RESUMO
This study was performed to determine whether multiparous pregnant women are prone to influenza. A questionnaire survey was conducted at 19 centres located throughout Japan, targeting all 6,694 postpartum women within 7 days after birth before leaving the hospital. All women gave birth during the study period between March 1, 2015, and July 31, 2015. Data regarding vaccination and influenza infection in or after October 2014, age, previous experience of childbirth, and number and ages of cohabitants were collected. Seventy-eight percent (n = 51,97) of women given questionnaires responded. Of these, 2,661 (51 %) and 364 (7.0 %) women reported having been vaccinated and having contracted influenza respectively. Multiparous women had a higher risk of influenza regardless of vaccination status (8.9 % [121/1362] vs 5.7 % [74/1299], relative risk [95 % confidence interval], 1.80 [1.36 to 2.38] for vaccinated and 9.3 % [112/1198] vs 4.3 % [57/1328], 2.18 [1.60 to 2.97] for unvaccinated women) compared to primiparous women. The risk of influenza increased with increasing number of cohabitants: 4.8 % (100/2089), 7.5 %, (121/1618), 9.0 %, (71/785), and 10.4 % (58/557) for women with 1, 2, 3, and ≥4 cohabitants respectively. Family size is a risk factor for influenza infection in pregnancy.
Assuntos
Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Povo Asiático , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Japão/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The coordinate expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in leaves and stems of a red forma of Perilla frutescens is presumably controlled by regulatory gene(s). A Myc-like gene (Myc-rp) was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the leaves of red P. frutescens, and its deduced amino acid sequence shows 64% identity with that of delila from snapdragon. The Myc-rp gene was expressed in leaves and roots of both red and green P. frutescens equally. Comparison of deduced amino acid sequence of Myc-rp with that of Myc-gp, the second allele isolated from a green forma of P. frutescens, indicates that the 132nd amino acid, alanine, existing in MYC-RP was changed to serine in MYC-GP. The heterologous expression of these two alleles of Myc-like gene in tobacco and tomato resulted in an increase of the anthocyanin contents in flowers of tobacco and vegetative tissues and flowers of tomato. However, the flowers of transgenic tobacco expressing the fragment with a partial deletion (encoding 1-115 amino acids deleted) of Myc(-gp gave no change in anthocyanin accumulation, but some morphological changes of the flower were observed. In yeast, the MYC-RP/GP and Delila protein exhibited transactivation activity on the GAL-1 promoter from yeast and the promoter of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) gene from P. frutescens. A transactivation domain of MYC-RP/GP and Delila could be located in the region between the 193rd and the 420th amino acid of MYC-RP/GP proteins. Our data indicate that this Myc-like gene presumably functions in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis similarly in different tissues of dicot plants.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/biossíntese , Genes de Plantas/genética , Lamiaceae/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Oxirredutases do Álcool/genética , Oxirredutases do Álcool/metabolismo , Alelos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Northern Blotting , Clonagem Molecular , DNA Complementar/química , DNA Complementar/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos da radiação , Genes myc/genética , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lamiaceae/química , Lamiaceae/metabolismo , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Pigmentação/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Plantas Tóxicas , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/efeitos da radiação , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Distribuição Tecidual , Nicotiana/genética , Ativação Transcricional , beta-Galactosidase/genética , beta-Galactosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) molecules, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta are cytokines involved in the acute-phase response against infection and in the pathogenesis of periodontal destruction. Administration of exogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is effective in reducing the inflammatory reactions mediated by IL-1. However, the relationship between these three naturally occurring IL-1 molecules and periodontal diseases has been poorly characterized. We investigated the correlation of gingival crevicular IL-1 molecules and the clinical status of patients with different severities of periodontitis. IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1ra and the total IL-1/IL-1ra ratio (IL-1 activity index; IL-1AI) were measured in 75 gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples from non-inflamed gingiva sites in 2 healthy subjects and diseased sites in 7 patients with several types of periodontitis. IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1ra were measured by specific non-cross-reactive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The probing depth, gingival index and alveolar bone loss of each site was recorded at the time of GCF sampling. The total amount of IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta and the IL-1AI, but not total IL-1ra, were found to be correlated with alveolar bone loss score. Three IL-1 molecules were also measured in the gingival tissue of patients with periodontitis. A similar progressive decrease of the IL-1AI was detected in gingival tissue with periodontitis. These results suggest that the amounts of both crevicular IL-1 and IL-1AI are closely associated with periodontal disease severity.
