Concentration of target genes of SARS-CoV-2 and influencing factors in the confirmed cases with COVID-19 in Ningbo / 预防医学

Objective@#To learn the concentration of target genes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ) and the influencing factors in the confirmed cases with coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) in Ningbo.@*Methods@#Demographic information and clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 cases reported in Ningbo from January 21 to February 20, 2020 were collected through China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The Ct values of ORF1ab and N of the cases were collected through Ningbo Center for Disease Control and Prevention and designated hospitals, and analyzed in terms of gender, age, severity, clinical classification, source of case, sampling time and specimen type. @*Results@#There were 157 confirmed COVID-19 cases, including 56 males ( 35.67% ) and 101 females ( 64.33% ). Sixty-seven cases ( 42.68% ) aged between 40 and 60 years old. The Ct values of ORF1ab and N in females were 29.96±5.28 and 30.38±4.90, which were higher than 27.56±4.94 and 28.03±4.88 in males ( P<0.05 ). The Ct values of ORF1ab and N were the lowest when sampled at 1-7 days after onset ( P<0.05 ), which were 27.84±4.80 and 28.35±4.65. The Ct values of ORF1ab ( rs=0.288, P=0.001 ) and N ( rs=0.296, P=0.001 ) were positively correlated with sampling time. The Ct values of ORF1ab in pharyngeal swab and sputum were 29.19±4.85 and 28.74±6.40, the Ct values of N in pharyngeal swab and sputum were 29.61±4.60 and 29.22±6.10, both without significant differences between different samples ( P>0.05 ). @*Conclusions@#Sampling time has a great influence on the Ct values of ORF1ab and N of SARS-CoV-2.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Its Association with Sleep Duration in Chinese Schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and sleep duration among Chinese adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese adolescents in 2017. Data on a total of 800 adolescents aged 8⁻14 years was used for this study. Anthropometric measurements such as height and weight were measured by trained research staff. Serum 25(OH)D and lipids were measured in the laboratory. Sleep habits and other health-related behaviors were tested by questionnaire. RESULTS: 25(OH)D levels were significantly positively correlated with sleep duration (r = 0.11, p < 0.05). In multivariate logistic regression analyses, insufficiency/deficiency of vitamin D (25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL) was significantly associated with increased probability of short sleep (AOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.14⁻2.43). CONCLUSIONS: Low 25(OH)D levels were independently associated with the risk of insufficient sleep in Chinese adolescents.

Insufficient Sleep Duration and Overweight/Obesity among Adolescents in a Chinese Population.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep duration and overweight/obesity among Chinese adolescents. METHODS: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Chinese adolescents in 2016. In total, 2795 school-aged Chinese children aged 12 to 13 years participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete self-administered surveys during a 45-min class period in their classroom. Details of the questionnaire about health-related behaviors included sleep habits, physical activity, screen time, cigarette use, and alcohol use. Height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were directly measured. RESULTS: The mean sleep duration was 8.7 h/day. In total, 43.0% of the participants had a sleep duration of less than 9 h/day. Sleep duration was significantly inversely related to BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference and WHtR in multiple linear regression analyses in both genders. Logistic regression models showed that insufficient sleep (<9 h/day) was associated with high odds of overweight/obesity among both young boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient sleep duration was associated with overweight/obesity in Chinese adolescents, and short sleep duration was probably associated with central adiposity, especially among boys.

Associations between sleep duration and physical activity and dietary behaviors in Chinese adolescents: results from the Youth Behavioral Risk Factor Surveys of 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between sleep duration and physical activity and dietary behaviors among adolescents in a representative sample. METHODS: The analysis was performed using data from the 2015 Ningbo Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Associations between physical activity and dietary behaviors and sleep duration were examined on weighted data using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 10726 students, roughly 40% reported sleep duration <8 h. Longer sleep duration was associated with higher likelihood of milk intake, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, water consumption, moderate physical activity, and muscle-strengthening physical activity, and with a lower likelihood of cigarette use, alcohol use, sweets intake, Western fast food intake, and breakfast skipping. CONCLUSION: Insufficient sleep may be common among Chinese adolescents. Sleep duration was associated with dietary behaviors, physical activity, and other health-related behaviors. These findings suggest that sleep duration could be a potential target for many health-risk behaviors in young adolescents.

