Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Chinese standardized outcomes in nephrology-hemodialysis fatigue (C-SONG-HD fatigue) scale: a study of Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the standardized outcomes in nephrology-hemodialysis fatigue (SONG-HD fatigue) scale and to assess the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the SONG-HD fatigue (C-SONG-HD fatigue) scale. METHODS: Forward and back translations were used to translate the SONG-HD fatigue scale into Chinese. We used the C-SONG-HD fatigue scale to survey Chinese patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) in China. We examined the distribution of responses and floor and ceiling effects. Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficient, intraclass coefficients, and Spearman correlations were used to assess internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity, respectively. Responsiveness was also evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 489 participants across southeast China, northwest China, and central China completed the study. The C-SONG-HD fatigue scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.861, omega coefficient 0.916), test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.695), and convergent validity (Spearman correlation 0.691). The analysis of all first-time HD patients did not show notable responsiveness, and only patients with temporary vascular access had good responsiveness with an effect size (ES) of 0.54, a standardized response mean (SRM) of 0.85, and a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 0.77. CONCLUSION: The Chinese version of the SONG-HD fatigue scale showed satisfactory reliability and validity in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) in China. It could be used as a tool to measure the fatigue of Chinese HD patients.

Improved photoelectric performance of all-inorganic perovskite through different additives for green light-emitting diodes.

The exceptional optical and electronic properties of all-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) perovskite make it an ideal new optoelectronic material, but low surface coverage limits its performance. The morphological characteristics of thin films have a great influence on the performance of perovskite light emitting diodes, especially at low coverage, and an inhomogeneous surface will lead to current leakage. To tackle this problem, the widespread adoption of composite layers including polymers poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and organic insulating poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and all-inorganic perovskites is an effective way to increase the surface coverage and uniformity of perovskite films and improve the performance of perovskite light emitting devices. In our work, the perovskite thin films are investigated by using PEO and PVP dual additives, and the optimized CsPbBr3-PEO-PVP LED with maximum luminance, current efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 2353 cd m-2 (at 7.2 V), 2.14 cd A-1 (at 6.5 V) and 0.85% (at 6.5 V) was obtained. This work indicates that the method of using additives is not only the key to enhancing the quality of perovskite thin film, but also the key to achieving a higher performance perovskite LED.