The Effect of Nurses' Characteristics and Motivation on the Development of Their Career Intentions.

The aim of this study is to enrich nursing education by clarifying the relationship between personality traits, motivation, and career paths in professional nursing. This cross-sectional study surveyed 150 nurses from a polyclinic in Japan that performs internal medicine and surgery. The survey covered several aspects of personality, work motivation, and career development using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory, Work Motivation Scale, and Nurses' Job Career Scale. The demographics of the participants were also recorded. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the personality traits extraversion and agreeableness had a direct and positive impact on nurses' interest in team collaboration, but not on career development. Interest in career improvement was related to conscientiousness as a power toward purpose and openness as an aspect of curiosity. Conscientiousness and openness were indirectly related to the development and adjustment of interpersonal relationships and self-capability development through interest in career improvement. Interest in patient support positively impacted the implementation and pursuit of quality nursing. The findings highlight the need to account for individual differences in personality and motivation to support nurses' success during their nursing education and in the workplace.

Validity and reliability of Psychiatric Nurse Self-Efficacy Scales: cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To develop the Psychiatric Nurse Self-Efficacy Scales, and to examine their reliability and validity. DESIGN: We developed the Improved Self-Efficacy Scale (ISES) and Decreased Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES) using existing evidence. Statistical analysis was conducted on the data to test reliability and validity. SETTING: The study's setting was psychiatric facilities in three prefectures in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Data from 514 valid responses were extracted of the 786 responses by psychiatric nurses. OUTCOME MEASURES: The study measured the reliability and validity of the scales. RESULTS: The ISES has two factors ('Positive changes in the patient' and 'Prospect of continuing in psychiatric nursing') and the DSES has three ('Devaluation of own role as a psychiatric nurse', 'Decrease in nursing ability due to overload' and 'Difficulty in seeing any results in psychiatric nursing'). With regard to scale reliability, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.634-0.845. With regard to scale validity, as the factorial validity of the ISES and DSES, for the ISES, χ2/df (110.625/37) ratio=2.990 (p<0.001), goodness-of-fit index (GFI)=0.962, adjusted GFI (AGFI)=0.932, comparative fit index (CFI)=0.967 and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.062; for the DSES, χ2/df (101.982/37) ratio=2.756 (p<0.001), GFI=0.966, AGFI=0.940, CFI=0.943, RMSEA=0.059 and Akaike Information Criterion=159.982. The concurrent validity of the General Self-Efficacy Scale was r=0.149-0.446 (p<0.01) for ISES and r=-0.154 to -0.462 (p<0.01) for DSES, and the concurrent validity of the Stress Reaction Scale was r=-0.128 to 0.168 for ISES, r=0.214-0.398 for DSES (p<0.01).Statistical analyses showed the scales to be reliable and valid measures. CONCLUSIONS: The ISES and DSES can accurately assess psychiatric nurses' self-efficacy. Using these scales, it is possible to formulate programmes for improving psychiatric nurses' feelings of self-efficacy.

[Purpose of Using Mobility Scooters as Transportation Devices for Community-dwelling Elderly People and Changes in Their Daily Life].

Elderly people need a means to be able to move at their own will in order to stay socially active. One of the means of transportation is a mobility scooter. The purpose of this study was to find out how community-dwelling elderly people came to use a mobility scooter as a means of transportation and how they use it in their daily lives. We conducted a semi-structured interview with four participants regarding their background and actual experience of using a mobility scooter, and analyzed the data qualitatively and descriptively in three categories: Reason for Using a mobility scooter; Safe Use; and Activity and Participation. The reasons for using a mobility scooter were "Surrendered the driver's license", "Loss of means of mobility due to lower limb disability", "Interest in mobility scooters and Recommendation from others", and "Family support". "Safe use" consisted of four sub-categories: "Simple driving operation and safety assistance equipment", "Handling in a dangerous situation", "Current situation of daily use of mobility scooters without danger", and "Intention to continue using mobility scooters". In the "Activity and Participation" category, the three subcategories were "Maintain and expand activities", "Interact with others", and "Enjoy shopping by myself". While the use of mobility scooters enhances a person's life, it was suggested that efforts to prevent accidents should be made.

