Early autoimmunity and outcome in virus encephalitis: a retrospective study based on tissue-based assay.

To explore the autoimmune response and outcome in the central nervous system (CNS) at the onset of viral infection and correlation between autoantibodies and viruses. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted in 121 patients (2016-2021) with a CNS viral infection confirmed via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) next-generation sequencing (cohort A). Their clinical information was analysed and CSF samples were screened for autoantibodies against monkey cerebellum by tissue-based assay. In situ hybridisation was used to detect Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in brain tissue of 8 patients with glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP)-IgG and nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissue of 2 patients with GFAP-IgG as control (cohort B). RESULTS: Among cohort A (male:female=79:42; median age: 42 (14-78) years old), 61 (50.4%) participants had detectable autoantibodies in CSF. Compared with other viruses, EBV increased the odds of having GFAP-IgG (OR 18.22, 95% CI 6.54 to 50.77, p<0.001). In cohort B, EBV was found in the brain tissue from two of eight (25.0%) patients with GFAP-IgG. Autoantibody-positive patients had a higher CSF protein level (median: 1126.00 (281.00-5352.00) vs 700.00 (76.70-2899.00), p<0.001), lower CSF chloride level (mean: 119.80±6.24 vs 122.84±5.26, p=0.005), lower ratios of CSF-glucose/serum-glucose (median: 0.50[0.13-0.94] vs 0.60[0.26-1.23], p=0.003), more meningitis (26/61 (42.6%) vs 12/60 (20.0%), p=0.007) and higher follow-up modified Rankin Scale scores (1 (0-6) vs 0 (0-3), p=0.037) compared with antibody-negative patients. A Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that autoantibody-positive patients experienced significantly worse outcomes (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Autoimmune responses are found at the onset of viral encephalitis. EBV in the CNS increases the risk for autoimmunity to GFAP.

Neuron-Specific Enolase and Hemoglobin as Risk Factors of Intraocular Metastasis in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) appears to be a high risk of spread. This research investigated the correlation between a different range of clinical features and intraocular metastasis (IOM) in RCC patients and attempted to determine potential risk factors of RCC patients with IOM. In the study, there are a total of 351 patients with RCC that were recruited between May 1994 and May 2016. The differences between RCC patients with IOM and RCC patients with non-IOM (NIOM) were evaluated by the chi-squared test and Student t test. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to determine risk factors. Finally, the value of diagnosis for RCC patients with IOM was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Eighteen individuals were identified with IOM. There were no significant differences that were detected in alkaline phosphatase (AFP), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), cancer antigen 153 (CA-153), cancer antigen 199 (CA-199), calcium, age, primary tumor site, and histopathological subtypes between the two groups. But there was a difference in terms of gender (P < 0.05). The IOM group exhibited significantly higher neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and lower hemoglobin (Hb) values compared to the NIOM group (P < 0.05, respectively). Binary logistic regression identified NSE and Hb as significant risk factors of IOM for RCC patient (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). The ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) values of NSE and Hb were 0.694 and 0.749, while cut-off values were 49.5 ng/mL and 102.5 g/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of NSE were 72.2% and 66.4%, respectively, while those of Hb were 72.2% and 74.2%, respectively. The result reveals that NSE and Hb represent promising significant risk factors of IOM for RCC patients. Notably, Hb is more reliable than NSE in distinguishing case of IOM from NIOM in patients with RCC.

Abnormal fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in MOG-lgG optic neuritis patients: a resting-state functional MRI study.

Optic neuritis (ON) is a general term for inflammation of any part of the optic nerve resulting from demyelination or infection. The number of patients with MOG-lgG antibody-related optic neuritis is increasing recently. Our study uses the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) method to compare the activity of specific brain regions in MOG-lgG ON patients and healthy controls (HCs). We selected a total of 21 MOG-lgG ON patients and 21 HCs were included in the study. All subjects underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). The independent-samples t-test was used to compare demographic data and average fALFF values between groups. The specificity and sensitivity of fALFF values for distinguishing between MOG-lgG ON patients and HCs were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between fALFF values and clinical characteristics in MOG-lgG ON patients. Our results showed that fALFF values of the right cerebellum and left middle cingulum were lower whereas those of bilateral inferior temporal lobes, right gyrus rectus, and the left superior and right middle frontal lobes of MOG-lgG ON patients were higher than those of HCs (P < 0.05). The average fALFF value of the left superior frontal lobe in MOG-lgG ON patients was positively correlated with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score (HADS) (r = 0.6004; P < 0.05) and duration of MOG-lgG ON (r = 6487; P < 0.05). Thus, patients with MOG-lgG ON have abnormal activity in the brain regions related to vision. Changes in fALFF value can reflect functional sequelae of MOG-lgG ON, including abnormal anxiety or depressive emotional changes.

