Hierarchical Fusion Network with Enhanced Knowledge and Contrastive Learning for Multimodal Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis on Social Media.

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a task of fine-grained sentiment analysis that aims to determine the sentiment of a given target. With the increased prevalence of smart devices and social media, diverse data modalities have become more abundant. This fuels interest in multimodal ABSA (MABSA). However, most existing methods for MABSA prioritize analyzing the relationship between aspect-text and aspect-image, overlooking the semantic gap between text and image representations. Moreover, they neglect the rich information in external knowledge, e.g., image captions. To address these limitations, in this paper, we propose a novel hierarchical framework for MABSA, known as HF-EKCL, which also offers perspectives on sensor development within the context of sentiment analysis. Specifically, we generate captions for images to supplement the textual and visual features. The multi-head cross-attention mechanism and graph attention neural network are utilized to capture the interactions between modalities. This enables the construction of multi-level aspect fusion features that incorporate element-level and structure-level information. Furthermore, for this paper, we integrated modality-based and label-based contrastive learning methods into our framework, making the model learn shared features that are relevant to the sentiment of corresponding words in multimodal data. The results, based on two Twitter datasets, demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model.

Determinism of microbial community assembly by drastic environmental change.

Microbial community assembly is shaped by deterministic and stochastic processes, but the relationship between these processes and the environment is not understood. Here we describe a rule for the determinism and stochasticity of microbial community assembly affected by the environment using in silico, in situ, and ex situ experiments. The in silico experiment with a simple mathematical model showed that the existence of essential symbiotic microorganisms caused stochastic microbial community assembly, unless the community was exposed to a non-adapted nutritional concentration. Then, a deterministic assembly occurred due to the low number of microorganisms adapted to the environment. In the in situ experiment in the middle of a river, the microbial community composition was relatively deterministic after the drastic environmental change caused by the treated wastewater contamination, as analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Furthermore, by culturing microbial communities collected from the upstream natural area and downstream urban area of the river in test tubes with varying carbon source concentrations, the upstream community assembly became deterministic with high carbon concentrations while the downstream community assembly became deterministic with low carbon concentrations. These results suggest that large environmental changes, which are different from the original environment, result in a deterministic microbial community assembly.

MazF activation causes ACA sequence-independent and selective alterations in RNA levels in Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli MazF is a toxin protein that cleaves RNA at ACA sequences. Its activation has been thought to cause growth inhibition, primarily through indiscriminate cleavage of RNA. To investigate responses following MazF activation, transcriptomic profiles of mazF-overexpressing and non-overexpressing E. coli K12 cells were compared. Analyses of differentially expressed genes demonstrated that the presence and the number of ACA trimers in RNA was unrelated to cellular RNA levels. Mapping differentially expressed genes onto the chromosome identified two chromosomal segments in which upregulated genes formed clusters, and these segments were absent in the chromosomes of E. coli strains other than K12. These results suggest that MazF regulates selective, rather than indiscriminate, categories of genes, and is involved in the regulation of horizontally acquired genes. We conclude that the primary role of MazF is not only cleaving RNA indiscriminately but also generating a specific cellular state.

Enhancement of Binding Affinity of Folate to Its Receptor by Peptide Conjugation.

(1) Background: The folate receptor (FR) is a target for cancer treatment and detection. Expression of the FR is restricted in normal cells but overexpressed in many types of tumors. Folate was conjugated with peptides for enhancing binding affinity to the FR. (2) Materials and Methods: For conjugation, folate was coupled with propargyl or dibenzocyclooctyne, and 4-azidophenylalanine was introduced in peptides for "click" reactions. We measured binding kinetics including the rate constants of association (ka) and dissociation (kd) of folate-peptide conjugates with purified FR by biolayer interferometry. After optimization of the conditions for the click reaction, we successfully conjugated folate with designed peptides. (3) Results: The binding affinity, indicated by the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), of folate toward the FR was enhanced by peptide conjugation. The enhanced FR binding affinity by peptide conjugation is a result of an increase in the number of interaction sites. (4) Conclusion: Such peptide-ligand conjugates will be important in the design of ligands with higher affinity. These high affinity ligands can be useful for targeted drug delivery system.