Multiple imaging evaluation on the therapeutic efficacy of coronary artery bypass graft combined with autologous stem cell transplantation for myocardial infarction / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Stem cells are still controversial for the treatment of old myocardial infarction. Multimodal imaging evaluation is one of the key points in the study of stem cell transplantation, which can evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell transplantation from the perspective of molecular imaging. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) with different stem cell transplantation in patients with old myocardial infarction using multimodal imaging technology. METHODS: Sixty patients with old myocardial infarction were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups to receive CABG, CABG+autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation (CABG+BMC) or CABG+autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (CABG+PBSC), respectively. All the patients were scanned with gated PET/CT (13N-NH3?H2O/18F-FDG), echocardiography and coronary angiography at different time points orderly (at baseline, 1, 12 and 24 months after treatment). We compared the degree of coronary stenosis (%), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), percentage of defect size with myocardial perfusion/metabolic abnormal radioactive distribution (A) and the ratio of defect area (R).RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of survival myocardial segments, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for the gated PET/CT were 92.1%, 85.6%, 93.4% and 78.4%, respectively. After the above treatments, the extent of coronary stenosis decreased significantly in the three groups (P < 0.05), which was improved most at 1 month after treatment (P < 0.05). In the CABG+BMC and CABG+PBSC groups, the LVEF value increased significantly after treatment (P < 0.05). In the CABG+BMC group, the A value decreased significantly at 1 and 24 months after treatment as compared with the baseline (P < 0.05), and the A value was further decreased, indicating a significant difference at 12 and 24 months after treatment (P < 0.05). In the CABG+BMC group, the R value significantly decreased at 1 month after treatment compared with the baseline (P=0.019). To conclude, the multimodal imaging is better to evaluate the prognosis of patients undergoing CABG with different stem cell transplantation, which is beneficial for the selection of treatment and therapeutic evaluation in myocardial infarction patients. CABG combined with stem cell transplantation can improve the left ventricular function of patients in a short time, and CABG+BMC is superior to CABG+PBSC to improve the survived myocardial function in patients.

A hospital-associated measles outbreak among individuals not targeted for vaccination in eastern China, 2014.

BACKGROUND: An outbreak of measles occurred in early 2014 among individuals not targeted for vaccination-adults, and infants too young to vaccinate, in Xiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, in eastern China. OBJECTIVE: We conducted an investigation to identify risk factors responsible for this outbreak and to provide evidence-based recommendations for measles elimination strategies in China. METHODS: Measles was diagnosed using national standard case definitions. In a case-control study, 20 randomly selected measles patients were matched with controls selected from the same village or community as each case in a 1:2 case-to-control ratio. Controls were matched on age, within 5 years, and gender. We compared exposure histories during the 7-21 days before rash onset of the case and the same time period for the matched controls. We also conducted a measles antibody seroprevalence survey of a convenient sample of residual serum obtained from healthy patients during routine care in a hospital. RESULTS: The outbreak consisted of 45 measles cases, with an attack rate of 8.9/100,000 total population. Among cases, 91.1% (41/45) were adults (ranged 23-51 years) who had unknown vaccination histories; the other cases were infants younger than 8 months of age. The case-control study showed major risk factors to be a visit to Hospital X (OR(MH)=7.3, 95% CI: 1.8-30.7) and treatment in an IV room in Hospital X (OR(MH)=11.0, 95% CI: 1.3-96.1). The seroprevalence survey showed that 88.8% of adults had measles IgG antibodies, and that 100% of children 2-19 years of age were seropositive. CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak was primarily among age groups not targeted for vaccination-primarily adults, but with some children too young to vaccinate. Visiting a hospital was the major risk factor for measles transmission. We conclude that in addition to maintaining high 2-dose coverage with measles vaccine, working with hospital infection control programs to implement evidence-based strategies to prevent or limit hospital transmission is an important action for eliminating measles in eastern China.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection among women in Ningbo, China.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in Ningbo, China. METHODS: A cluster-sampling study of women from four randomly selected villages was undertaken between April 1 and June 30, 2012. Married women who were not menstruating and had not had sexual intercourse, used vaginal medications, or performed vaginal douching within the previous 48hours were enrolled when attending community health centers for family planning appointments. Exfoliated cell specimens were collected for HPV DNA genotyping and cytologic diagnostic tests. RESULTS: Among 1373 included women, 185 (13.5%) were found to be HPV positive and 178 (13.0%) had a high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotype. Among 56 women with cervical cytologic abnormalities, 35 (62.5%) had an HPV infection. The frequency of HPV or HR-HPV infections rose with increasing severity of cytological abnormalities (P<0.001 for both). HPV52 was the most prevalent genotype, followed by HPV58, HPV16, HPV33, and HPV68. An HPV prevalence peak was observed in women aged 40-49 years (101/564 [17.9%]). CONCLUSION: In Ningbo, many women with cervical cytologic abnormalities have HPV infection. Vaccines targeting HPV52 and HPV58 in conjunction with HPV16 and HPV18 are required for the prevention and treatment of cervical lesions in Chinese women.

