arrestins are multifunctional adaptor proteins. Recently, some new roles of ß-arrestins in regulating intracellular signaling networks have been discovered, which regulate cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis. Though, the role of ß-arrestins expression in the pathology of hepatic fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, the possible relationship between the expression of ß-arrestins with the experimental hepatic fibrosis and the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were investigated. Porcine serum induced liver fibrosis was established in this study. At five time points, the dynamic expression of ß-arrestin1, ß-arrestin2, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in rat liver tissues, was measured by immunohistochemical staining, double immunofluorescent staining, and Western blotting. This study showed that aggravation of hepatic fibrosis with gradually increasing expression of ß-arrestin2 in the hepatic tissues, but not ß-arrestin1. Further, as hepatic fibrosis worsens, ß-arrestin2-expressing activated HSCs accounts for an increasingly larger percentage of all activated HSCs. And the expression of ß-arrestin2 had a significant positive correlation with the expression of α-SMA, an activated HSCs marker. In vitro studies, the dynamic expression of ß-arrestin1 and ß-arrestin2 in platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) stimulated HSCs was assessed by Western blotting. The expression of ß-arrestin2 was remarkably increased in PDGF-BB stimulated HSCs. Furthermore, the small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique was used to explore the effect of ß-arrestins on the proliferation of HSCs and the activation of ERK1/2. Transfection of siRNA targeting ß-arrestin2 mRNA (siß-arrestin2) into HSCs led to a 68% and 70% reduction of ß-arrestin2 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. siß-arrestin2 abolished the effect of PDGF-BB on the proliferation of HSCs. In addition, siß-arrestin2 exerted the inhibition of the activation of ERK1/2 in HSCs. The present study provided strong evidence for the participation of the ß-arrestin2 in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. The ß-arrestin2 depletion diminishes HSCs ERK1/2 signaling and proliferation stimulated by PDGF-BB. Selective targeting of ß-arrestin2 inhibitors to HSCs might present as a novel strategy for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.