Comparison between Effects of Retroactivity and Resource Competition upon Change in Downstream Reporter Genes of Synthetic Genetic Circuits.

Reporter genes have contributed to advancements in molecular biology. Binding of an upstream regulatory protein to a downstream reporter promoter allows quantification of the activity of the upstream protein produced from the corresponding gene. In studies of synthetic biology, analyses of reporter gene activities ensure control of the cell with synthetic genetic circuits, as achieved using a combination of in silico and in vivo experiments. However, unexpected effects of downstream reporter genes on upstream regulatory genes may interfere with in vivo observations. This phenomenon is termed as retroactivity. Using in silico and in vivo experiments, we found that a different copy number of regulatory protein-binding sites in a downstream gene altered the upstream dynamics, suggesting retroactivity of reporters in this synthetic genetic oscillator. Furthermore, by separating the two sources of retroactivity (titration of the component and competition for degradation), we showed that, in the dual-feedback oscillator, the level of the fluorescent protein reporter competing for degradation with the circuits' components is important for the stability of the oscillations. Altogether, our results indicate that the selection of reporter promoters using a combination of in silico and in vivo experiments is essential for the advanced design of genetic circuits.

A Highly Bioactive Lys-Deficient IFN Leads to a Site-Specific Di-PEGylated IFN with Equivalent Bioactivity to That of Unmodified IFN-α2b.

Although conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) improves the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins, it drastically decreases their bioactivity. Site-specific PEGylation counters the reduction in bioactivity, but developing PEGylated proteins with equivalent bioactivity to that of their unmodified counterparts remains challenging. This study aimed to generate PEGylated proteins with equivalent bioactivity to that of unmodified counterparts. Using interferon (IFN) as a model protein, a highly bioactive Lys-deficient protein variant generated using our unique directed evolution methods enables the design of a site-specific di-PEGylated protein. Antiviral activity of our di-PEGylated IFN was similar to that of unmodified IFN-α2b. The di-PEGylated IFN exhibited 3.0-fold greater antiviral activity than that of a commercial PEGylated IFN. Moreover, our di-PEGylated IFN showed higher in vitro and in vivo stability than those of unmodified IFN-α2b. Hence, we propose that highly bioactive Lys-deficient proteins solve the limitation of conventional PEGylation with respect to the reduction in bioactivity of PEGylated proteins.

Opposing roles of IgM and IgD in BCR-induced B-cell survival.

The B-cell receptor (BCR) transmits a tonic survival signal in the absence of antigen stimulation and an antigen-triggered survival signal. Mature B cells express two types of BCR, IgM and IgD, but it remains unclear how B-cell survival is differentially regulated by these two receptors. We found that, whereas cross-linking IgM on spleen B cells greatly enhanced their survival, cross-linking IgD did not enhance, but rather decreased, their survival. Consistently, cross-linking both IgM and IgD only moderately enhanced B-cell survival, suggesting that IgM and IgD play opposing roles in B-cell survival induced by BCR stimulation. Based on these and additional experimental results, we present a mathematical model integrating IgM- and IgD-mediated survival signals. Our model shows that IgD can transmit a tonic survival signal in the absence of antigen stimulation but cross-linking IgD not only does not generate a survival signal but also disrupts its tonic signal, resulting in inhibition of B-cell survival. These results suggest that IgD attenuates BCR-induced survival in mature B cells, presumably to restrain B-cell response to weak and/or self-antigens and prevent nonspecific B-cell activation and autoimmunity.

Escherichia coli expression, purification, and refolding of human folate receptor α (hFRα) and ß (hFRß).