Attitudes related to social distance between commissioned welfare volunteers (minsei-iin) and people with mental illness.

Objective: This study explored the factors influencing commissioned welfare volunteers' (CWVs) attitudes toward mental illnesses and how their attitudes correlated with their social distance from people with mental illness. Materials and Methods: Data from 223 CWVs were analyzed statistically. Factor extractions for the Image for Mental Illness Scale (IMI) and Social Distance Scale (SDS) were calculated. We examined the relations between factors in IMI and SDS. Results: CWVs' attitudes were classified as Understanding (understanding of the condition), Secure (feelings of safety in the presence of those with mental illness), and Activity (reactions to the behaviors of people with mental illness). Social distance from those with mental illness was classified as Public and Private Interactions. CWVs' interactions with people with mental illness were significantly influenced by feeling Secure in the presence of the latter. Low Public and Private Interactions were influenced by older age. CWVs' "experience in providing consultations for mental illness" led to the avoidance of Private Interactions. Conclusion: CWVs should feel safe when involved in Public or Private Interactions with individuals with mental illness. CWVs reported a preference for a higher level of social distance from people with mental illness.

Exploration of the factors related to self-efficacy among psychiatric nurses.

The average length of hospital stay in the psychiatric ward is longer, and the risk of patient-to-nurse violence is higher than that in other departments. Therefore, psychiatric nurses' work environment may differ from that of other nurses. The factors related to psychiatric nurses' self-efficacy may also differ from those of general workers or other nurses. Mental health care that considers the characteristics of psychiatric nurses requires exploration of self-efficacy unique to psychiatric nurses. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the distinct factors related to psychiatric nurses' self-efficacy. The developed 24 items related to improvement in self-efficacy and 25 items related to decrease in self-efficacy were examined. The Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale was used to measure the validity of the factors. To extract the factors of self-efficacy, data from 132 nurses and assistant nurses who provided informed consent were analyzed, and the reliability and validity of the factors were calculated. The factors associated with improvement in self-efficacy were "Positive reactions by patients," "Ability to positively change nurse-patient relationship," and "Practicability of appropriate nursing." The factors associated with decrease in self-efficacy were "Uncertainty in psychiatric nursing" and "Nurses' role loss." The Cronbach's α for all factors exceeded .70. Of the five factors, four had significant weak-to-moderate correlations with the Japanese version of the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale; therefore, the validity was quantitatively confirmed with four factors. Interventions based on these four factors may improve psychiatric nurses' self-efficacy. Additionally, it is possible that this tool assesses the unique facets of self-efficacy rather than psychiatric nurses' general self-efficacy. Interventions to improve psychiatric nurses' self-efficacy based on the characteristics of psychiatry are needed.

Development of the School Teachers Job Stressor Scale (STJSS).

AIM: Japanese teachers are not only responsible for students but also for tasks outside the classroom, including engagement with parents and the community, and maintaining safety. They work longer hours and have lower self-efficacy than teachers in other countries. Thus, we aimed to develop an assessment scale for job stress in teachers and to evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODS: We developed the "School Teachers Job Stressor Scale (STJSS) Draft" comprising 45 items, based on previous anonymous self-report questionnaires collected from 98 teachers in four elementary and middle schools in Miyazaki City, Japan. Subsequently, the scale draft and the previously validated Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (23-item abridged version) were distributed to 2276 teachers from 73 elementary and middle schools in Miyazaki City. Finally, we analyzed data from 1300 participants. After excluding inappropriate data based on ceiling and floor effect analysis, we carried out a good-poor, item-total correlation, and exploratory factor analyses. We then verified construct validity, criterion-related validity, and reliability using correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. RESULTS: After item-total correlation analysis, five items were excluded. Exploratory factor analysis extracted five factors: "Time spent outside of work," "Self-assessment of one's ability as a teacher," "Relationship with other teachers," "Social interactions outside of teaching," and "Duties outside of teaching." The final version of the STJSS comprised 23 items and five factors. CONCLUSION: The 23-item STJSS developed to measure specific stressors in Japanese teachers to improve their mental health care could provide an accurate assessment tool with adequate reliability and validity.

