Microtoxin for Improving Pore Size, Skin Laxity, Sebum Control, and Scars: A Roundtable on Integrating Intradermal Botulinum Toxin Type A Microdoses Into Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND: In aesthetic clinical practice, botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is best known for its use as a neuromodulator for the treatment of dynamic facial lines; however, when injected intradermally as microdroplets, BoNT-A can improve skin quality and overall skin appearance. OBJECTIVES: To discuss key aspects of microtoxin use in clinical practice and provide expert guidance on utilization. METHODS: As part of a continuing medical education lecture series and roundtable, the authors discussed key aspects of microtoxin patient selection, injection technique, and safety. RESULTS: The experiences of expert faculty are shared here. Clinical experience is consistent with reported data. Microtoxin can be used to reduce pore size, sebum production, rosacea, acne, and fine lines, and to improve jawline and neck definition. Intradermal injection can also be employed for the improvement of transverse neck lines as well as for the safe prevention and management of scars and keloids. CONCLUSIONS: Expanding the use of BoNT-A, a predictable, minimally invasive, and affordable treatment to address commonly encountered complaints is appealing. The authors have found that making patients aware of microtoxin as a treatment option results in an increased interest in and utilization of BoNT-A, and high satisfaction among appropriately selected patients.

Cerebral Embolism as a Result of Facial Filler Injections: A Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: With the growth in the popularity of facial filler injections, increased numbers of severe adverse events, such as cerebral embolism, have been reported. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article was to summarize the clinical manifestations and proposed mechanisms of filler-induced cerebral embolism (FICE). METHODS: A literature review was performed with the search keywords "filler injection," "hyaluronic acid," "fat graft," "cerebral infarction," "cerebral embolism," "stroke," "cerebrovascular infarction," "disorders of consciousness," and "hemiplegia." RESULTS: Among the 43 cases of FICE enrolled from 35 articles, 37 patients were female, and 6 were male. Twenty-nine of these patients had received fat grafting, and 12 hyaluronic acid injection. Most FICE patients had been injected in the glabella, followed by the temporal, forehead, and nasal areas. Among 30 patients injected under local anesthesia, 43.33% presented with neurologic symptoms during the procedure. The main symptoms were consciousness disorders and hemiplegia. Most of the embolization sites were in the middle cerebral artery, followed by frontal lobe infarction and anterior cerebral artery infarction. Three patients developed cerebral hemorrhage after embolism. Twenty-six patients presented with newly acquired vision loss. The management for FICE cases included embolectomy, thrombolysis, decompressive craniectomy, antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy, and symptomatic and nutritional treatment. Nearly half of the patients recovered or exhibited improved neurologic manifestations but not visual loss. Five patients died. CONCLUSIONS: FICE is a severe complication following facial filler injection. Careful prevention, timely identification, and treatment are crucial to decreasing the morbidity and mortality of FICE.

Consensus on Changing Trends, Attitudes, and Concepts of Asian Beauty.

BACKGROUND: Asians increasingly seek non-surgical facial esthetic treatments, especially at younger ages. Published recommendations and clinical evidence mostly reference Western populations, but Asians differ from them in terms of attitudes to beauty, structural facial anatomy, and signs and rates of aging. A thorough knowledge of the key esthetic concerns and requirements for the Asian face is required to strategize appropriate facial esthetic treatments with botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers. METHODS: The Asian Facial Aesthetics Expert Consensus Group met to develop consensus statements on concepts of facial beauty, key esthetic concerns, facial anatomy, and aging in Southeastern and Eastern Asians, as a prelude to developing consensus opinions on the cosmetic facial use of botulinum toxin and HA fillers in these populations. RESULTS: Beautiful and esthetically attractive people of all races share similarities in appearance while retaining distinct ethnic features. Asians between the third and sixth decades age well compared with age-matched Caucasians. Younger Asians' increasing requests for injectable treatments to improve facial shape and three-dimensionality often reflect a desire to correct underlying facial structural deficiencies or weaknesses that detract from ideals of facial beauty. CONCLUSIONS: Facial esthetic treatments in Asians are not aimed at Westernization, but rather the optimization of intrinsic Asian ethnic features, or correction of specific underlying structural features that are perceived as deficiencies. Thus, overall facial attractiveness is enhanced while retaining esthetic characteristics of Asian ethnicity. Because Asian patients age differently than Western patients, different management and treatment planning strategies are utilized. Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Ideals of Facial Beauty Amongst the Chinese Population: Results from a Large National Survey.

