Metal-Organic Frameworks-Derived Nanocarbon Materials and Nanometal Oxides for Photocatalytic Applications.

Harnessing low-density solar energy and converting it into high-density chemical energy through photocatalysis has emerged as a promising avenue for the production of chemicals and remediation of environmental pollution, which contributes to alleviating the overreliance on fossil fuels. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained widespread application in the field of photocatalysis due to their photostability, tunable structures, and responsiveness in the visible light range. However, most MOFs exhibit relatively low response to light, limiting their practical applications. MOFs-derived nanomaterials not only retain the inherent advantages of pristine MOFs but also show enhanced light adsorption and responsiveness. This review categorizes and summarizes MOFs-derived nanomaterials, including nanocarbons and nanometal oxides, providing representative examples for the synthetic strategies of each category. Subsequently, the recent research progress on MOFs-derived materials in photocatalytic applications are systematically introduced, specifically in the areas of photocatalytic water splitting to H2, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, and photocatalytic water treatment. The corresponding mechanisms involved in each photocatalytic reaction are elaborated in detail. Finally, the review discusses the challenges and further directions faced by MOFs-derived nanomaterials in the field of photocatalysis, highlighting their potential role in advancing sustainable energy production and environmental remediation.

Synergistic Enhancement of Photocatalytic H2 Evolution over NH2-MIL-125 Modified with Dual Cocatalyst.

The construction of efficient photocatalysts for water splitting to enable H2 evolution is pivotal to alleviate energy issues and environmental concerns. In this work, carbon dots (CDs) were prepared by employing "green solvent" ionic liquids as carbon sources and then combined with Pt/NH2-MIL-125, resulting in the emergence of a high-efficiency photocatalyst termed CDs-Pt/NH2-MIL-125 for the first time. This composite photocatalyst exhibited outstanding photocatalytic activity in H2 production under visible light irradiation. Notably, the H2 production rate of CDs100-Pt/NH2-MIL-125 reaches up to 951.4 µmol/g/h, which was 3.1 times that of Pt/NH2-MIL-125. The characterization results indicate that CDs and Pt uniformly dispersed on the surface of NH2-MIL-125 and fabricated a synergistic compact structure, providing a high BET surface area (985 m2 g-1) and a suitable band gap. Furthermore, the distinctive embeddable-dispersed CDs and Pt, as dual cocatalyst, can harvest light and facilitate the transfer of photogenerated electrons, thereby significantly augmenting the exploitation of visible light. The plausible mechanism of photocatalytic H2 evolution over the CDs-Pt/NH2-MIL-125 catalyst was also discussed. This work introduces a promising strategy for designing high-performance CDs-MOFs-based photocatalysts, an innovative step toward achieving efficient photocatalytic water splitting for H2 production.

Prevalence and bidirectional association between rhinitis and urticaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Rhinitis, allergic rhinitis in particular, and urticaria are both common diseases globally. However, there is controversy with regard to the correlation between rhinitis and urticaria. Objective: To examine the accurate association between rhinitis and urticaria. Methods: Three medical literature data bases were searched from data base inception until January 11, 2022. The prevalence and association between rhinitis and urticaria were estimated by meta-analysis. Quality assessment was performed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled prevalence were calculated by using random-effects models. Results: Urticaria prevalence in patients with rhinitis was 17.6% (95% CI, 13.2%-21.9%). The pooled prevalence of rhinitis was 31.3% (95% CI, 24.2%-38.4%) in patients with urticaria, and rhinitis prevalence in patients with acute urticaria and chronic urticaria was 31.6% (95% CI, 7.4%-55.8%) and 28.7% (95% CI, 20.4%-36.9%), respectively. Rhinitis occurrence was significantly associated with urticaria (OR 2.67 [95% CI, 2.625-2.715]). Urticaria and rhinitis were diagnosed based on different criteria, possibly resulting in a potential error of misclassification. Conclusion: Rhinitis and urticaria were significantly correlated. Physicians should be cognizant with regard to this relationship and address nasal or skin symptoms in patients.