Development of the Undergraduate Version of the Interprofessional Learning Scale.

PURPOSE: The undergraduate version of the Interprofessional Learning Scale (UIPLS) was developed to evaluate students' competency in interprofessional education because the existing scales were too professional for entry-level students to understand and respond to effectively. In addition, existing scales have some noted problems with validity and reliability. METHODS: An early 49-item version of the UIPLS was completed by 837 first-year students from two universities and one technical college, including departments for various professionals, in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. The most common age group was 18-19 years (89.4%) and 61.2% were women. Ten items from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were used to exclude respondents who tended to create a socially favorable impression and/or a possible random and incorrectly scored profile. Kikuchi's Social Skills Scale (18 items) was also used as an external standard to demonstrate the convergent validity of the UIPLS. RESULTS: Eighteen items across four factors were extracted by factor analysis: "reflection on group work," "attitude towards group work," "knowledge of interprofessional working," and "skill in group work." Internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (>0.75). CONCLUSIONS: With good indicators of its validity and reliability, the UIPLS shows some promising aspects to evaluate students' competency for interprofessional working.

Exploration of the Factor Structure of the Burden Experienced by Individuals Providing End-of-Life Care at Home.

In Japan, the number of elderly people who require long-term care is increasing as a result of the country's aging population. Consequently, the burden experienced by caregivers who provide end-of-life care at home has become a social problem. This study aimed to confirm the factor structure of such caregiver burden by analyzing the Japanese version of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (J-ZBI). The J-ZBI was administered to 389 caregivers providing end-of-life care, and 247 answers were analyzed, with exploratory factor analysis performed on the results. Consequently, a four-factor structure emerged (sacrificing life, personal strain, severe anxiety, and captivity); these four factors, constituting 15 items, were cumulatively named "J-ZBI_15." In regard to reliability, Cronbach's α coefficient for each factor was high; in terms of validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the four-factor structure, and the goodness of model fit was determined to be satisfactory. Further, the convergent validity was also high. The care burden experienced by those providing end-of-life care at home differs from the burden of caregivers of individuals with other diseases, such as Alzheimer's. For assessing the burden felt by this population, the 15-item four-factor ZBI model is more appropriate than the single-factor 22-item ZBI, and we also determined that J-ZBI_8 is unsuitable for this task. Thus, measurement of family caregivers' burden in regard to providing end-of-life care at home should be performed using the 15-item four-factor J-ZBI model.

Job-related stress in psychiatric assistant nurses.

Aim: We aimed to clarify how stress among psychiatric assistant nurses (PANs) differed from Registered Nurses (PRNs). Design: Cross-sectional survey study was conducted with PRNs and PANs working in six psychiatric hospitals in Japan. Methods: The Psychiatric Nurse Job Stressor Scale (PNJSS) and the job stressor and stress reaction subscales of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire measured stress in 68 PANs and 140 PRNs. The results were statistically analysed. Results: Psychiatric assistant nurses had significantly higher scores than PRNs on the job stressor subscales in psychiatric nursing ability, interpersonal relations and in the stress reaction subscales of irritability and somatic symptoms. "Psychiatric nursing ability," "Communication" and "Use of techniques" were associated with almost all stress reactions in PANs than in PRNs.

Factors Relating to Self-Efficacy Among Psychiatric Nurses.