Psychological status of parents of hospitalized children during the COVID-19 epidemic in China.

A series of unexplained pneumonia appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, which is highly contagious. The virus is prone to nervous and anxious psychological reactions. In the objective environment of complex and densely populated hospitals, it is a high-risk area for virus-transmitted infections and children generally have lower immunity who are more likely to develop infections. The results showed that the mental health problems of parents of hospitalized children during the epidemic were more serious, and the anxiety and depression were more obvious.

Psychological status of surgical staff during the COVID-19 outbreak.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which appeared in early December 2019, had an atypical viral pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei, China. And there is a high risk of global proliferation and impact. The sudden increase in confirmed cases has brought tremendous stress and anxiety to frontline surgical staff. The results showed that the anxiety and depression of surgical staff during the outbreak period were significantly higher and mental health problems appeared, so psychological interventions are essential.

Ocular Metastasis in Elderly Male Bladder Cancer Patients: Potential Risk Factors.

Bladder cancer is a common type of tumor among elderly male population; it causes intraocular metastasis (IOM). The study investigated the differences between elderly male bladder cancer patients with and without IOM, and identified risk factors for IOM. In this study, 749 elderly male patients (aged ≥50 years) with bladder cancer were included from November 2003 to December 2016. Differences between the IOM and non-IOM (NIOM) groups were evaluated by chi-square test and Student's t-test. The binary logistic regression analysis calculates the risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic value of IOM in elderly male patients with bladder cancer. The incidence of IOM in patients with bladder cancer was 1.7%. No significant differences were detected in age and histopathology between the IOM and NIOM groups. According to the study, the IOM group had higher ALP and Cyfra21-1. Binary logistic regression indicated that ALP and Cyfra21-1 were risk factors for IOM in elderly male bladder cancer patients (p < .05). ROC curve analysis revealed area under the curve values for ALP and Cyfra21-1 of 0.913 and 0.814, using cutoff values of 9.65 and 83.5 U/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity values for ALP were 61.5% and 95.8%, respectively, while those for Cyfra21-1 were 84.6% and 73.3%. The investigation indicates that ALP and Cyfra21-1 are risk factors for IOM in elderly male patients with bladder cancer and ALP is more reliable at distinguishing IOM from NIOM in elderly male patients with bladder cancer.

Carbohydrate antigen-125, calcium, and hemoglobin as predictive clinical indicator for ocular metastasis in male liver cancer patients.

Background Primary liver cancer (PLC) is a common type of cancer among men worldwide. Little is known regarding the relationship of liver cancer with ocular metastasis (OM). Drinking has been also reported to be related not only to the occurrence of liver cancer but also to the causes of some ocular lesions. Purpose A diagnostic standard for the levels of serum biomarkers associated with OM derived from liver cancer in men is urgently needed. Material and methods We examined the association between OM in liver cancer and its serum biomarkers. A total of 1254 male patients with liver cancer were recruited in this retrospective study between July 2002 and December 2012. We assessed the relationship between drinking preference and OM in male patients with liver cancer, and aimed to identify an independent prognostic factor or establish a quantitative indicator for OM. Results By assessing the potential indicators, carbohydrate antigen-125 (CA-125), calcium, and hemoglobin (Hb) were found to be most valuable in the diagnosis of OM in male patients with liver cancer. Conclusion CA-125, calcium, and Hb are independent risk factors of OM in patients with liver cancer who consume alcohol.

Altered Brain Network Centrality in Patients with Diabetic Optic Neuropathy: A Resting-State FMRI Study.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have suggested that diabetic optic neuropathy (DON) independently increases the incidence of brain diseases like cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. In this study, voxel-level degree centrality (DC) was used to study potential changes in functional network brain activity in DON patients. METHODS: The study included 14 DON patients and 14 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age, sex, and weight. All subjects underwent resting functional magnetic resonance imaging. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Pearson correlation analysis were performed. RESULTS: The DC values of the left frontal mid-orb and right middle frontal gyrus/right frontal sup were significantly lower in DON patients compared to HCs. The DC value of the left temporal lobe was also significantly higher than in HCs. CONCLUSION: Three different brain regions show DC changes in DON patients, suggesting common optic neuropathy in the context of diabetes and providing new ideas for treating optic nerve disease in patients with long-term diabetes. ABBREVIATIONS: AUC = area under the curve; BCVA = best corrected visual acuity; DC = degree centrality; DON = diabetic optic neuropathy; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; HC = healthy control; LFMO = left frontal mid orb; LTL = left temporal lobe; RFS = right frontal sup; RMFG = right middle frontal gyrus; ROC = receiver operating characteristic.

Apolipoprotein A1 and B as risk factors for development of intraocular metastasis in patients with breast cancer.