[Efficacy of electroacupuncture on acute intracerebral hemorrhage and its effect on serum AQP4 in patients].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects on neural function, living ability and mental state of the patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), as well as aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in the serum after treated with electroacupuncture (EA) on the base of routine therapy of western medicine. METHODS: Seventy-two acute ICH patients were randomized into an observation group (36 cases, 4 cases dropped off) and a control group (36 cases, 2 cases dropped off). In the control group, the conventional treatment was delivered such as stopping bleeding, preventing re-hemorrhage, controlling blood pressure, mitigating neural edema and reducing intracranial pressure. In the observation group, on the base of the treatment in the control group, EA was supplemented. Acupoints included Shuigou (GV 26), bilateral Neiguan (PC 6) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) etc. Electric stimulation was operated at Neiguan (PC 6) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) on the same side, with disperse-dense wave, and 2 Hz/100 Hz in frequency, tolerable current intensity. Electric stimulation was delivered for 30 min in each treatment, once daily and for 6 times per week. The duration of treatment was 2 weeks in the two groups. Before and after treatment, changes of the scores of National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS), modified Barthel index (MBI) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), as well as AQP4 content in the serum were observed in the two groups; the efficacy and safety were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The NIHSS scores and the serum AQP4 content decreased after treatment when compared with those before treatment in the two groups (P<0.05), while, MBI and MMSE scores increased (P<0.05). In the observation group, NIHSS score and serum AQP4 content were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05), and MBI and MMSE scores were higher (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group was 93.8% (30/32), higher than that of the control group (73.5%, 25/34, P<0.05). The treatment in the two groups was safe, without adverse reactions and events occurring in the patients. CONCLUSION: Electroacupuncture, on the base of conventional treatment of western medicine, can effectively improve the neural function, living ability, mental state and serum AQP4 content of the patients with acute ICH. It is suggested that the effective treatment by electroacupuncture may be related to the regulation of the serum AQP4 content.

Role of Ferroptosis in Glial Cells after Ischemic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Ferroptosis, a new type of programmed cell death, has been shown to play a crucial role in IS pathogenesis. Traditionally, research focused on neurons did not uncover specific positive results for IS. However, glial cells have recently received interest as promising targets for IS treatment, not only for their structural function but also in the iron transfer between glia and neurons, which indicates a promising glia-neuron crosstalk in mediating the IS process and ischemia/reperfusion-associated neuropathology, showing their affiliation with ferroptosis. This review addresses the major phenomena of iron metabolism and the process and regulation of ferroptosis, with a particular focus on their impact on IS pathology. The review discusses iron homeostasis, the biology of reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation for modulating the process of IS-induced ferroptosis in different glial cells. We then review recent therapies that leverage ferroptosis modulation for the treatment of IS. Extensive preclinical and clinical research is necessary to fully understand the roles of glia-neuron crosstalk and ferroptosis in IS.

Electroacupuncture Inhibits Ferroptosis Induced by Cerebral Ischemiareperfusion.

BACKGROUND: Electroacupuncture (EA) treatment has been recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) for years on cerebral ischemia treatment, but the specific mechanism is still elusive. Studies have shown that EA can relieve brain damage after ischemic stroke by inhibiting programmed cell death (PCD), such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy. Ferroptosis, a unique form of cell death, has been highlighted recently and found to occur in I/R injury. We, therefore, investigated whether EA plays an essential role in relieving cerebral I/R injury via ferroptosis. METHODS: The modified MCAO/R rats model was established and then divided into four groups with or without EA treatment. Neurological deficit score and TTC staining were used to evaluate the neurological deficit and infarct volume of each group. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and immunofluorescence staining were applied for mitochondrial ultrastructure and ROS accumulation observation, respectively. The proteins and mRNA expression of ACSL4, TFR1, and GPX4 were assessed by western blot and qPCR to detect the progress of ferroptosis. RESULTS: EA treatment improved neurological deficits and reduced infarct volume. Moreover, EA significantly relieved the mitochondrial morphological changes and inhibited ROS Production in MCAO rats. In terms of its mechanism, EA obviously decreased the ACSL4 and TFR1 expressions and promoted GPX4 levels in MCAO/R model rats. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that EA might play an essential role in relieving cerebral I/R injury via ferroptosis.

