Risk Factors for Developing Metachronous Superficial Gastric Epithelial Neoplasms after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection.

Background: Although endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) provides a high rate of curative resection, the remaining gastric mucosa after ESD is at risk for metachronous superficial gastric epithelial neoplasms (MSGENs). It leaves room for risk factors for developing MSGENs after ESD. This study aimed to identify clinicopathological risk factors for the occurrence of MSGENs, and to evaluate the association of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) with the MSGENs. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 369 patients with 382 lesions that underwent ESD for adenoma/early gastric cancer. Results: Twenty-seven MSGENs occurred. The subjects were divided into MSGEN and not-MSGEN groups. There was a significantly higher frequency of histological intestinal metaplasia (HIM) and initial neoplasm location in the upper or middle parts (INUM) in the MSGEN group. The HIM and INUM groups had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of MSGENs. We compared 27 patients from the MSGEN group and 27 patients from the not-MSGEN group that were matched to the MSGEN group for variables including HIM and INUM. There was a significantly higher frequency of the spontaneous disappearance of H. pylori in the MSGEN group. Conclusions: HIM, INUM, and the spontaneous disappearance of H. pylori may be clinicopathological risk factors for developing MSGENs after ESD.

Usefulness of Adding Maspin Staining to p53 Staining for EUS-FNA Specimens of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided puncture aspiration biopsy (EUS-FNA) of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly diagnostic, but it is difficult to distinguish from benign disease. Our objective was to determine the usefulness of maspin staining, in addition to conventional p53 staining, in the diagnosis of PDAC by EUS-FNA. Methods: Of the patients who underwent EUS-FNA and were diagnosed with PDAC, we retrospectively identified 90 cases in which both maspin and p53 staining were performed. In addition, we identified 28 cases of benign pancreatic disease diagnosed using EUS-FNA and these were selected as a control group. For analysis of EUS-FNA specimens, Cohen's Kappa (κ) coefficient and the prevalence and bias adjusted Kappa statistic (PABAK) were applied to assess the significance of sensitivity and specificity, comparing p53, maspin, p53+maspin. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of p53 staining were 48.9% and 100%. The κ coefficient was 0.31 (95%CI 0.18−0.44) (p < 0.01) and the PABAK coefficient was 0.22 (95%CI 0.03−0.40). The results for maspin staining were 88.9% and 92.9%. The κ coefficient was 0.72 (95%CI 0.54−0.90) (p < 0.01) and the PABAK coefficient was 0.78 (95%CI 0.64−0.88). The results for the combination of maspin and p53 staining were 94.4% and 92.2%. The κ coefficient was 0.82 (95%CI 0.64−1.00) (p < 0.01) and the PABAK coefficient was 0.86 (95%CI 0.74−0.94). Conclusion: Adding maspin staining to p53 staining showed high sensitivity and specificity. Our results demonstrated the usefulness of their combined use that might contribute to the improvement of tissue diagnostic performance of PDAC by EUS-FNA.

Curative resection with endoscopic submucosal dissection of early gastric cancer in Helicobacter pylori-negative Ménétrier's disease: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Adult-onset Ménétrier's disease is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and an elevated risk of carcinogenesis. Cases of early-stage gastric cancer developed in H. pylori-negative Ménétrier's disease are extremely rare. We report a case of early gastric cancer in H. pylori-negative Ménétrier's disease that was curatively resected with endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). CASE SUMMARY: A 60-year-old woman was referred to our hospital after her medical examination detected anemia. Contrast-enhanced upper gastrointestinal (UGI) radiography revealed translucency of the nodule-aggregating surface with giant rugae. Blood tests showed hypoproteinemia and were negative for serum H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies. The 99mTc-DTPA-human serum albumin scintigraphy showed protein loss from the stomach. UGI endoscopy showed a 40-mm protruding erythematous lesion on giant rugae of the greater curvature of lower gastric body, suggesting early-stage gastric cancer due to Ménétrier's disease. En bloc resection with ESD was performed for diagnosis and treatment. Histology of ESD showed well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. The cancer was confined to the mucosa, and complete curative resection was achieved. Foveolar hyperplasia and atrophy of the gastric glands were observed in non-tumor areas, histologically corresponding to Ménétrier's disease. Three years after ESD, gastric cancer had not recurred, and Ménétrier's disease remained in remission with spontaneous regression of giant gastric rugae. CONCLUSION: Complete curative resection was achieved through ESD in a patient with early-stage gastric cancer and H. pylori-negative Ménétrier's disease.

Salvage Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Local Recurrence of Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer after Photodynamic Therapy.