Human folate receptors (hFRα and hFRß) are membrane proteins anchored to the cell surface by glycosylphosphatidylinositol. They play an important role in cell growth by taking up folate for de novo synthesis of purines and methylation of DNA, lipids, and proteins. Thus, controlling folate uptake through hFRs may lead to the development of anti-cancer drugs. Development of hFRs-targeting drug requires a large amount of hFRs. However, it is difficult to prepare active forms of hFRs from prokaryotic cells because of their high content of cysteine residues that form disulfide bonds. Here, we prepared active forms of hFRα and hFRß from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli. The crucial steps in our preparation were intensive washing of the inclusion bodies to remove impurities derived from E. coli and gradual dropping of solubilized hFRs into refolding buffers to correctly reform disulfide bonds. The binding activity of prepared hFRs to folate was confirmed by biolayer interferometry measurements. Finally, we successfully prepared the active form of 2.52 mg hFRα and 2.4 mg hFRß from 10 g of E. coli cell bodies.

Effect of light wavelength on hot spring microbial mat biodiversity.

Hot spring associated phototrophic microbial mats are purely microbial communities, in which phototrophic bacteria function as primary producers and thus shape the community. The microbial mats at Nakabusa hot springs in Japan harbor diverse photosynthetic bacteria, mainly Thermosynechococcus, Chloroflexus, and Roseiflexus, which use light of different wavelength for energy conversion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the phototrophs on biodiversity and community composition in hot spring microbial mats. For this, we specifically activated the different phototrophs by irradiating the mats with different wavelengths in situ. We used 625, 730, and 890 nm wavelength LEDs alone or in combination and confirmed the hypothesized increase in relative abundance of different phototrophs by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition to the increase of the targeted phototrophs, we studied the effect of the different treatments on chemotrophic members. The specific activation of Thermosynechococcus led to increased abundance of several other bacteria, whereas wavelengths specific to Chloroflexus and Roseiflexus induced a decrease in >50% of the community members as compared to the dark conditions. This suggests that the growth of Thermosynechococcus at the surface layer benefits many community members, whereas less benefit is obtained from an increase in filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs Chloroflexus and Roseiflexus. The increases in relative abundance of chemotrophs under different light conditions suggest a relationship between the two groups. Aerobic chemoheterotrophs such as Thermus sp. and Meiothermus sp. are thought to benefit from aerobic conditions and organic carbon in the form of photosynthates by Thermosynechococcus, while the oxidation of sulfide and production of elemental sulfur by filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs benefit the sulfur-disproportionating Caldimicrobium thiodismutans. In this study, we used an experimental approach under controlled environmental conditions for the analysis of natural microbial communities, which proved to be a powerful tool to study interspecies relationships in the microbiome.

A model integrating tonic and antigen-triggered BCR signals to predict the survival of primary B cells.

The BCR constitutively transmits a "tonic" survival signal in the absence of exogenous antigen-binding. However, the strength of tonic BCR signal and its relationship with antigen-triggered survival signal are poorly understood. We found that primary B cells expressing high levels of BCR had elevated BCR tonic signal and increased survival compared with those expressing low levels of BCR. In addition, we found that crosslinking BCR with low doses of F(ab')2 α-IgM antibodies did not enhance, but rather decreased, B cell survival and that only when most of the BCR were occupied by F(ab')2 α-IgM antibodies was B cell survival enhanced. Based on these experimental results, we present a mathematical model integrating tonic and antigen-triggered BCR signals. Our model indicates that the signal generated from crosslinked BCR is 4.3 times as strong as the tonic signal generated from free BCR and that the threshold of B cell activation corresponds to the signal generated by crosslinking 61% of the surface BCR. This model also allows the prediction of the survival probability of a B cell based on its initial BCR level and the strength and duration of antigen stimulation, and fits with the mechanism of B cell tolerance.

Two site genetic incorporation of varying length polyethylene glycol into the backbone of one peptide.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different lengths was genetically incorporated into the backbone of a polypeptide using stop-anticodon and frameshift anticodon-containing tRNAs, which were acylated with PEG-containing amino acids.

In vitro selection of a photoresponsive peptide aptamer to glutathione-immobilized microbeads.

Photoresponsive peptide aptamer to glutathione-immobilized microbeads was in vitro selected using ribosome display incorporated with tRNA carrying an amino acid coupled with an azobenzene.

Effects of downstream genes on synthetic genetic circuits.

