The MYB family and their response to abiotic stress in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).

BACKGROUND: Zingiber officinale Roscoe, colloquially known as ginger, is a crop of significant medicinal and culinary value that frequently encounters adversity stemming from inhospitable environmental conditions. The MYB transcription factors have garnered recognition for their pivotal role in orchestrating a multitude of plant biological pathways. Nevertheless, the enumeration and characterization of the MYBs within Z. officinale Roscoe remains unknown. This study embarks on a genome-wide scrutiny of the MYB gene lineage in ginger, with the aim of cataloging all ZoMYB genes implicated in the biosynthesis of gingerols and curcuminoids, and elucidating their potential regulatory mechanisms in counteracting abiotic stress, thereby influencing ginger growth and development. RESULTS: In this study, we identified an MYB gene family comprising 231 members in ginger genome. This ensemble comprises 74 singular-repeat MYBs (1R-MYB), 156 double-repeat MYBs (R2R3-MYB), and a solitary triple-repeat MYB (R1R2R3-MYB). Moreover, a comprehensive analysis encompassing the sequence features, conserved protein motifs, phylogenetic relationships, chromosome location, and gene duplication events of the ZoMYBs was conducted. We classified ZoMYBs into 37 groups, congruent with the number of conserved domains and gene structure analysis. Additionally, the expression profiles of ZoMYBs during development and under various stresses, including ABA, cold, drought, heat, and salt, were investigated in ginger utilizing both RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis. CONCLUSION: This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the MYB family in ginger and lays the foundation for the future investigation of the potential functions of ZoMYB genes in ginger growth, development and abiotic stress tolerance of ginger.

Single intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline as a novel large animal model of chronic pulmonary hypertension in Tibet minipigs.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish an animal model of chronic pulmonary hypertension with a single-dose intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT) in young Tibet minipigs, so as to enable both invasive and noninvasive measurements and hence facilitate future studies. METHODS: Twenty-four minipigs (8-week-old) were randomized to receive single-dose injection of 12.0 mg/kg MCT (MCT group, n = 12) or placebo (control group, n = 12 each). On day 42, all animals were evaluated for pulmonary hypertension with conventional transthoracic echocardiography, right heart catheterization (RHC), and pathological changes. Findings of these studies were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: At echocardiography, the MCT group showed significantly higher pulmonary arterial mean pressure (PAMP) compared with the controls (P<0.001). The pulmonary valve curve showed v-shaped signals with reduction of a-waves in minipigs treated with MCT. In addition, the MCT group had longer pulmonary artery pre-ejection phases, and shorter acceleration time and ejection time. RHC revealed higher mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) in the MCT group than in the control group (P<0.01). A significant and positive correlation between the mPAP values and the PAMP values (R = 0.974, P<0.0001), and a negative correlation between the mPAP and ejection time (R = 0.680, P<0.0001) was noted. Pathology demonstrated evidence of pulmonary vascular remodeling and higer index of right ventricular hypertrophy in MCT-treated minipigs. CONCLUSION: A chronic pulmonary hypertension model can be successfully established in young minipigs at six weeks after MCT injection. These minipig models exhibited features of pulmonary arterial hypertension that can be evaluated by both invasive (RHC) and noninvasive (echocardiography) measurements, and may be used as an easy and stable tool for future studies on pulmonary hypertension.

Irradiation induced injury reduces energy metabolism in small intestine of Tibet minipigs.

BACKGROUND: The radiation-induced energy metabolism dysfunction related to injury and radiation doses is largely elusive. The purpose of this study is to investigate the early response of energy metabolism in small intestinal tissue and its correlation with pathologic lesion after total body X-ray irradiation (TBI) in Tibet minipigs. METHODS AND RESULTS: 30 Tibet minipigs were assigned into 6 groups including 5 experimental groups and one control group with 6 animals each group. The minipigs in these experimental groups were subjected to a TBI of 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 Gy, respectively. Small intestine tissues were collected at 24 h following X-ray exposure and analyzed by histology and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DNA contents in this tissue were also examined. Irradiation causes pathologic lesions and mitochondrial abnormalities. The Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content-corrected and uncorrected adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine nucleotides (TAN) were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 2-8 Gy exposure, and no further reduction was observed over 8 Gy. CONCLUSION: TBI induced injury is highly dependent on the irradiation dosage in small intestine and inversely correlates with the energy metabolism, with its reduction potentially indicating the severity of injury.

A primer design strategy for PCR amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences.