Photodynamic therapy is useful as organ-preservation salvage therapy for residual recurrence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after chemoradiation therapy. However, the high residual recurrence rate of photodynamic therapy poses a problem. We herein report a patient who underwent photodynamic therapy for recurrence of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after chemoradiation therapy. The patient later exhibited another episode of recurrence of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and R0 curative resection was obtained with endoscopic submucosal dissection. This suggests that endoscopic submucosal dissection may be an effective treatment option that can achieve R0 resection even for residual superficial cancer after salvage photodynamic therapy.

Development of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a Fructose-containing Western Diet.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We generated a novel disease mouse model in which a fructose-containing western diet (FD) induces development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: C57BL/6J mice were fed FD for 60 weeks and body weight and blood pressure were monitored. Plasma cholesterol level was measured at the end of the experiments. Histopathology of NASH was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson-Trichrome staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and immunohistochemistry against a proliferation marker. Circadian gene expression levels were compared by sampling the livers in 4-h intervals, followed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: FD-fed mice developed obesity, transient hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and liver adiposity. The mice spontaneously developed hepatic nodules, which were diagnosed as non-neoplastic nodular regenerative hyperplasia. FD-fed mice had increased expression of growth factor genes and cirrhosis markers compared to control mice. Circadian expression of lipid metabolism genes was deregulated by FD intake. CONCLUSION: C57BL/6J mice fed FD developed non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and nodular regenerative hyperplasia over time.

Whole circumferential endoscopic submucosal dissection of superficial adenocarcinoma in long-segment Barrett's esophagus: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) derived from long-segment Barrett's esophagus (LSBE) is extremely rare in Asia. LSBE-related EAC is often difficult to diagnose in the horizontal extent. If the tumor has spread throughout the LSBE, whole circumferential endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) should be performed, which is difficult to complete safely. Additionally, whole circumferential ESD can bring refractory postoperative stenosis. We hereby report a case of EAC involving the whole circumference of the LSBE, achieving complete endoscopic removal without complications. CASE SUMMARY: An 85-year-old man with the chief complaint of dysphagia underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. We suspected a flat-type cancerous lesion that extended the whole circumference of the LSBE (C 3.5, M 4.0) using narrow-band imaging magnification endoscopy (NBI-M). We achieved circumferential en bloc resection of the lesion safely with special ESD techniques. Histology of the ESD specimens demonstrated that the superficial EAC extended the whole circumference of the LSBE, and papillary or well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma was confined in the lamina propria mucosa showing a vertical negative margin. To prevent post-ESD stenosis, we performed endoscopic local injection of steroids, followed by oral administration of steroids. There was no evidence of esophageal refractory stenosis or tumor recurrence 30 mo after ESD. In summary, we experienced a rare case of LSBE-related EAC. The horizontal tumor extent was accurately diagnosed by NBI-M. Additionally, we achieve whole circumferential ESD safely without postoperative refractory stenosis. CONCLUSION: NBI-M, ESD, and steroid therapy enabled the curative resection of superficial full circumferential LSBE-related EAC without refractory postoperative stenosis.

Multiple esophageal ulcers due to tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily for ulcerative colitis.

A 26-year-old man was admitted to our institution for ulcerative colitis treatment. He used mesalamine, steroid, immunomodulators, and anti-TNFα anti-body, but it was difficult to maintain remission. We started induction therapy with tofacitinib (TOF) 10 mg twice daily. He maintained clinical remission but had chest pain 44 days after the start of TOF. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed multiple ulcers from middle to lower esophagus. Although rare, TOF induced esophageal ulcers were considered based on his clinical course and endoscopic findings.

Microsatellite Analysis of Recurrent Lesions Confirms Merit of Anatomical Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aimed to obtain accurate differential diagnosis (DDx) of multicentric carcinogenesis (MC) and intrahepatic metastasis (IM) in recurrent lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 79 patients who underwent re-hepatectomy (2000-2013) were examined. PCR was used to analyze 13 chromosomal microsatellite loci by PCR. On the basis of this genetic analysis, the recurrent lesions were diagnosed as IM, MC or not determined (ND). Subsequently, DDx was compared with types of resection and outcome. RESULTS: The recurrent lesions were diagnosed as IM in 33 patients, MC in 44, and ND in 2. The anatomical resection group included 14 IM lesions (28%) and 36 MC lesions (72%), while the non-anatomical resection group included 19 IM lesions (70%) and 8 MC lesions (30%) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Anatomical resection at initial hepatectomy may reduce the likelihood of IM recurrence, leading to a better outcome for patients with HCC.

