A case of surgical treatment for bronchial foreign bodies with obstructive pneumonia.

Children and older adults are prone to unintentional foreign body aspiration. A 69-year-old man with fever and anorexia presented with obstructive pneumonia resulting from foreign body aspiration. Attempts to remove the foreign body using a bronchoscope failed due to its adhesion to the periphery of the bronchus. Although antibiotic therapy did not improve the obstructive pneumonia caused by the bronchial foreign body, surgery enabled an improvement. The surgical specimen showed similar pathological findings as the fine brown granular material observed in root granulomas occurring as a complication following leakage of root canal filling used in the treatment of dental caries. Therefore, the bronchial foreign body may have been a dental filling. Case reports describing surgical improvement of difficult-to-remove bronchial foreign bodies with concurrent infection are rare.

PET Scanning May Not Distinguish Benign Schwannoma from Metastasis in a Patient with Lung Adenocarcinoma.

A 69-year-old man was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma with metastasis because two masses in the right intercostal space and right back muscle showed high accumulation on positron emission tomography (PET). The 6-month treatment with osimertinib significantly reduced his lung lesion, but no changes were observed in the metastatic lesions. Needle biopsy revealed that the lesion in the right back muscle was a schwannoma. Surgical resection revealed that the right intercostal lesion was also a schwannoma; subsequently, a right upper lobectomy was performed. The patient was finally diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma without metastasis. High accumulations of lesions observed on PET may indicate schwannomas. LEARNING POINTS: Benign schwannomas could show high accumulations on positron emission tomography.Accurate diagnosis of schwannoma using only images is quite challenging.Histological examinations should be considered when asymptomatic lesions are suspected to be metastases.

Senescent CD8+ T cells acquire NK cell-like innate functions to promote antitumor immunity.

It has been suggested that aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) results in a decline in the acquired immune response, which is associated with an increase in age-related tumorigenesis. T-cell senescence plays a critical role in immunosenescence and is involved in the age-related decline of the immune function, which increases susceptibility to certain cancers. However, it has been shown that CD8+ T cells with the senescent T-cell phenotype acquire an natural killer (NK) cell-like function and are involved in tumor elimination. Therefore, the role of senescent CD8+ T cells in tumor immunity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of senescent CD8+ T cells in tumor immunity. In a murine model of transferred with B16 melanoma, lung metastasis was significantly suppressed in aged mice (age ≥30 weeks) in comparison to young mice (age 6-10 weeks). We evaluated the cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells in vitro and found that CD8+ T cells from aged mice activated in vitro exhibited increased cytotoxic activity in comparison to those from young mice. We used Menin-deficient effector T cells as a model for senescent CD8+ T cells and found that cytotoxic activity and the expression of NK receptors were upregulated in Menin-deficient senescent CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, Menin-deficient CD8+ T cells can eliminate tumor cells in an antigen-independent manner. These results suggest that senescent effector CD8+ T cells may contribute to tumor immunity in the elderly by acquiring NK-like innate immune functions, such as antigen-independent cytotoxic activity.

The histone demethylase Utx controls CD8+ T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity via epigenetic regulation of the effector function.

CD8+ T cells play a central role in antitumor immune responses. Epigenetic gene regulation is essential to acquire the effector function of CD8+ T cells. However, the role of Utx, a demethylase of histone H3K27, in antitumor immunity remains unclear. In this study, we examined the roles of Utx in effector CD8+ T-cell differentiation and the antitumor immune response. In a murine tumor-bearing model, an increased tumor size and decreased survival rate were observed in T-cell-specific Utx KO (Utx KO) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The number of CD8+ T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was significantly decreased in Utx KO mice. We found that the acquisition of effector function was delayed and attenuated in Utx KO CD8+ T cells. RNA sequencing revealed that the expression of effector signature genes was decreased in Utx KO effector CD8+ T cells, while the expression of naïve or memory signature genes was increased. Furthermore, the expression of Cxcr3, which is required for the migration of effector CD8+ T cells to tumor sites, was substantially decreased in Utx KO CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that Utx promotes CD8+ T-cell-dependent antitumor immune responses partially through epigenetic regulation of the effector function.

The Inhibition of Glycolysis in T Cells by a Jak Inhibitor Ameliorates the Pathogenesis of Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Mice.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and atopic dermatitis develop through delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions mediated by T cells. The development of immunomodulatory drugs, such as Jak inhibitors, would be useful for the long-term management of these diseases owing to their profile of favorable adverse effects. However, the efficacy of Jak inhibitors for ACD treatment has not been fully determined under a variety of settings. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of ruxolitinib, a Jak inhibitor for Jak1 and Jak2, using a mouse ACD model. As a result, the lower numbers of immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and possibly macrophages, as well as milder pathophysiological aspects have been observed in the inflamed skin of ACD with the administration of ruxolitinib. In addition, the treatment of differentiating T cells with ruxolitinib downregulated the level of IL-2-mediated glycolysis in vitro. Furthermore, symptoms of ACD did not develop in T-cell-specific Pgam1-deficient mice whose T cells had no glycolytic capacity. Taken together, our data suggest that the downregulation of glycolysis in T cells by ruxolitinib could be an important factor in the suppression of ACD development in mice.