This study aimed to clarify the factors related to self-efficacy experienced by psychiatric nurses. Analysis of qualitative descriptive data from a free self-description questionnaire administered to 16 psychiatric nurses working in psychiatric hospitals revealed 24 codes across the following 8 categories as factors that increase self-efficacy: A1. possibility of practical use in nursing, A2. nursing judgment, A3. improvement of psychiatric symptoms, A4. the patients presenting a positive attitude, A5. building a relationship of trust with the patients, A6. building a relationship of trust with other nurses, A7. work progressing according to plan and A8. team medical practice. Twenty-five codes across the following 10 categories were identified as factors that decrease self-efficacy: B1. lack of communication, B2. uncertainty in caregiving, B3. recurrence of psychiatric symptoms, B4. feeling overpowered by a patient, B5. sense of being too busy to work adequately, B6. difficulty in bringing about self-improvement, B7. sense of loss regarding one's role as a nurse, B8. lack of physical strength, B9. mechanical performance of nursing and B10. fluctuating view of nursing due to mistakes. These factors require intervention for psychiatric nurses' self-efficacy.

The Relation Between the Nurses' Difficulties About Care for People with Mental Disorder in General Wards and Their Negative Feeling About Hospitalization of the People.

The aim of this study was to explore the relations between nurses' difficulties in caring for persons living with mental disorders and negative feeling about hospitalization of these persons in general wards. Out of 150 nurses working in a local general hospital in Japan, 86 were eligible for this study. Exploratory factor analysis of the question items for symptoms and conditions with which the nurses had difficulty revealed two principal factors: symptoms like psychosis and neurosis. These factors were then compared in terms of the attitudes that nurses had toward hospitalizing those persons with mental disorders. The greater the negative attitudes toward hospitalizing the persons with mental disorders, the greater the difficulty in caring for them. It is thought that symptoms like psychosis were considered to be caused by schizophrenia, epilepsy, and dementia, and symptoms like neurosis were caused by mood disorder, personality disorder and depression. These principal factors seemed to be with two different difficulties. One is about dealing with their symptoms, another is to distinguish them. Non-psychiatric nurses seemed to be working without confidence in caring for those with mental health disorders. We thought the workloads were increased by symptoms like psychosis and mental burdens on nurses as emotional labors were increased by symptoms like neurosis. Therefore, it is necessary for nurses working in general wards to improve the consultation support system about mental disorders.

[Current State of Studies on Job-related Stress among Psychiatric Social Workers and Insights into Future Research].

We studied the characteristics of psychiatric social workers (PSWs) and present research on job-related stress among them; we also provide insights into the future of such research. In recent years, studies on job-related stress among PSWs have been gaining interest. In particular, stress associated with the repeated revisions of related laws has increased. Subsequently, it was found that occupational stress in PSWs differs qualitatively and quantitatively depending on educational history, years of experience, and service department. However, no scale captures the specific characteristics of job-related stress among PSWs. Moreover, the development of a mental health care program for PSWs seems difficult. To develop a mental health care program that caters specifically to this group, future research should focus on developing a scale that determines the specific characteristics of job-related stress among PSWs, which should be evaluated on the basis of each PSW's educational history, years of experience, and service department.

Association between airflow limitation severity and arterial stiffness as determined by the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: a cross-sectional study.

Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is often associated with concomitant systemic manifestations and comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease. There are limited data regarding airflow limitation (AL) and atherosclerosis in Japanese patients, and the potential association between AL and arterial stiffness has not yet been investigated in Japanese patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between AL severity and arterial stiffness using the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Methods This cross-sectional study included 1,356 subjects aged 40-79 years without clinical cardiovascular diseases who underwent a comprehensive health screening that included spirometry, the baPWV measurement, and blood sampling during medical check-ups in 2009 at the Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Health Care Center. AL was defined in accordance with the Global Initiative for COPD criteria (forced expiratory volume in one second / forced vital capacity of < 0.7). A cut-off baPWV value of >1,400 cm/s was used for risk prediction and screening. Results The average baPWV (SD) results were 1,578.0 (317.9), 1,647.3 (374.4), and 1,747.3 (320.1) cm/s in the patients with a normal pulmonary function, mild AL, and moderate-to-severe AL, respectively (p< 0.001). Using logistic regression models adjusted for the age, body mass index, smoking status, hypersensitive C-reactive protein levels, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, an increased baPWV (>1,400 cm/s) was significantly associated with moderate-to-severe AL compared with a normal pulmonary function (odds ratio=2.76; 95% confidence intervals, 1.37-5.55; p=0.004). Conclusion Our results indicated an association between AL and increased arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness may therefore worsen with an increase in the severity of AL.