Impact of Tumor Location on Postoperative Outcome of Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct.

BACKGROUND: The concept of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) has been proposed to be the biliary equivalent of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. While the classification of IPMNs is based on their location of duct involvement, such classification has not been fully evaluated for IPNBs. The aim of this study is to investigate the value of IPNB classification based on its location. METHODS: A total of 306 consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection with a diagnosis of bile duct tumor were enrolled. Among these patients, 21 were diagnosed as having IPNB. The IPNBs were classified into two groups as follows: extrahepatic IPNB, which located in the distal or perihilar bile duct, and intrahepatic IPNB, which located more peripherally than the hilar bile duct. The clinicopathological features of the two groups were then compared. RESULTS: Extrahepatic IPNB tended to show more invasive characteristics than intrahepatic IPNB (presence of invasive component: 40.0 vs. 9.1%, p = 0.084). Moreover, patients with extrahepatic IPNB showed significantly poorer relapse-free survival (RFS) than those with intrahepatic IPNB [5-year RFS rate (%): 81.8 vs. 16.2, p = 0.014]. CONCLUSION: Patients with intrahepatic IPNB show more favorable pathological characteristics and postoperative survival outcomes than those with extrahepatic IPNB.

A case of obstructive jaundice due to early carcinoma of the cystic duct protruding into the common bile duct.

INTRODUCTION: Cystic duct carcinoma is a rare disease, and only 33 cases reported worldwide have completely fulfilled the criteria first established by Farrar in 1951. Here we describe an extremely rare case of early cystic duct carcinoma that fulfilled the Farrar criteria, the papillary tumour protruding into the common bile duct, leading to obstructive jaundice. CASE PRESENTATION: A 76-year-old man visited a clinic with icteric conjunctivae, and was referred to our hospital for investigation of suspected obstructive jaundice. He was initially diagnosed as having a distal bile duct carcinoma on the basis of ultrasonography (US), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC), and underwent pancreatoduodenectomy with regional lymphadenectomy. Macroscopic examination showed that the stalk of the papillary tumour originated from the cystic duct, and that the protruding lesion was 50 mm in size. Histopathological examination revealed the tumour to be a papillary adenocarcinoma confined within the fibromuscular layer, with no evidence of lymph node metastasis. Therefore, the final diagnosis was early cystic duct carcinoma. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first case report of obstructive jaundice due to early carcinoma of the cystic duct protruding into the bile duct, with characteristics fulfilling the Farrar criteria.

Hepatic myomatous angiomyolipoma diagnosedpreoperatively from specific imaging features: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatic angiomyolipoma is a rare tumour and is difficult to obtain the accurate diagnosis preoperatively because the imaging features are similar to hepatocellular carcinoma. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We present a case study of an 80-year old woman with a liver tumour measuring 6.2 cm × 6.0 cm. We were able to diagnose the tumour preoperatively as a rare hepatic myomatous angiomyolipoma based on the presence of early venous return evident on angiography and small low-intensity areas corresponding to fat within the tumour revealed by out-of-phase EOB-MRI. The tumour was removed by minimally invasive surgery and our preoperative diagnosis was confirmed by positive immunoreactivity for both angiomyolipoma-specific human melanoma black 45 and smooth muscle cell positivity for melanin. DISCUSSION: We consider that the information obtained in this case will be useful for preoperative diagnosis of other hepatic angiomyolipomas, thus facilitating more appropriate and less invasive surgery and improving the overall outcome. CONCLUSION: Hepatic myomatous angiomyolipoma is a rare tumour. We illustrated the two specific imaging features to diagnose it preoperatively.

Pilot study on probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for colorectal neoplasms: an initial experience in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this pilot study is to investigate the diagnostic yield of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) in the evaluation of depth of invasion in colorectal lesions. METHODS: Patients with colorectal lesions eligible for either endoscopic treatment or surgery were enrolled in the study. Tumor's depth of invasion was classified as mucosal or slight submucosal (M-SM1) and deep submucosal invasion or deeper (SM2 or deeper). White light endoscopy (WLE), magnifying narrow band imaging (M-NBI), and magnifying chromoendoscopy (M-CE) were used to assess colorectal lesions, and pCLE was used to identify tumor's features related to SM2 or deeper. The diagnostic classification of depth of invasion was obtained by correlating pCLE findings with histology results (on-site diagnosis). All colorectal lesions were stratified by a second endoscopist who was blinded to any clinical and histological information with the use of WLE, M-NBI, M-CE, and pCLE (off-line review). RESULTS: A total of 22 colorectal lesions were analyzed: seven were adenoma, ten intramucosal cancer, and five SM2 or deeper cancer. With respect to pCLE findings, loss of crypt structure was seen in all SM2 or deeper cancers and only in one M-SM1 lesion. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of WLE, M-NBI, and M-CE in off-line review were 60/94/86, 60/94/86, and 80/94/91%, respectively. Sensitivity/specificity/accuracy of pCLE in off-line review were 80/94/91%, respectively. The inter-observer agreement of pCLE between on-site diagnosis and off-line review was 0.64 (95%CI 0.27-1.0). CONCLUSIONS: pCLE may represent a useful tool to evaluate the depth of invasion in colorectal lesions.