Electro-acupuncture Promotes Angiogenesis via Exosomal miR-210 in the Hypoxia-induced HUVECs Mediated HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch 1 Signal Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture has been wildly applied for cerebral ischemia treatment in China for thousands of years, while the specific mechanism remains uncertain. Recently, many studies have shown that acupuncture promotes angiogenesis after ischemia occurs. Here, we examined the effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) exosomes on angiogenesis in hypoxia-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether EA exosomal miR-210 promotes angiogenesis in the hypoxiainduced HUVECs via the HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch 1 signal pathway. METHODS: The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was established and treated with EA therapy. Then, exosomes were identified and isolated from rats' plasma in the MCAO+EA group by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface markers expressions, and PKH26 reagent. MiR- 210 mimic, miR-210 inhibitor, and HIF-1α were transfected. Flow cytometry, CCK-8 assay, and Transwell assay were conducted to assess the migration, apoptosis, and proliferation of each group of cells. Western blot and quantitative PCR were performed to detect the CD34, HIF-1α, VEGF, Notch 1, and miR-210 expression levels in each group. RESULTS: MiR-210 was significantly upregulated in exosomes of the MCAO plasma, and further enhanced by EA therapy. EA-EXOs and miR-210 mimic inhibited cell apoptosis, promoted cell proliferation and cell migration in hypoxia-induced HUVECs. However, the miR-210 inhibitor reversed the proliferation and migration number induced by EA-EXOs. Besides, EA-EXOs and miR- 210 mimic further enhanced those HIF-1α, VEGF, and Notch 1 levels compared to the hypoxia treatment only. Silencing HIF-1α or miR-210 reversed the high expressions of those three angiogenic factors induced by hypoxia and EA-EXO. qPCR showed similar trends with their relative mRNAs. To analyze these associations quantificationally, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated. As revealed by results, the expression of proteins and mRNA were highly correlative with each other. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that EA-EXO miR-210 promotes angiogenesis in hypoxia conditions via HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch 1 signal pathway.

[Electroacupuncture for acute ischemic stroke and its effect on plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-10].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy on acute ischemic stroke (AIS) between electroacupuncture combined with conventional western medicine therapy and simple conventional western medicine therapy and its effect on plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with AIS were randomized into an observation group (30 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (30 cases, 4 cases dropped off). The control group was treated with conventional western medicine therapy i.e neuroprotection and cerebral circulation improvement. On the basis of the treatment in the control group, in the observation group, acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Yintang (GV 24+) and Quchi (LI 11), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), etc. on the affected side, Baihui (GV 20)-Yintang (GV 24+), Quchi (LI 11)-Hegu (LI 4) and Zusanli (ST 36)-Sanyinjiao (SP 6) were connected with electroacupuncture, with disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/15 Hz in frequency, once a day for consecutive 10 days. Before and after treatment, the scores of National Institution of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) and modified Barthel index (MBI) were observed, plasma levels of IL-17 and IL-10 were detected by ELISA method. RESULTS: After treatment, NIHSS scores were decreased while MBI scores were increased compared before treatment in both groups (P<0.01); compared with the control group, NIHSS score was decreased while MBI score was increased in the observation group (P<0.05). After treatment, IL-17 levels were decreased while IL-10 levels were increased compared before treatment in both groups (P<0.01); compared with the control group, IL-17 level was decreased while IL-10 level was increased in the observation group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Electroacupuncture combined with conventional western medinice therapy can improve the nerve function and activity of daily living in patients with AIS, its clinical efficacy is superior to simple conventional western medicine therapy, the mechanism may relate to the regulation on IL-17/IL-10 imbalance.