Surgical and non-surgical aesthetic treatments are very popular throughout Asia and in particular in China. With the globalisation and immigration of Chinese people to other countries where many seek treatment from Western-trained doctors, it is important to understand the ideals of beauty amongst Chinese people so as to achieve optimal results. We conducted an online survey to understand the preference of Han Chinese laypersons for facial shape, profile (straight, convex, concave), jaw angle and shape, and shape of the chin, nose, and lips. In addition, the participants were asked about their educational level, geographic location, likelihood to have cosmetic surgery, preference for surgical or non-surgical cosmetic procedures and whether ''being beautiful'' would affect their daily life. A total of 1417 responses were collected from 599 male and 818 female participants, the majority of them who were 25-35 years old (58.93%). The responses showed that the majority of participants preferred an oval face shape, with a smoothly tapered jaw angle for both men and women, round and pointy chin for both genders, straight to concave nose profile and full lips with well-defined cupid's bow. Most responders indicated they were not willing to undergo cosmetic surgery; however, when given a choice between surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures, 82.22% of the participants preferred non-surgical procedures. The majority of respondents (83%) thought that being beautiful has an effect on daily life and improves quality of life.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Consensus on Current Injectable Treatment Strategies in the Asian Face.

BACKGROUND: The desire for and use of nonsurgical injectable esthetic facial treatments are increasing in Asia. The structural and anatomical features specific to the Asian face, and differences from Western populations in facial aging, necessitate unique esthetic treatment strategies, but published recommendations and clinical evidence for injectable treatments in Asians are scarce. METHODS: The Asian Facial Aesthetics Expert Consensus Group met to discuss current practices and consensus opinions on the cosmetic use of botulinum toxin and hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, alone and in combination, for facial applications in Southeastern and Eastern Asians. Consensus opinions and statements on treatment aims and current practice were developed following discussions regarding pre-meeting and meeting survey outcomes, peer-reviewed literature, and the experts' clinical experience. RESULTS: The indications and patterns of use of injectable treatments vary among patients of different ages, and among Asian countries. The combination use of botulinum toxin and fillers increases as patients age. Treatment aims in Asians and current practice regarding the use of botulinum toxin and HA fillers in the upper, middle, and lower face of patients aged 18 to[55 years are presented. CONCLUSIONS: In younger Asian patients, addressing proportion and structural features and deficiencies are important to achieve desired esthetic outcomes. In older patients, maintaining facial structure and volume and addressing lines and folds are essential to reduce the appearance of aging. This paper provides guidance on treatment strategies to address the complex esthetic requirements in Asian patients of all ages. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that the authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Correction to: Clinical Observations and the Anatomical Basis of Blindness After Facial Hyaluronic Acid Injection.

The article Clinical Observations and the Anatomical Basis of Blindness After Facial Hyaluronic Acid Injection, written by Zhang et al was originally published Online First without Open Access.

Blindness After Facial Filler Injections: The Role of Extravascular Hyaluronidase on Intravascular Hyaluronic Acid Embolism in the Rabbit Experimental Model.

BACKGROUND: Blindness caused by ophthalmic artery embolism is the most catastrophic complication of facial hyaluronic acid (HA) injections. Extravascular (retrobulbar) injection of hyaluronidase has been suggested as a salvage in this calamitous situation. However, the effectiveness of this treatment still lacks consensus. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of extravascular hyaluronidase in dissolving intravascular HA occlusion. METHODS: Two different animal experiments were performed: (1) isolated rabbit abdominal aorta segments filled with HA were treated with extravascular immersion of highly concentrated hyaluronidase for 90 minutes, followed by gross observation, microscopic examination, particle size analysis, and immunohistochemical staining; and (2) live rabbit auricular arteries were first occluded with HA and then immediately treated with extravascular injection of hyaluronidase. The ears were then evaluated by gross observation, microscopic examination, and perfusion studies after 60 minutes and again after 90 minutes. RESULTS: The HA within the aorta segments showed no gross or microscopic changes after treatment with extravascular hyaluronidase. Hyaluronidase could only be detected in adventitia of the aortae, instead of in vascular smooth muscle, tunica intima, or vascular lumen. The occluded auricular arteries showed no reperfusion after extravascular injection of hyaluronidase. CONCLUSIONS: In this rabbit model, extravascular hyaluronidase was unable to penetrate into the arterial lumen of the isolated abdominal aorta or the live auricular artery of the rabbit to dissolve intravascular HA within a 90-minute time limit, thus casting doubt on whether extravascular (retrobulbar) hyaluronidase injection has a role in treating ophthalmic artery embolism caused by HA injections.