Exploratory study of factors influencing job-related stress in Japanese psychiatric nurses.

This study explored the factor structure of psychiatric nurses' job-related stress and examined the specificity of the related stressors using the job stressor scale of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ). The stressor scale of the BJSQ was administered to 296 nurses and assistant nurses. Answers were examined statistically. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify factor structures; two factors (overload and job environment) were valid. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the two-factor structure and found 11 items with factor loadings of >0.40 (model 1), 13 items with factor loadings from 0.30 to <0.40 (model 2), and 17 items with factor loadings from 0.20 to <0.30 (model 3) for one factor; model 1 demonstrated the highest goodness of fit. Then, we observed that the two-factor structure (model 1) showed a higher goodness of fit than the original six-factor structure. This differed from subscales based on general workers' job-related stressors, suggesting that the factor structure of psychiatric nurses' job-related stressors is specific. Further steps may be necessary to reduce job-related stress specifically related to overload including attention to many needs of patients and job environment including complex ethical dilemmas in psychiatric nursing.

Job-related stress in psychiatric nurses in Japan caring for elderly patients with dementia.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the specificity and structures of job-related stress in psychiatric dementia nurses (PDNs) caring for elderly patients with serious behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia who required substantial assistance with activities of daily living, in order to obtain fundamental knowledge toward providing mental health care for these nurses. METHODS: Subjects were 244 nurses [63 PDNs and 181 other psychiatric nurses (OPNs)] RESULTS: Analysis of covariance to examine the specificity of job-related stress in PDNs revealed physical workload and work environment to be more significant stressors, and irritability and anxiety to be more significant stress reactions in PDNs than in OPNs. An examination of PDNs' job-related stress structures established in a structural equation model with two stress reactions confirmed as specific outcomes for PDNs revealed a significant positive influence of work environment on irritability; utilization of techniques for anxiety and physical workload influenced both stress reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of reducing physical workload and environment and establishing a structure for nursing techniques in psychiatric dementia wards to improve the mental health of PDNs.

Differences in job stress experienced by female and male Japanese psychiatric nurses.

In psychiatric nursing, female nurses tend to spend more time building rapport with patients and developing cooperative working relationships with colleagues; they encounter more sexual harassment by patients. In contrast, male nurses respond to aggressive patients and tend to resist physically caring for female patients; they encounter more physical and verbal assault from patients. These gender differences might result in differences in job-related stress. We quantitatively examined gender differences in psychiatric nurses' job stress. The Psychiatric Nurse Job Stressor Scale and the Stress Reaction Scale of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire were administered to 159 female and 85 male Japanese psychiatric nurses. The results indicated that female nurses had significantly higher stress levels than males related to psychiatric nursing ability, attitude towards nursing, and stress reactions of fatigue and anxiety. Moreover, the factors affecting stress reactions differed somewhat between sexes. In particular, male nurses reported that greater irritability was affected by patients' attitudes. Their anxiety and somatic symptoms were affected by their attitude towards nursing, and depressed mood was affected by psychiatric nursing ability. Knowledge of these differences can lead to better mental health-care interventions for psychiatric nurses.

Development of the Psychiatric Nurse Job Stressor Scale (PNJSS).

