A hybrid process for 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicidal treatment and its microbial identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

The feasibility of coupling photocatalysis and a biological treatment to remove a herbicide - 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) - from pure water was examined using batch experiments following three protocols: aerated (A-BR) and non-aerated biodegradation (NA-BR) alone, and intimately combined photodegradation and biodegradation (P-B). In view of a subsequent biological treatment, 15 and 180 min irradiation times were chosen in accordance with spectrophotometric and LC-MS/MS results that indicated the decrease in the COD/TOC ratio during photocatalysis. Pre-treatment led to a quick decrease in concentration of 2,4-D and COD during the biological process: a 78.79 ± 0.30% COD removal and 38.23 ± 3.12% 2,4-D elimination was measured after 5760 min in A-BR, and 80.89 ± 0.81% COD and 81.36 ± 1.37% 2,4-D removal was achieved after 2880 min in P-B. For species identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time of flight (TOF)-TOF/MS equipment, Aeromonas eucrenophila, Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Ralstonia pickettii, Sphingobacterium multivorum and Acinetobacter towneri were identified with high accuracy, and they play important roles in the degradation of 2,4-D.

Treatment of landfill leachate with laboratory scale vertical flow constructed wetlands: plant growth modeling.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the removal of ammonia, orthophosphate, and COD present in landfill leachate using vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland systems (VFCW). The effect of different types of plants (Typha latifolia and Canna indica) in the removal of pollutants was also investigated. The systems were operated identically at a flow rate of 5 l/day and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 22 days in the T. latifolia reactor (R1), C. indica reactor (R2), and Control reactor (R3). Concentration-based average removal efficiencies for R1, R2, and R3 were NH4-N; 60.0%, 56.0%, and 46, COD; 81.0%, 84.0%, and 79.0%, PO4-P; 45.0%, 46.0%, and 32.0%, respectively. These results show that the model is a good predictive tool for determining the plant lengths using the growth equations. It is also revealed that the Logistic and Cubic models are suitable for the R1 and R2 reactors.

The impact of textile wastewater irrigation on the growth and development of apple plant.

In this work, the effect of irrigation with textile wastewaters on the growth and development of "Golden Delicious" apple sapling was examined over a one-year period. Municipal water prepared as a control sample (T0), 1/3 diluted (T1), and undiluted (T2) raw textile wastewater was used as the three different irrigation water samples. Two replications of each test were performed on three random samples each time. When examining the effects of T0, T1, and T2 irrigation water on plant growth, it was found that T1 irrigation water significantly increased the weight, the shoot length, and the diameter of the sapling. Despite increasing Ni and Cr metals in the apple saplings' leaves when irrigated with T2 water, plant growth was restricted due to the lack of basic nutrients. When taking certain aspects into account, such as the proper treatment of wastewater, then 1/3 diluted textile wastewater can be used as agricultural irrigation water for the apple plants.

Application of the removal of pollutants from textile industry wastewater in constructed wetlands using fuzzy logic.

There are more than a hundred textile industries in Turkey that discharge large quantities of dye-rich wastewater, resulting in water pollution. Such effluents must be treated to meet discharge limits imposed by the Water Framework Directive in Turkey. Industrial treatment facilities must be required to monitor operations, keep them cost-effective, prevent operational faults, discharge-limit infringements, and water pollution. This paper proposes the treatment of actual textile wastewater by vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) systems operation and monitoring effluent wastewater quality using fuzzy logic with a graphical user interface. The treatment performance of VFCW is investigated in terms of chemical oxygen demand and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) content, color, and pH parameters during a 75-day period of operation. A computer program was developed with a fuzzy logic system (a decision- making tool) to graphically present (via a status analysis chart) the quality of treated textile effluent in relation to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation. Fuzzy logic is used in the evaluation of data obtained from the VFCW systems and for notification of critical states exceeding the discharge limits. This creates a warning chart that reports any errors encountered in a reactor during the collection of any sample to the concerned party.

Evaluation of the treatment performance of lab-scaled vertical flow constructed wetlands in removal of organic compounds, color and nutrients in azo dye-containing wastewater.

The objective of this study is to examine the treatment performance of vertical flow intermittent feeding constructed wetland (VFCW) in removal of organic pollution, nutrients and color in azo-dye containing wastewater. The systems consisted of PVC reactors, some filling materials such as gravel, sand and zeolite and wetland plants including Typha angustifolia and Canna indica. The average treatment efficiency of the systems for COD, color, sulphate, NH4-N, and PO4-P were in the range of 57-63%, 94-99%, 44-48%, 39-44%, and 84-88%, respectively among the VFCW reactors. It is concluded that VFCW reactor system can effectively be used in the treatment of dye-rich wastewater, especially for the removal of color and in the reduction of COD. Biofilm formation and cleavage of azo bonds could be observed by SEM and FTIR results, respectively. Almost similar NH4-N and PO4-P removal were obtained in all reactors by using same amount of zeolite media.

The macro nutrient removal efficiencies of a vertical flow constructed wetland fed with demineralized cheese whey powder solution.

This study aims to remove the macro-sized nutrients that are present in the cheese whey powder solution through the use of constructed wetland systems. For this purpose, 70% and 40% demineralized solutions of cheese whey powder were used. For both concentrations, control reactors are run in parallel with Typha angustifolia planted reactors for the duration of a 92 day period. Zeolite and gravel were used as the filling material. The planted reactor, which was fed with the 70% solution, was named as Cheese Whey Powder Solution (CWPS) 1 and its unplanted control was named CWPS 2 while the reactor, which was fed with the 40% solution, was named as CWPS 3 and its unplanted control was named CWPS 4. The removal of COD, PO4-P and NH4-N were obtained as 37.47%, 45.62%, and 68.88% in CWPS 1; 24.89%, 35.74%, and 63.15% in CWPS 2; 51.15%, 54.96%, and 64.13% in CWPS 3; and 28.35%, 23.99%, and 65.92% in CWPS 4, respectively.

Comparison of horizontal and vertical constructed wetland systems for landfill leachate treatment.

The main purpose of this study was to treat organic pollution, ammonia and heavy metals present in landfill leachate by the use of constructed wetland systems and to quantify the effect of feeding mode. The effect of different bedding material (gravel and zeolite surface) was also investigated. A pilot-scale study was conducted on subsurface flow constructed wetland systems operated in vertical and horizontal mode. Two vertical systems differed from each other with their bedding material. The systems were planted with cattail (Typha latifolia) and operated identically at a flow rate of 10 l/day and hydraulic retention times of 11.8 and 12.5 day in vertical 1, vertical 2 and horizontal systems, respectively. Concentration based average removal efficiencies for VF1, VF2 and HF were NH(4)-N, 62.3%, 48.9% and 38.3%; COD, 27.3%, 30.6% and 35.7%; PO(4)-P, 52.6%, 51.9% and 46.7%; Fe(III), 21%, 40% and 17%, respectively. Better NH(4)-N removal performance was observed in the vertical system with zeolite layer than that of the vertical 2 and horizontal system. In contrast, horizontal system was more effective in COD removal.