Clinical Observations and the Anatomical Basis of Blindness After Facial Hyaluronic Acid Injection.

BACKGROUND: Blindness or visual loss is the most serious complication resulting from facial hyaluronic acid (HA) injection. In this study, three recent clinical cases were analyzed, and the relevant anatomy of cadavers was evaluated to investigate the mechanism behind visual impairment due to HA injection. METHODS: Three patients with different extents of visual loss after HA injection were studied. Ophthalmic testing and corresponding treatments were performed, and the clinical progress was observed. In addition, thirty-six fresh Asian cadaver hemifaces were anatomized to investigate the morphology of the ophthalmic artery and its branches. The minimum dose of HA for central retinal artery embolism was calculated based on the ophthalmic arterial volumes of cadavers. RESULTS: Visual impairment was more severe in central retinal artery occlusion and combined intraocular branch occlusion than in posterior ciliary artery occlusion. During follow-up, no improvement was observed in terms of visual impairment. Cadaver study reconfirmed that the ophthalmic artery included facial and intraocular branches. The ophthalmic arterial volumes running from the supraorbital artery and supratrochlear artery to the central retinal artery were 0.083 cm3 and 0.089 cm3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of blindness caused by HA injection may be associated with the occlusion site. Our clinical observations indicate that conventional treatments, such as retrobulbar hyaluronidase injection, are insufficient to relieve visual impairment. Injecting as little as 0.08 ml of HA into the facial branch is enough to cause central retinal artery embolism. Limiting the volume per injection could represent a simple prophylactic strategy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Ideals of Facial Beauty Amongst the Chinese Population: Results from a Large National Survey.

Surgical and non-surgical aesthetic treatments are very popular throughout Asia and in particular in China. With the globalisation and immigration of Chinese people to other countries where many seek treatment from Western-trained doctors, it is important to understand the ideals of beauty amongst Chinese people so as to achieve optimal results. We conducted an online survey to understand the preference of Han Chinese laypersons for facial shape, profile (straight, convex, concave), jaw angle and shape, and shape of the chin, nose, and lips. In addition, the participants were asked about their educational level, geographic location, likelihood to have cosmetic surgery, preference for surgical or non-surgical cosmetic procedures and whether "being beautiful" would affect their daily life. A total of 1417 responses were collected from 599 male and 818 female participants, the majority of them who were 25-35 years old (58.93%). The responses showed that the majority of participants preferred an oval face shape, with a smoothly tapered jaw angle for both men and women, round and pointy chin for both genders, straight to concave nose profile and full lips with well-defined cupid's bow. Most responders indicated they were not willing to undergo cosmetic surgery; however, when given a choice between surgical and non-surgical cosmetic procedures, 82.22% of the participants preferred non-surgical procedures. The majority of respondents (83%) thought that being beautiful has an effect on daily life and improves quality of life. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Facial Assessment and Injection Guide for Botulinum Toxin and Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Focus on the Lower Face.

This third article of a three-part series addresses techniques and recommendations for aesthetic treatment of the lower face. The lower face is considered an advanced area for facial aesthetic treatment. In this region, soft-tissue fillers play a more important role than neuromodulators and should be used first to provide structure and support before neuromodulators are considered for treatment of dynamic lines. Treatment of the lip, perioral region, and chin, in addition to maintaining balance of the lower face with the face overall, is challenging. Procedures on the lip should avoid overcorrection while respecting the projection of the lips on the profile view and the ratio of lip size to chin. The chin is often neglected, but reshaping the jawline can provide dramatic improvement in facial aesthetics. Both profile and anterior views are critical in assessment and treatment of the lower face. Finally, rejuvenation of the neck region requires fillers for structural support of the chin and jawline and neuromodulators for treatment of the masseter and platysma.