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to develop a tool, the Psychiatric Nurse Job Stressor Scale (PNJSS), for measuring the stress of psychiatric nurses, and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the PNJSS. METHODS: A total of 302 psychiatric nurses completed all the questions in an early version of the PNJSS, which was composed of 63 items and is based on past literature of psychiatric nurses' stress. RESULTS: A total of 22 items from four factors, 'Psychiatric Nursing Ability', 'Attitude of Patients', 'Attitude Toward Nursing' and 'Communication', were extracted in exploratory factor analysis. With regard to scale reliability, the item-scale correlation coefficient was r = 0.265-0.570 (P < 0.01), the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.675-0.869, and the test-retest correlation coefficient was r = 0.439-0.771 (P < 0.01). With regard to scale validity, the convergent validity of the 'job stressor' scale was r = 0.172-0.420 (P < 0.01), and the predictive validity of the 'job reaction' scale was r = 0.201-0.453 (P < 0.01). The compatibility of the factor model to the data was 1.750 (χ(2) /d.f., 343.189/196, P < 0.01), the goodness of fit index was 0.910, the adjusted goodness of fit index was 0.883, the comparative fit index was 0.924, and the root mean square error of approximation was 0.050. CONCLUSIONS: The PNJSS has sufficient reliability and validity as a four-factor structure containing 22 items, and is valid as a tool for evaluating psychiatric nurse job stressors.

A1330V polymorphism of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 gene and bone mineral density in Japanese male workers.

OBJECTIVES: Both genetic and lifestyle factors have been shown to influence bone mineral density (BMD). We investigated the correlations between BMD and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) A1330V (rs3736228) polymorphism, exercise, smoking, and alcohol intake in Japanese male workers. METHODS: The subjects were 829 male employees (aged 20-59 years) of a large-scale integrated manufacturing facility in Japan. BMD was measured at the nondominant radius by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Lifestyle information was obtained by a questionnaire at the same time, and genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral leukocytes. RESULTS: Mean ± standard deviation (SD) BMD was 0.557 ± 0.059 g/cm(2). The genotype frequencies of LRP5 gene polymorphism were 51, 42, and 7% for AA, AV, and VV, respectively. Analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test indicated that mean BMD was significantly lower in subjects with VV genotype than in those with AA genotype (0.540 ± 0.048 versus 0.562 ± 0.062 g/cm(2)). According to multiple linear regression analysis, LRP5 A1330V polymorphism was an independent determinant of BMD, after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), and lifestyle variables. Exercise (past or current) also influenced BMD. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that LRP5 A1330V polymorphism and exercise may influence BMD in Japanese male workers.

Relationship between changes of bone mineral density over seven years and A1330V polymorphism of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 gene or lifestyle factors in Japanese female workers.

A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the relation between the changes of bone mineral density (BMD) over a seven-year period and A1330V polymorphism of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene or lifestyle factors. The subjects were 113 premenopausal female employees from a large-scale integrated manufacturing facility in Japan aged 25.6 ± 4.2 years (mean ± standard deviation) at baseline. BMD was measured at the radius by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Lifestyle information was obtained by a questionnaire. The genotype frequencies of LRP5 gene polymorphism were 52%, 39%, and 9% for AA, AV, and VV, respectively. After seven years, BMD showed a significant decrease (from 0.463 ± 0.045 to 0.456 ± 0.046 g/m²) in subjects with the AV or VV genotypes, but not in subjects with the AA genotype. Analysis of covariance with adjustment for age and body mass index showed that subjects who drank alcohol displayed a significantly greater change of BMD if they had the AV or VV genotype than if they had the AA genotype (F=4.547, p=0.036). Investigation of LRP5 A1330V polymorphism may be useful for identifying individuals who are susceptible to osteoporosis, allowing early preventive measures to be provided.

[Current state of research on occupational stress of psychiatric nurses and insight into its future].

In this report, we surveyed the occupational stress of psychiatric department nurses who said that the burnout rate was high and the turnover rate of nurses who quit shortly after being hired. Insight into the future of such research is described. In previous research, the occupational stress of psychiatric department nurses varied by each ward function, such as the wards of psychiatric department acute period, the psychiatric department recuperation period and the psychiatric department geriatric period, in which much research concerning the stress of psychiatric department nurses has been reported. However, at present, many of the questionnaire investigations used to measure and evaluate the occupational stress of psychiatric department nurses have not used a standard set up based on knowledge concerning the occupational stress of psychiatric department nurses. Hereafter, in research on the stress of psychiatric department nurses, standards with enough reliability and validity to measure and evaluate the occupational stress of psychiatric department nurses are still being searched for. Also, the development of mental health care in the psychiatric department ward according to these standards is expected.