BACKGROUND: In order to understand and regulate complex genetic networks in living cells, it is important to build simple and well-defined genetic circuits. We designed such circuits using a synthetic biology approach that included mathematical modeling and simulation, with a focus on the effects by which downstream reporter genes are involved in the regulation of synthetic genetic circuits. RESULTS: Our results indicated that downstream genes exert two main effects on genes involved in the regulation of synthetic genetic circuits: (1) competition for regulatory proteins and (2) protein degradation in the cell. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings regarding the effects of downstream genes on regulatory genes and the role of impedance in driving large-scale and complex genetic circuits may facilitate the design of more accurate genetic circuits. This design will have wide applications in future studies of systems and synthetic biology.

General applicability of synthetic gene-overexpression for cell-type ratio control via reprogramming.

Control of the cell-type ratio in multistable systems requires wide-range control of the initial states of cells. Here, using a synthetic circuit in E. coli, we describe the use of a simple gene-overexpression system combined with a bistable toggle switch, for the purposes of enabling the wide-range control of cellular states and thus generating arbitrary cell-type ratios. Theoretically, overexpression induction temporarily alters the bistable system to a monostable system, in which the location of the single steady state of cells can be manipulated over a wide range by regulating the overexpression levels. This induced cellular state becomes the initial state of the basal bistable system upon overexpression cessation, which restores the original bistable system. We experimentally demonstrated that the overexpression induced a monomodal cell distribution, and subsequent overexpression withdrawal generated a bimodal distribution. Furthermore, as designed theoretically, regulating the overexpression levels by adjusting the concentrations of small molecules generated arbitrary cell-type ratios.

Tunability of the ratio of cell states after the synthetic diversification by the diversity generator.

The autonomous generation of phenotypic diversity in embryonic cell populations can be explained by Waddington's landscape. The landscape proposes that intra- and inter-cellular interactions mediate the generation of cellular diversity. Recently, we implemented, in a population of Escherichia coli, a synthetic diversification, which is governed by inter-cellular signaling mediated by acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL). The cells with the diversity generator diversified into two distinct cell states, "high" and "low," if all of the cells started from the low state. The ratio of the states after the diversification was affected by the velocity of autonomous signal accumulation, which depends on the cell density and the AHL production rate of individual cells. The dependency of the ratio on the initial cell density is reminiscent of the community effect, which is observed in animal development and is important for ES-cell differentiation. Therefore, it is worthwhile reviewing the roles of natural animal gene networks with similar topologies to the diversity generator design. The diversity generator design will also be the basis for a tool to direct cell fates on the population level in tissue engineering. Here, we discuss the tunability of the ratio of cell states by our synthetic circuit design.

A multiphysics model of in vitro transcription coupling enzymatic reaction and precipitation formation.

Multiphysics modeling, which integrates the models studied in different disciplines so far, is an indispensable approach toward a comprehensive understanding of biological systems composed of diverse phenomena. However, the variety of the models is narrower than the actual diverse phenomena because of the difficulty in coupling independent models separately studied in different disciplines for the actual coupled phenomena. In this study, we develop a mathematical model coupling an enzymatic reaction and mineralization formation. As a test case, we selected an in vitro transcription system where a transcription reaction occurs along with the precipitation formation of magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg(2)PPi). To begin, we experimentally elucidated how the transcription reaction and the precipitation formation are coupled. In the analysis, we applied a Michaelis-Menten-type equation to the transcription reaction and a semiempirical equation describing the correlation between the induction period and the supersaturation ratio to the precipitation formation, respectively. Based on the experimental results, we then integrated these two models. These models were connected by supersaturation that increases as the transcription reaction proceeds and becomes the driving force of the precipitation. We believe that our modeling approach could significantly contribute to the development of newer multiphysics models in systems biology such as bone metabolic networks.

Tunable synthetic phenotypic diversification on Waddington's landscape through autonomous signaling.