The Angiogenesis Effects of Electro-acupuncture Treatment via Exosomal miR-210 in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Rats.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture has been recommended as an alternative and complementary therapy for preventing and treating cerebral ischemia by the World Health Organization (WHO) for years. However, the mechanisms remain unclear. Accumulating evidence has shown that acupuncture can promote angiogenesis to attenuate brain damage after ischemic stroke. In recent years, exosome- carried microRNAs (miRNAs) activated by acupuncture have proven effective in regulating pathological changes. We, therefore, investigated whether electro-acupuncture (EA) enhanced angiogenesis in cerebral stroke via exosome-carried miR-210. METHODS: We extracted and identified the exosomes from the serum of MCAO with EA treatment and injected them into MCAO rats for further observation. Simultaneously, miR-120 siRNA and HIF-1α inhibitor were transfected. Then, we evaluated the volume of infarction, pathological changes, and expression levels of angiogenic related factors of each group of rats by TTC and HE staining, transmission electron microscope (TEM), western blot, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS: Compared with the MCAO group, EA-Exosome (EA-EXO) treatment significantly decreased the infarct volume and the pathological damage, but miR-210 siRNA or HIF-1α inhibitor reversed the protective outcomes induced by EA-EXO. Moreover, EA-EXO treatment upregulated miR-210 and increased CD34, HIF-1α, VEGF, Notch1 protein, and mRNA expressions compared to the MCAO group. MiR-210 siRNA or HIF-1α inhibitor treatments both down-regulated those angiogenic related proteins and mRNAs. CONCLUSION: EA treatment could activate the HIF-1α/VEGF/Notch 1 signal pathway to facilitate angiogenesis after ischemic stroke via exosomal miR-210.

Production of cellulose nanofibrils and films from elephant grass using deep eutectic solvents and a solid acid catalyst.

A new strategy was developed to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and films from raw elephant grass using deep eutectic solvents and a recyclable spent coffee-derived solid acid (SC-SO3H) catalyst with assistance of ultrasonic disintegration and a suction filtration film forming method. The effects of a solid acid and reused solid acid were comprehensively studied by comparing with catalyst-free conditions and using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The CNF fibers obtained from this novel SC-SO3H catalyst method showed the longest fiber length. The corresponding films achieved the strongest tensile strength of 79.8 MPa and the elongation at break of 13.6%, and best thermostability. In addition, the performance of CNFs and films prepared by the fourth recovered SC-SO3H-4 catalyst was close to that obtained with the first use. The SC-SO3H could be reused by a simple decantation method, meaning this novel method has the potential for green and sustainable preparation of CNFs and films.

Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction, simulated digestion, and fermentation in vitro by human intestinal flora of polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis.

In this study, we employed a response surface methodology to optimize the ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UMAE) conditions of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHP), and subjected it to a stimulated in vitro digestion and fermentation model in order to investigate the digestion properties of PHP and the effects on human intestinal flora. The optimum extraction conditions consisted of an extraction time of 29.64 min, extraction temperature of 79.94 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:41.79 g/mL. Under these conditions, the maximum yield of PHP predicted was 20.98%. The ζ-potential and thermal properties analysis verified that PHP was a negatively charged polymer, and possessed good thermal stability. Meanwhile, PHP was not digested in vitro by human saliva, simulated gastric and small intestinal juice. Furthermore, PHP modulated the microbiome structure, mainly increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroides and decreasing in the Escherichia_Shigella group. LEfSe analysis illustrated that Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_UCG_006 and Bacteroidales_S24_7_group could serve as potential biomarkers for the PHP supplement. This current study proved that the UMAE method was a highly efficient method to extract PHP to the maximum extent, and also provided insight concerning the stability performance of PHP and its prospects for application as a prebiotics candidate in the functional food industries.

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Histone H4 Lysine 16 Acetylation-Mediated Autophagy.

Background: Electroacupuncture (EA) treatment in ischemic stroke has been highlighted recently; however, the specific mechanism is still elusive. Autophagy is considered a new target for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), but whether it plays a role of protecting or causing rapid cell apoptosis remains unclear. Studies have reported that the reduction in lysine 16 of histone H4 acetylation coheres with autophagy induction. The primary purpose of the study was to explore whether EA could alleviate I/R via autophagy-mediated histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. Methods: One hundred and twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control group, MCAO group, MCAO+EA group, MCAO+EA+hMOF siRNA group, and MCAO+EA+Sirt1 inhibitor group. EA was applied to "Baihui" (Du20) and "Renzhong" (Du26) at 5 min after modeling and 16 h after the first EA intervention. The structure and molecular markers of the rat brain were evaluated. Results: EA significantly alleviated I/R injury by upregulating the expressions of Sirt1, Beclin1, and LC3-II and downregulating the expressions of hMOF and H4K16ac. In contrast, the Sirt1 inhibitor lowered the increase in Sirt1, Beclin1, and LC3-II and enhanced the level of hMOF and H4K16ac expressions associated with EA treatment. Besides, ChIP assay revealed that the binding of H4K16ac in the Beclin1 promoter region of the autophagy target gene was significantly raised in the MCAO+EA group and MCAO+EA+hMOF siRNA group. Conclusions: EA treatment inhibited the H4K16ac process, facilitated autophagy, and alleviated I/R injury. These findings suggested that regulating histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation-mediated autophagy may be a key mechanism of EA at Du20 and Du26 to treat I/R.

Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of sulphated polysaccharides derived from Porphyra haitanensis.

This study was designed to fully characterize Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides, and to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The polysaccharides primarily contained galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose in a molar ratio of 1.2:1.0, respectively and sulfate content about 3.8%. The molecular weight of polysaccharides is 2.5 × 105 Da. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of the polysaccharides pointed towards an irregular network with more or less hexagonal and a few rectangular pores. The chemical structure was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance structural characterization wherein â†’ 4-3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactopyranose-(1 â†’ 3)-ß-D-galactopyranose segments. The extracted polysaccharides revealed relatively high 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical scavenging activity (53.16% at 2 mg/mL), moderate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging efficacy (34.63% at 2 mg/mL), and low hydroxyl radical scavenging potential (23.80% at 2 mg/mL). Further purification of these polysaccharides, hence, is advised for their potential role as antioxidants in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industry.

Microbial catabolism of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides by human gut microbiota.

This study applied an in vitro fermentation model, whereby the catabolism of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharides (PHP) was monitored coupled with the variations of microbiota composition and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), so as to assess the effects of PHP on human intestinal microbiota. After 24 h anaerobic incubation, the level of microflora diversity increased significantly, as the microbiome structure was reshaped through promotion of intestinal probiotics proliferation and inhibition of pathogens growth. Besides, the final concentration of total SCFAs increased to 32.32 ±â€¯1.81 mmol/L, and contained high amounts of acetic, propionic and butyric acid. Furthermore, the molecular weight of PHP decreased from 2.623 × 105 g/mol to 2.308 × 104 g/mol. The degree of polymerization of oligosaccharide products ranged from 2 to 9, with the main linkage patterns being 1 → 3 and 1 → 4 linked Galp. The current study provides new insight on the probiotic activity of PHP within the human gastrointestinal tract.

Quantification of Neoagaro-Oligosaccharide Production through Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Its Anti-Oxidant Activities.

Neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS) have health benefits that are related to their amount and degree of polymerization (DP). However, the current methods that are used to quantify enzymatically released NAOS are un-specific and time-consuming. Agar has been extracted from Gelidium amansii and has been degraded by AgaXa (a recombinant ß-agarase). Polysaccharide analysis using carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE) has been adapted in order to quantify NAOS. In addition, the anti-oxidant activity of the degraded samples has been assessed. We have found that the PACE method provided sensitive, precise, and accurate quantification for each of the six NAOS samples. PACE has revealed that the DP of the enzymatic products from the AgaXa digestion were mainly neoagaro-octaose and neoagaro-decaose. The degraded samples exhibited increased radical-scavenging activity towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonic acid) radicals. While the anti-oxidant activity may have been from NAOS activity and contributions from neoagaro-octaose and neoagaro-decaose. The adapted PACE method that has been presented here is promising for large sample analysis during quality control and for characterizing novel ß-agarase degradation mechanisms.

Role of number of sentinel nodes in predicting non-sentinel node metastasis in breast cancer.

