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PURPOSE: The presence of severely calcified plaque remains problematic in endovascular therapy, and no specific endovascular treatment strategy has been established. Estimating plaque solidity before the procedure may help operators penetrate calcified plaque with a guide wire. The aim of this study was to establish a method of measuring plaque solidity with noncontrast computed tomography (CT). METHODS: This retrospective, single-center study included consecutive patients who, between October 2020 and July 2022, underwent noncontrast 5 mm and 1 mm CTs before endovascular therapy to penetrate calcified plaque with a wire in the common femoral, superficial femoral, and popliteal arteries. Three cross-sectional CT slices were selected. To target a calcified plaque lesion, the operator identified a region of interest, which corresponded to 24×24 pixels, and Hounsfield unit (HU) values of each pixel were displayed on the CT image. The average HU values and the ratio of number of pixels of lower values (130-599 HU) represented plaque solidity. We used the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the chi-square test to compare the solidity of plaques penetrated and not penetrated by the wire. RESULTS: We evaluated 108 images of 36 calcified plaque lesions (in 19 patients). The wire penetrated 28 lesions (77.8%) successfully. The average HU value was significantly lower in the lesions that the wire penetrated than in the others, in both the 5 mm CT slices (434.7±86.8 HU vs 554.3±112.7 HU, p=0.0174) and 1 mm slices (497.8±103.1 HU vs 593.5±114.5 HU, p=0.0381). The receiver operating curve revealed that 529.9 and 533.9 HU in the 5 and 1 mm slices, respectively, were the highest values at which wires could penetrate. Moreover, at the lesions that were penetrates successfully, the ratio of number of lower HU value pixels was significantly higher both in 5 mm slice CTs (74.7±13.4 vs 61.7±13.1%, p=0.0347) and 1 mm (68.7±11.8 vs 57.1±11.4%, p=0.0174). CONCLUSION: The use of noncontrast CT to evaluate plaque solidity was associated with successful wire penetration of calcified lesions in peripheral arteries. CLINICAL IMPACT: This study revealed an association between the wire penetration inside calcified plaque and plaque solidity estimated using non-contrasted computed tomography. The mean Hounsfield unit values of three cross-sections in calcified plaques were associated with the successful wire penetration. This wire penetration difficulty is associated with extended procedure time, excessive radiation exposure, usage of extra contrast agents, and increased medical costs. Therefore, estimating calcified plaque solidity before procedure enables us to choose effective and lean procedures. In addition, to predict the success of dilating calcified plaque from the inside is also beneficial when the operator wants to avoid extra scaffold implantation for target lesions.
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BACKGROUND: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-A ECMO) requires a large amount of economic and human resources. The presence of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was focused on selecting appropriate V-A ECMO candidates. RESULT: This study retrospectively enrolled 39 patients with V-A ECMO due to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) between January 2010 and March 2019. The introduction criteria of V-A ECMO included the following: (1) < 75 years old, (2) CA on arrival, (3) < 40 min from CA to hospital arrival, (4) shockable rhythm, and (5) good activity of daily living (ADL). The prescribed introduction criteria were not met by 14 patients, but they were introduced to V-A ECMO at the discretion of their attending physicians and were also included in the analysis. Neurological prognosis at discharge was defined using The Glasgow-Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance and Overall Performance Categories of Brain Function (CPC). Patients were divided into good or poor neurological prognosis (CPC ≤ 2 or ≥ 3) groups (8 vs. 31 patients). The good prognosis group had a significantly larger number of patients who received bystander CPR (p = 0.04). The mean CPC at discharge was compared based on the combination with the presence of bystander CPR and all five original criteria. Patients who received bystander CPR and met all original five criteria showed significantly better CPC than patients who did not receive bystander CPR and did not meet some of the original five criteria (p = 0.046). CONCLUSION: Considering the presence of bystander CPR help in selecting the appropriate candidate of V-A ECMO among out-of-hospital CA cases.
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We experienced a case of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using appropriate infection prevention protocol. However, recanalization was difficult due to severe coagulopathy. Further researches are needed to clarify optimal treatment for STEMI in patients with COVID-19.
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A 35-year-old Japanese man was emergently admitted to our hospital with chief complaints of palpitation and dyspnea. He has been treated for Basedow's disease. He was diagnosed with acute decompensated heart failure, atrial fibrillation and thyrotoxicosis. We started anti-thyroid agents and a treatment for heart failure with beta blockers and diuretics under anti-coagulation therapy. His B-type natriuretic peptide levels remained high, although the heart failure had been compensated and the heart rate was well controlled while hyperthyroidism still existed. We should bear in mind that a discrepancy can exist between the clinical course and the B-type natriuretic peptide level in heart failure patients complicated with hyperthyroidism.