Gastric Adenocarcinoma of the Fundic Gland Type after Endoscopic Therapy for Metachronous Gastric Cancer.

A 78-year-old man underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric adenocarcinoma twice in 2009 and 2014. Between the procedures, he successfully completed Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. In May 2015, upper endoscopy screening showed two elevated lesions on the gastric fundus, and en bloc resection by ESD was performed. We histopathologically diagnosed the patient to have gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type. In this case, the two lesions of gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type multifocally developed after ESD for metachronous gastric tubular adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, they appeared in the gastric fundus, where atrophy had been improved due to eradication therapy.

Short-term outcomes following endoscopic submucosal dissection of large protruding colorectal neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Although submucosal dissection is useful for treating laterally spreading colorectal tumors, there is little information regarding the endoscopic treatment of large protruding colorectal neoplasms. Here, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for protruding colorectal neoplasms ≥ 20 mm in diameter. METHODS: In total, 112 consecutive patients undergoing treatment between January 2005 and June 2017 were enrolled retrospectively. The study period was divided into six periods to evaluate any changes in outcomes over time. We reviewed all short-term clinical outcomes, including lesion characteristics, procedure time, and percentages of en bloc resection, curative resection, adverse events, and treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: The percentages of en bloc, en bloc R0, and en bloc curative resections were 88 %, 82 %, and 59 %, respectively. Perforation occurred in 11 patients (10 %), and the endoscopic procedure was discontinued in five patients (4 %) because of technical difficulty. For lesions ≥ 40 mm in diameter, the procedure time showed a statistically significant decreasing trend in the latter half of the study period. However, the rate of cure did not improve along with enhancements to the procedure's technological aspects. CONCLUSIONS: Although endoscopic submucosal dissection for large protruding lesions has advanced in terms of its technical aspects, its ability to cure large protruding neoplasms has not shown gratifying results.

Clinical importance of colonoscopy in patients with gastric neoplasm undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection.

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of total colonoscopy (TCS) for patients undergoing gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and to assess risk factors for colorectal neoplasms. METHODS: Of the 263 patients who underwent ESD at our department between May 2010 and December 2013, 172 patients undergoing TCS during a one-year period before and after ESD were targeted. After excluding patients with a history of surgery or endoscopic therapy for colorectal neoplasms, 158 patients were analyzed. Of the 868 asymptomatic patients who underwent TCS during the same period because of positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) results, 158 patients with no history of either surgery or endoscopic therapy for colorectal neoplasms who were matched for age and sex served as the control group for comparison. RESULTS: TCS revealed adenoma less than 10 mm in 53 patients (33.6%), advanced adenoma in 17 (10.8%), early colorectal cancer in 5 (3.2%), and advanced colorectal cancer in 4 (2.5%). When the presence or absence of adenoma less than 10 mm, advanced adenoma, and colorectal cancer and the number of adenomas were compared between patients undergoing ESD and FIT-positive patients, there were no statistically significant differences in any of the parameters assessed. The patients undergoing ESD appeared to have the same risk of colorectal neoplasms as the FIT-positive patients. Colorectal neoplasms were clearly more common in men than in women (P = 0.031). Advanced adenoma and cancer were significantly more frequent in patients with at least two of the following conditions: hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing gastric ESD, TCS appears to be important for detecting synchronous double neoplasms. Advanced adenoma and cancer were more common in patients with at least two of the following conditions: hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Caution is therefore especially warranted in patients with these risk factors.

Role of regenerating gene I in claudin expression and barrier function in the small intestine.