Lifestyle interventions for adults with impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects on glycemic control.

OBJECTIVE: Previous meta-analyses have demonstrated that lifestyle modification can reduce the blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, although the effects of changes in the blood glucose level on impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) remain controversial. This review therefore aimed to determine the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in adults with IGT. METHODS: We searched the Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Science Citation Index databases and reference lists of the included articles. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the quality of the included studies; a total of nine randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. In addition, we tested for trial heterogeneity and calculated the pooled effects size using the random effects model. RESULTS: The overall interventions were associated with a decline in the 2-hour plasma glucose levels [standardized mean differences (SMD) -0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI), -1.01 to -0.10; I(2), 96.6%]. Moreover, dietary intervention (SMD -0.53; 95% CI -0.77 to -0.28) and physical intervention (SMD -0.42; 95% CI -0.63 to -0.20) were each associated with a decline in the 2-hour plasma glucose levels compared with that observed in the control participants. The overall interventions were associated with a decline in the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (SMD -0.27; 95% CI -0.38 to -0.15; I(2) = 47.1%). In addition, physical intervention (SMD -0.25; 95% CI -0.44 to -0.05) and combined dietary and physical intervention were each associated with a decreased FPG level (SMD -0.28; 95% CI -0.44 to -0.12) compared with that observed in the control participants. CONCLUSION: Lifestyle modification based on physical or dietary interventions or both is associated with improvements in the 2-hour plasma glucose and FPG levels in IGT patients.

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and risk of colorectal cancer: meta-analysis of prospective studies.

BACKGROUND: Growing body of laboratory evidence supports the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention. Epidemiologic studies investigating the relationship between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC, however, have been inconsistent. We aimed to clarify the relation by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS: Eligible studies were identified by searching PubMed database and by carefully reviewing bibliographies of retrieved publications. Summary relative risks (RRs) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were computed with a random-effects model. Subgroup, meta-regression, and dose-response analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS: A total of 14 prospective studies involving 8,775 cancer cases were included in the final analysis. Overall, total n-3 or marine PUFAs intake was not associated with risk of CRC (RR 0.99 and 1.00). However, there was a trend toward reduced risk of proximal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 0.83, 95 % CI 0.66-1.05; marine PUFAs: RR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.59-1.10) and a significant increased risk of distal colon cancer (total n-3 PUFAs: RR 1.26, 95 % CI 1.06-1.50; marine PUFAs: RR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.11-1.71). Furthermore, marine PUFAs intake accessed longer before diagnosis was associated 21 % reduced risk of CRC (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.63-1.00). CONCLUSION: Overall, this meta-analysis finds no relation between n-3 PUFAs intake and risk of CRC. The observed subsite heterogeneity within colon cancer and the possible effect modification by latency time merit further studies.

[Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, 2008-2011].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Ningbo. METHODS: A descriptive analysis was conducted through the surveillance data of HFMD in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, from 2008 to 2011. Genes on EV71 and Cox A16 were amplified with RT-PCT from the stool samples of HFMD patients. Sequences were analyzed by bioinformatics software. RESULTS: 37 524 cases of HFMD were reported from 2008 to 2011, including 196 severe cases and 12 deaths. The reported incidence was 145.26 per 100 000 and the case fatality was 0.03%. Cases in children aged 5 or younger accounted for 95.89%, and the scattered cases accounted for 64.10%. Xiangshan and Ninghai counties had the highest incidence rates in Ningbo. The peak of incidence was from April to July. The number of male patients was obviously higher than females. 2394 cases of HFMD were laboratory confirmed and EV71 with the predominant epidemic strain. Data from phylogenetic analysis revealed that EV71 isolated from HFMD patients in Ningbo belonged to C4a evolution branch of C4 sub-genotype, with several transmission chains. Cox A16 belonged to B1 evolution branch. 53.48% of the healthy children in Ningbo showed EV71 antibody positive. The geometric mean of the antibody titer (GMT) was 11.23 (8.33 - 14.98) in healthy children. Cox A16 antibody was detected at 63.18% of the healthy children in Ningbo. GMT in healthy children was 12.61 (6.70 - 16.52). CONCLUSION: HFMD was highly endemic in Ningbo, with children under 5 years old were at high-risk. The major etiologic agent was EV71 which belonged to C4a in the C4 sub-genotypes. Cox A16 belonged to the B1 evolution branch, which were in line with the predominant virus circulating in the mainland of China.

Genetic characteristics of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza a viruses isolated from Mainland China.

A total of 100 H1N1 flu real-time-PCR positive throat swabs collected from fever patients in Zhejiang, Hubei and Guangdong between June and November 2009, were provided by local CDC laboratories. After MDCK cell culture, 57 Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) viruses were isolated and submitted for whole genome sequencing. A total of 39 HA sequences, 52 NA sequences, 36 PB2 sequences, 31 PB1 sequences, 40 PA sequences, 48 NP sequences, 51 MP sequences and 36 NS sequences were obtained, including 20 whole genome sequences. Sequence comparison revealed they shared a high degree of homology (96%-99%) with known epidemic strains (A/California/04/2009(H1N1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that although the sequences were highly conserved, they clustered into a small number of groups with only a few distinct strains. Site analysis revealed three substitutions at loop 220 (221-228) of the HA receptor binding site in the 39 HA sequences: A/Hubei/86/2009 PKVRDQEG → PKVRDQEA, A/Zhejiang/08/2009 PKVRDQEG → PKVRDQER, A/Hubei/75/2009 PKVRDQEG → PKVRDQGG, the A/Hubei/75/2009 was isolated from an acute case, while the other two were from patients with mild symptoms. Other key sites such as 119, 274, 292 and 294 amino acids of NA protein, 627 of PB2 protein were conserved. Meanwhile, all the M2 protein sequences possessed the Ser32Asn mutation, suggesting that these viruses were resistant to adamantanes. Comparison of these sequences with other H1N1 viruses collected from the NCBI database provides insight into H1N1 transmission and circulation patterns.

Long-term clinical observation of the immunogenicity of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children.

110 children who were given the complete course of the inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix) were followed up 10 years later. Age-matched healthy children who were not inoculated served as controls. One month after two primary injections, all children were positive for serum antibody. After 10 years, 99.09% of inoculated children remained positive for serum anti-HAV antibody, with a geometric mean concentration (GMC) of 61.59mIU/mL. GMC values following a secondary immunization in children with antibody levels <20mIU/mL were significantly elevated (567.9mIU/mL), compared with the primary injection alone. Havrix appears to induce persistent immunity and potent immune memory.

HBV genotype C is independently associated with cirrhosis in community-based population.