OBJECTIVES: To establish a primer design method for amplification of GC-rich DNA sequences. DESIGN AND METHODS: A group of 15 pairs of primers with higher T(m) (>79.7°C) and lower level ΔT(m) (<1°C) were designed to amplify GC-rich sequences (66.0%-84.0%). The statistical analysis of primer parameters and GC content of PCR products was performed and compared with literatures. Other control experiments were conducted using shortened primers for GC-rich PCR amplifications in this study, and the statistical analysis of shortened primer parameters and GC content of PCR products was performed compared with primers not shortened. A group of 26 pairs of primers were designed to test the applicability of this primer designing strategy in amplifications of non-GC-rich sequences (35.2%-53.5%). RESULTS: All the DNA sequences in this study were successfully amplified. Statistical analyses show that the T(m) and ΔT(m) were the main factors influencing amplifications. CONCLUSIONS: This primer designing strategy offered a perfect tool for amplification of GC-rich sequences. It proves that the secondary structures cannot be formed at higher annealing temperature conditions (>65°C), and we can overcome this difficulty easily by designing primers and using higher annealing temperature.

[Mitochondrial DNA D-loop variation types in Tibet mini-pigs in association with the blood parameters].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region sequence variation in Tibet Mini-Pigs in relation to the blood parameters and provide the molecular genetic basis for developing new species of laboratory animals. METHODS: The genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood samples of 59 Tibet mini-pigs to amplifying the mtDNA D-loop for sequence analysis. Nine physiological and nine biochemical blood parameters of Tibet mini-pigs were measured . RESULTS: Based on the variation of the tandem repeat motif, the mtDNA D-loop region of Tibet mini-pigs was classified into two types, namely type A and B with the percentage of 57.6% and 42.4%, respectively, roughly matching the 3 transform sites (305, 500, 691) at the 5' end. In the 18 blood parameters, only red blood cell count showed significant differences between types A and (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Based on the sequence variation of the mtDNA D-loop region, Tibet mini-pigs can be divided into two types that show a significant difference in red blood cell count.

[Comparative studies of hemorheological parameters in Tibet mini-pigs, Beagle dogs and human].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship of hemorheological parameters between Tibet mini-pigs, Beagle dogs and human. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from adult Tibet mini-pigs, Beagle dogs and human to detect such hemorheological parameters as the whole blood viscosity (WBV) (high, middle, and low shear rate), PV, HCT, ESR and Fi. RESULTS: The male Tibet mini-pigs had significantly lower WBV (150, 30, 5, and 1 s(-1)) and Fi than the female mini-pigs (P<0.05, 0.01, 0.05, 0.01, and 0.01, respectively). The WBV of male Beagle dogs (150 and 1 s(-1)) was significantly lower that in than female dogs (P<0.05). The WBV of male human subjects (1 s(-1)) and HCT were significantly higher, but ESR significantly lower than those in female human subjects P<0.05, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively). WBV (1 s(-1)), PV, and ESR in Beagle dogs were significantly lower, but HCT and Fi significantly higher than those in Tibet mini-pig and human subjects (P<0.05, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively). All the hemorheological parameters were similar between Tibet mini-pigs and human (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The hemorheological parameters of Tibet mini-pigs are closer to those of human than those of Beagle dogs.

[Clinical study on acupuncture intervention time for treatment of peripheral facial paralysis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe effects of intervention time of local acupuncture at the affected side on the facial nerve injury and the therapeutic effect at acute stage of peripheral facial paralysis. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-nine cases within 3 days of attack were randomly divided into 4 groups, group A (n=74), group B (n=70), group C (n=74) and control group (n=61). The 4 groups were treated with Prednisone on the third day after attack, and acupuncture was added in the group A, B and C, with Fengchi (GB 20), Yangbai (GB 14), Taiyang (EX-HN 5), Sibai (ST 2), Yingxiang (LI 20), etc. on the affected side and bilateral Hegu (LI 4) selected, and with superficial insertion method used for acupoints on the ear-face parts without manipulating the needles, and electroacupuncture was added from the fifth session of the treatment, and uniform reinforcing-reducing method was used for the distal acupoints selected. The needles were retained for 20 min and the treatment was given for 25 sessions, once other day. The therapeutic effects, the mean therapeutic courses for the cured patients and changes of electroneurography (ENoG) were compared among the groups. RESULTS: The clinical total effective rate was 98.6%, 95.7%, 94.6% and 72.1% in the group A, B, C and the control group, respectively, with a significant difference (P < 0.05), and the therapeutic course for the cured patients increased in the order of the group A, B, C and the control group; and there was no significant difference among the 4 groups in changes of ENoG at the third day and the fourteenth day (both P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Acute stage is the best opportunity for acupuncture treatment of peripheral facial paralysis, and the earlier the intervention time, the better the therapeutic effect and the shorter the therapeutic course.