Objective: Breast cancer is the most common primary lesion resulting in intraocular metastasis (IOM). In this study, we investigated the differences between breast cancer patients with and without IOM, and clarified the risk factors for IOM in patients with breast cancer. Methods: A total of 2,381 patients with breast cancer were included in this study from January 2005 to December 2017. The chi-square test and Student's t-test were applied to evaluate differences between the IOM and non-IOM (NIOM) groups. Risk factors were calculated using binary logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to assess the diagnostic value of IOM in patients with breast cancer. Results: The IOM incidence in patients with breast cancer was 1.35%. No significant differences were detected in age, gender, menopausal status, or histopathology between the IOM and NIOM groups. The IOM group had more axillary lymph node metastases, lower ApoA1 and higher ApoB, compared with the NIOM group. Binary logistic regression indicated that ApoA1 and ApoB were risk factors for IOM in breast cancer patients (P-values<0.001 and P-values=0.005, respectively). ROC curve analysis revealed area under the curve values for ApoA1 and ApoB of 0.871 and 0.633, using cutoff values of 1.165 and 0.835 g/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity values for ApoA1 were 0.813 and 0.849, respectively, while those for ApoB were 0.813 and 0.481. Conclusion: Our data indicate that ApoA1 and ApoB are risk factors for IOM in patients with breast cancer and that ApoA1 is more reliable than ApoB at distinguishing IOM from NIOM in patients with breast cancer.

Gray Matter Volume Changes in Patients With Acute Eye Pain: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study.

PURPOSE: The present study was attempted to compare the differences in gray matter volume (GMV) between the acute eye pain (EP) patients and the healthy controls (HCs) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), and to explore the relationship with clinical features and behavioral performance. METHODS: A total of 24 patients (17 males, 7 females) with acute EP and 24 (17 males, 7 females) age-, sex-, and education-matched HCs were recruited from the Ophthalmology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were conducted in all subjects. We analyzed the original three-dimensional (3D) T1 brain images by VBM and compared the GMV values with the HCs. The acute EP patients can be distinguished from the HCs by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Compared with HCs, the acute EP patients had significantly lower GMV values in the brain regions of the left cerebellum posterior lobe, the left limbic lobe, the right insula, the left insula, the left thalamus, the left caudate, and the right cuneus. In addition, the WMV values of the whole brain in acute EP patients decreased slightly. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that the acute EP patients showed an abnormal reduction in GMV in some brain regions, which might provide valuable information for further exploration of underlying neural mechanisms. These abnormal brain regions may reflect the functional disorders of acute EP patients in somatosensory, motor, cognitive functions, and so on. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: The VBM study provides a diagnostic method for identifying the cause of acute EP, additionally, a novel direction was presented for further exploration of underlying neural mechanisms of acute EP.

Altered Spontaneous Brain Activity in Patients with Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia Using Regional Homogeneity: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study.

OBJECTIVE: Neuroimaging studies have shown that patients with pain-related conditions have altered neuronal activity and structural functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia (CTN) exhibit changes in corresponding neuronal activity via analysis of neuronal activity regional homogeneity (ReHo). METHODS: A total of 28 patients presenting with sore eyes (12 men and 16 women) were matched with 28 healthy controls (12 men and 16 women). All participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This ReHo method was used to assess the consistency of changes in neural activity in various brain regions. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to differentiate ReHo values of patients with CTN from ReHo values of healthy controls. Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to evaluate the correlation between ReHo values of different brain regions of patients with CTN and clinical manifestations. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, patients with CTN were found to have increased ReHo values in the inferior cerebellum bilaterally, right inferior temporal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus. ROC curve analysis of each brain region revealed near-perfect accuracy regarding the area under the curve. However, no correlation between ReHo values and clinical manifestations in patients with CTN was found. CONCLUSIONS: CTN is associated with altered neuronal networks in different areas of the brain. ReHo values all possess different degrees of change, implying that CTN has a certain impact on cerebral function.

The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and hip fracture risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Hip fracture has increasingly become a social and economic burden. The relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of hip fracture reported by previous studies remains controversial. We searched Pubmed and Embase to identify studies reporting the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of hip fracture. Fifteen prospective cohort studies with a total of 51239 participants and 3386 hip fracture cases were included. By pooling the Relative Risk of the lowest vs. the highest categories indicated that lower levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were more likely to be a risk factor for hip fracture with adjusted Relative Risk (95%Confidence Interval) of 1.58 (1.41, 1.77). Subgroup meta-analysis examining the stability of the primary results achieved the same results. A dose-response meta-analysis showed that the risk of hip fracture was a descending curve below the line of RR=1. The descending trend was obvious when serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were less than 60 nmol/L and was flat when serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were more than 60 nmol/L. We found that individuals with low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D have an increased risk of hip fracture, and this effect was evident when the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were less than 60 nmol/L.