Phenotypic diversification of cells is crucial for developmental and regenerative processes in multicellular organisms. The diversification concept is described as the motion of marbles rolling down Waddington's landscape, in which the number of stable states changes as development proceeds. In contrast to this simple concept, the complexity of natural biomolecular processes prevents comprehension of their design principles. We have constructed, in Escherichia coli, a synthetic circuit with just four genes, which programs cells to autonomously diversify as the motion on the landscape through cell-cell communication. The circuit design was based on the combination of a bistable toggle switch with an intercellular signaling system. The cells with the circuit diversified into two distinct cell states, "high" and "low," in vivo and in silico, when all of the cells started from the low state. The synthetic diversification was affected by not only the shape of the landscape determined by the circuit design, which includes the synthesis rate of the signaling molecule, but also the number of cells in the experiments. This cell-number dependency is reminiscent of the "community effect": The fates of developing cells are determined by their number. Our synthetic circuit could be a model system for studying diversification and differentiation in higher organisms. Prospectively, further integrations of our circuit with different cellular functions will provide unique tools for directing cell fates on the population level in tissue engineering.

Construction of a genetic AND gate under a new standard for assembly of genetic parts.

BACKGROUND: Appropriate regulation of respective gene expressions is a bottleneck for the realization of artificial biological systems inside living cells. The modification of several promoter sequences is required to achieve appropriate regulation of the systems. However, a time-consuming process is required for the insertion of an operator, a binding site of a protein for gene expression, to the gene regulatory region of a plasmid. Thus, a standardized method for integrating operator sequences to the regulatory region of a plasmid is required. RESULTS: We developed a standardized method for integrating operator sequences to the regulatory region of a plasmid and constructed a synthetic promoter that functions as a genetic AND gate. By standardizing the regulatory region of a plasmid and the operator parts, we established a platform for modular assembly of the operator parts. Moreover, by assembling two different operator parts on the regulatory region, we constructed a regulatory device with an AND gate function. CONCLUSIONS: We implemented a new standard to assemble operator parts for construction of functional genetic logic gates. The logic gates at the molecular scale have important implications for reprogramming cellular behavior.

Quantitative design and experimental validation for a single-molecule DNA nanodevice transformable among three structural states.

In this work, we report the development and experimental validation of a coupled statistical thermodynamic model allowing prediction of the structural transitions executed by a novel DNA nanodevice, for quantitative operational design. The efficiency of target structure formation by this nanodevice, implemented with a bistable DNA molecule designed to transform between three distinct structures, is modeled by coupling the isolated equilibrium models for the individual structures. A peculiar behavior is predicted for this nanodevice, which forms the target structure within a limited temperature range by sensing thermal variations. The predicted thermal response is then validated via fluorescence measurements to quantitatively assess whether the nanodevice performs as designed. Agreement between predictions and experiment was substantial, with a 0.95 correlation for overall curve shape over a wide temperature range, from 30 C to 90 C. The obtained accuracy, which is comparable to that of conventional melting behavior prediction for DNA duplexes in isolation, ensures the applicability of the coupled model for illustrating general DNA reaction systems involving competitive duplex formation. Finally, tuning of the nanodevice using the current model towards design of a thermal band pass filter to control chemical circuits, as a novel function of DNA nanodevices is proposed.

A new modeling method in feature construction for the HSQC spectra screening problem.

MOTIVATION: Large-scale biological analyses produce huge amounts of data. As a consequence, automation in the data analysis process is needed. Sample screening problems in NMR high-throughput protein structure analysis are the typical examples. Especially, screening by protein (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra must be done quantitatively by a human expert. One popular solution for this problem is data mining. Machine learning methods can automatically extract rules and achieve high accuracy in prediction when a good quality training dataset is prepared. However, they tend to be a black box and the learned machines suffer the risk of overfitting to the dataset. RESULTS: We propose a model which evaluates HSQC spectra for feature construction. The model calculates similarity between the measured chemical shifts and those of a random coil peak model. We applied our feature construction method for the machine learning discrimination of folded protein HSQC spectra from unfolded ones, and compared our model-based features with those of conventional sequence-based features and image recognition features. The results revealed that our method has sufficient discrimination power and less overfits on training data, as compared to the other methods. In addition, our method succeeded reduction of input data complexity towards further investigation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.