AIM: To determine the association of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes with probable cirrhosis and fatty liver in community-based populations. METHODS: A multi-stage cluster probability sampling method was applied to recruit 10 167 subjects aged between 6 and 72 years from our epidemiological bases in Eastern China. After excluding the subjects co-infected with hepatitis C or hepatitis D viruses, the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive subjects were examined for HBV genotype, serum viral load, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, and ultrasonographic changes. Logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with probable cirrhosis and fatty liver. RESULTS: Of 634 HBsAg-positive subjects with HBV genotype determined, 82 had probable cirrhosis (ultrasonographic score > or = 5), 42 had ultrasonographic fatty liver. Probable cirrhosis was only found in the HBeAg-negative subjects, and more frequently found in the subjects with genotype C than in those with genotype B (14.8% vs 8.0%, P = 0.018). In HBeAg-negative subjects, high viral load was frequently associated with abnormal ALT level, while ALT abnormality was more frequent in those with probable cirrhosis than those without (19.5% vs 7.8%, P = 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that age, sex, HBV genotypes, and viral load were not significantly associated with ultrasonographic fatty liver, whereas ALT abnormality was significantly related to ultrasonographic fatty liver (OR = 4.54, 95% CI: 2.11-9.75, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that HBV genotype C, age (> or = 45 years), male sex, and ALT abnormality were independently associated with probable cirrhosis (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.26-4.19; AOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.10-2.99; AOR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.03-2.95; AOR = 2.98, 95% CI: 1.48-5.99, respectively). CONCLUSION: A crude prevalence of probable cirrhosis is 12.9% in the community-based HBV-infected subjects. HBV genotype C is independently associated with probable cirrhosis in the HBeAg-negative subjects.

[Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Ningbo during 1988 - 2007].

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in high epidemic areas. METHODS: Reported data on typhoid and paratyphoid fever during 1988-2007 in Ningbo were analyzed epidemiologically. Shellfish from the market was collected for laboratory testing and Salmonella typhi strains collected from the patients were also studied. RESULTS: Number of reported cases on both typhoid and paratyphoid fever was 19 404 with 7 deaths, from 1988 to 2007. The annual mean incidence was 17.68 per one hundred thousand with the fatality rate as 0.36 per thousand. Most cases were among adults aged 20-50 years and an obvious regional distribution was observed with high incidence seen in winter and spring. Since 1990s, the advantage strain had changed from Salmonella typhi to Salmonella paratyphi A. Etiologic studies showed that raw Anadara subcrenata and oyster were the main risk factors. One Salmonella paratyphi A strain was detected in both Anadara subcrenata and oysters collected from the market, which contained TEM-1 drug resistance gene. PFGE genotyping showed that PFGE-X2 was the strain which causing pandemic in Ningbo. CONCLUSION: Eating contaminated raw shellfish like oysters and hairy clams was the primary risk factor, responsible for the outbreaks. Salmonella paratyphi A was the advantages pandemic strain in Ningbo. Strategies as supervision on personal hygiene and health education should be strengthened.

[Change of rubella antibody transferred by mother in infants].

OBJECTIVE: To Know the antibody level of comparison in maternal-infant pairs and the change of rubella in infants, and to provide scientific basis for controlling congenital rubella syndrome. METHODS: Newborn, 3, 6, 8, 9-month infant who never had rubella and their mothers were residents in Ningbo of Zhejiang, Harbin of Heilongjiang and Jinan of Shandong were collected as objects. Their serum samples were tested by the method of ELISA. RESULTS: The positive rate of Rubella antibody in newborns, 3, 6, 8, 9, were 74.4, 14.9, 3.3, 4.6, 15.0 percent respectively, and GMC were 34.06, 5.42, 1.48, 1.10, 1.83IU/ml respectively. The positive rate and GMC of Rubella antibody in mothers were 71.1 percent and 30.96IU/ml. The correlation coefficient between mother and infant was 0.658. CONCLUSION: Maternal-transferred rubella antibody decreased as the growth of infants. The positive rate of measles antibody was very low in 6 and 8-month, which almost had no protection.