We have recently shown that loss of the regenerating gene (Reg) I causes susceptibility to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal damage. However, the mechanism by which Reg I plays a protective role against this pathophysiological condition is unclear. Here, we investigated whether Reg I plays roles in the induction of tight junction proteins and mucosal barrier function in the small intestine. The small-intestinal permeability was evaluated in Reg I-deficient mice by FITC-dextran and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) assay. The effect of REG Iα on TEER, claudins expression, and intracellular signaling was examined using Caco2 cells in vitro. Small-intestinal expression of claudins 3 and 4 was investigated in Reg I-deficient mice in vivo. REG I deficiency significantly decreased the expression of claudin 3 in the small-intestinal epithelium. When mice were treated with indomethacin, the serum level of FITC-dextran in Reg I knockout mice was significantly higher than that in wild-type (WT) mice. The level of small-intestinal TEER was significantly decreased in Reg I knockout mice compared with WT mice under normal condition. REG Iα stimulation significantly enhanced the level of TEER in Caco2 cells. Treatment with REG Iα enhanced the expression of claudins 3 and 4 and promoted Sp1, Akt, and ERK phosphorylation in Caco2 cells, whereas these effects were attenuated by treatment with anti-REG Iα antibody. Reg I may play a role in the maintenance of mucosal barrier function by inducing tight junction proteins such as claudins 3 and 4.

Ulcerative Colitis-associated Cancer/Dysplasia Detected Using Surveillance Colonoscopy Performed in the Clinical Remission Phase: A Report of Five Cases.

We herein report five cases of ulcerative colitis-associated cancer/dysplasia. Although clinical remission had been achieved in all patients, mucosal inflammation had been resolved in only one patient. Thus, in order to prevent cancer from developing, appropriate medical therapy aiming not only to relieve the clinical symptoms, but also to suppress chronic inflammation appears to be necessary. Moreover, cancer occurred as early as 4 years after the diagnosis in one patient. In patients without complete resolution of mucosal inflammation, careful surveillance colonoscopy should be initiated in the early phase.

Molecular pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancers.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) results from the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic mucosa to adenocarcinoma. Approximately 75% of CRCs are sporadic and occur in people without genetic predisposition or family history of CRC. During the past two decades, sporadic CRCs were classified into three major groups according to frequently altered/mutated genes. These genes have been identified by linkage analyses of cancer-prone families and by individual mutation analyses of candidate genes selected on the basis of functional data. In the first half of this review, we describe the genetic pathways of sporadic CRCs and their clinicopathologic features. Recently, large-scale genome analyses have detected many infrequently mutated genes as well as a small number of frequently mutated genes. These infrequently mutated genes are likely described in a limited number of pathways. Gene-oriented models of CRC progression are being replaced by pathway-oriented models. In the second half of this review, we summarize the present knowledge of this research field and discuss its prospects.

Aberrant keratin 7 and 20 expression in triple-negative carcinoma of the breast.

Early studies characterizing the keratin (K) profile of various epithelial tissues indicated that breast carcinoma is K7 positive and K20 negative, but not all breast carcinomas show this profile. Triple-negative carcinoma (TNC) has been characterized by negativity for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and Her2/neu protein. TNC is more likely to metastasize to the viscera and present as a metastatic poorly different carcinoma. In our study, on the basis of immunohistochemical staining of ER, PgR, and Her2/neu, 75 of the 290 patients with invasive breast carcinoma were judged to have TNC. K20 expression was detected in 6 of 75 patients with TNC, and non-TNC was negative in all 215 cases (P = .0003). K7 expression was also detected in 72 of 75 TNC cases. However, non-TNC was negative in 26 of 215 cases, which was significant (P = .0457). An aberrant profile of K was observed in the TNC group, indicating that caution is needed in determining the site of primary tumors using immunohistochemical algorithms. It should be kept in mind that patients with TNC show highly variable K profiles in practical diagnosis.

Usefulness of intraoperative observation using a fluorescence imaging instrument for patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia.

The authors evaluated the usefulness of intraoperative photodynamic eye (PDE) observation in patients with nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI). Between February 2012 and July 2013, 6 patients who had undergone emergency surgery for NOMI were enrolled. Intraoperative PDE observation was performed to decide the adequate length of bowel resection including all skipped dark spots, which could not be detected as ongoing mucosal ischemic changes under visible light observation. All ongoing mucosal ischemic changes were easily detected as dark spots using PDE observation in all 6 patients. The mean length of adequate ileal resection (92 ± 48 cm) was significantly longer than that of ischemic ileum (85 ± 50 cm) (mean ± SD) (P = 0.043). After resection of an adequate length of bowel, all the patients had a good course until discharge without incidents due to residual bowel ischemia, except for 1patient who died. PDE observation is useful for deciding the adequate length of bowel to resect, including ongoing mucosal ischemic changes that cannot be detected under visible light observation. In patients with NOMI, resection of an adequate length of bowel is necessary to prevent postoperative incidents due to residual bowel ischemia.