Objective The aim of the present study was to determine how many sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are appropriate for predicting non-SLN metastasis in breast cancer. Methods The association between clinicopathological features and non-SLN metastasis was retrospectively analyzed in 472 patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) following SLN biopsy. Another 251 patients who underwent only SLN biopsy without ALND were analyzed and followed up for 2 years. Results A large tumor size, positive SLN, and HER-2 positivity were independent predictors of non-SLN metastasis. There were significant differences in non-SLN metastasis between patients with one negative SLN and patients with an absence of negative SLNs. There was no significant difference in non-SLN metastasis between patients with one negative SLN and two or more negative SLNs. The recurrence-free survival rate for patients who did not undergo ALND was 99.6% (245/246). Conclusion Surgeons should ensure that the number of SLNs obtained is appropriate. The presence of one negative SLN is enough in SLN biopsy. Considering the invasiveness of the surgery, two or more negative SLNs may be unnecessary.

Recent Advances in Marine Algae Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structure, and Activities.

Marine algae have attracted a great deal of interest as excellent sources of nutrients. Polysaccharides are the main components in marine algae, hence a great deal of attention has been directed at isolation and characterization of marine algae polysaccharides because of their numerous health benefits. In this review, extraction and purification approaches and chemico-physical properties of marine algae polysaccharides (MAPs) are summarized. The biological activities, which include immunomodulatory, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic, are also discussed. Additionally, structure-function relationships are analyzed and summarized. MAPs' biological activities are closely correlated with their monosaccharide composition, molecular weights, linkage types, and chain conformation. In order to promote further exploitation and utilization of polysaccharides from marine algae for functional food and pharmaceutical areas, high efficiency, and low-cost polysaccharide extraction and purification methods, quality control, structure-function activity relationships, and specific mechanisms of MAPs activation need to be extensively investigated.

RNA-Sequence Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) in Patients Exhibiting Different Risks of Tumor Metastasis.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women. In a previous study, we found that for two patients who had a high risk of lymphatic metastasis, lymphatic metastasis did not occur; whereas, for two patients who had a low risk of lymphatic metastasis, lymphatic metastasis did occur. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed the differential gene expressions of these four patients by RNA-sequence. The data (HRNM_T versus HRNM_N, LRYM_T versus LRYM_N, and HRNM_T versus LRYM_T) was then processed using differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, functional analysis for DEGs, and PPI network construct. RESULTS For HRNM_T versus HRNM_N, there were 224 DEGs. There were 504 DEGs for LRYM_T versus LRYM_N, and 88 DEGs for LRYM_T versus LRYM_N. For HRNM_T versus HRNM_N, DEGs were up-regulated mainly in the cell cycle, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and the progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation; DEGs were down-regulated mainly in the IL-17 signaling pathway. For LRYM_T versus LRYM_N, DEGs were up-regulated mainly in protein digestion and absorption, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction; DEGs were down-regulated mainly in ECM-receptor interaction. For HRNM_T versus LRYM_T, DEGs were up-regulated mainly in the PPAR signaling pathway; DEGs were downregulated mainly in the adipocytokine signaling pathway. The DEGs were screened to construct PPI networks. CONCLUSIONS The GO and KEGG functional enrichments of HRNM_T versus HRNM_N, and LRYM_T versus LRYM_N were consistent with earlier studies. For HRNM_T versus LRYM_T, DEGs were up-regulated mainly in PPAR signaling; DEGs were down-regulated mainly in the adipocytokine pathway.

[Establishment of an efficient regeneration system for Chinese cabbage cultured in vitro and histological observation of shoot development].

An efficient plant regeneration system from explants of petiole with cotyledon was developed for Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis Makino) in our study. High frequency of shoot regeneration was obtained in the medium containing BAP 2 mg/L, NAA 0.45 mg/L and 5-7.5 mg/L AgNO3 solution to the half of NH4+ concentration's MS basic medium, with 84.3 percent being the highest frequency of shoot regeneration in seven Chinese cabbage cultivars and one parentage, and the new formed shoots were observed six days after inoculation. Factors influencing in vitro explant regeneration were further studied. The results showed that there was positive correlation between frequency of shoot regeneration and number of shoots per explant. The regeneration plants produced flowers and fruits after about 50 days with low temperature treatment from 8 degrees C to 16 degrees C. Moreover, histological observation indicated that the mode of plant regeneration in B. campestris ssp. chinensis was similar to that of other Brassica crops, and adventitions buds were formed from globular meristematic cluster which derived from the cells of vascular parenchyma at the cut surface of petiole.