The early neutrophil-committed progenitors aberrantly differentiate into immunoregulatory monocytes during emergency myelopoiesis.

Inflammatory stimuli cause a state of emergency myelopoiesis leading to neutrophil-like monocyte expansion. However, their function, the committed precursors, or growth factors remain elusive. In this study we find that Ym1+Ly6Chi monocytes, an immunoregulatory entity of neutrophil-like monocytes, arise from progenitors of neutrophil 1 (proNeu1). Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) favors the production of neutrophil-like monocytes through previously unknown CD81+CX3CR1lo monocyte precursors. GFI1 promotes the differentiation of proNeu2 from proNeu1 at the cost of producing neutrophil-like monocytes. The human counterpart of neutrophil-like monocytes that also expands in response to G-CSF is found in CD14+CD16- monocyte fraction. The human neutrophil-like monocytes are discriminated from CD14+CD16- classical monocytes by CXCR1 expression and the capacity to suppress T cell proliferation. Collectively, our findings suggest that the aberrant expansion of neutrophil-like monocytes under inflammatory conditions is a process conserved between mouse and human, which may be beneficial for the resolution of inflammation.

Long-term transition of antibody titers in healthcare workers following the first to fourth doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: Comparison of two automated SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays.

Anti-spike receptor binding domain (S-RBD) antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which best correlates with virus-neutralizing antibody is useful for estimating the period of protection and identifying the timing of additional booster doses. Long-term transition of the S-RBD antibody titer and the antibody responses among healthy individuals remain unclear. In the present study, therefore, we monitored the S-RBD antibody titers of 16 healthcare workers every 4 weeks for 76 weeks after vaccination with a fourth dose of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) following three doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) using two commercial automated immunoassays (Roche and Abbott). Two antibody responses to the vaccine were similar with an up-down change before and after the second (weeks 3), third (weeks 40) and fourth (week 72) vaccinations, but the titer did not fall below the assay's positivity threshold in any individual. The peak level of the geometric mean titer (GMT) in the Roche assay was highest after the third vaccination, and that in Abbott assay was highest after the fourth vaccination but almost equal to that after the third vaccination. Both the geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) demonstrated by the Roche and Abbott assays were highest after the third vaccination. Antibody titers determined by the Roche and Abbott assays showed a positive strong correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.70 to 0.99), but the ratio (Roche/Abbott) of antibodies demonstrated by both assays increased 0.46- to 8.26-fold between weeks 3 and 76. These findings will be helpful for clinicians when interpreting results for SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and considering future vaccination strategies.

[A Case of Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization and Surgical Resection of Left 7th Rib Metastasis after Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma].

The patient was an 81-year-old man. After a liver posterior segmentectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma, a painful bulge was observed in the left anterior thoracic region during a routine outpatient visit. Elevated tumor markers and contrast- enhanced CT scan revealed a mass with contrast effect in the left 7th rib. Ultrasound-guided biopsy revealed hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic to the left 7th rib. There were no other obvious metastases, and the diagnosis of a single bone metastasis was made. The patient did not request chemotherapy and underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization 4 times. The patient did not show any improvement in tumor markers or shrinkage of the tumor, and his quality of life was deteriorated due to increased pain. The patient underwent left chest wall tumor resection and chest wall reconstruction. Postoperative tumor markers were normalized and pain improved markedly. We report a case of postoperative recurrence- free survival for 2 years.

Two-Year Seroprevalence Surveys of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among Outpatients and Healthcare Workers in Ehime, Japan.

We conducted two-year seroprevalence surveys of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among outpatients and healthcare workers (HCWs) at Ehime University Hospital. Data were collected for outpatients and HCWs in June 2020 (1st survey), December 2020 (2nd survey), July 2021 (3rd survey), and December 2021 (4th survey), focusing on demographics, occupation, and the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Blood samples were obtained from randomly selected outpatients who visited our hospital for medical care and HCWs undergoing regular medical checks with opt-out informed consent. SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity was evaluated using two laboratory-based quantitative tests. The total number of participants enrolled was 6,369 (1st survey: 1,000 outpatients and 743 HCWs, 2nd survey: 1,000 outpatients and 407 HCWs, 3rd survey: 1,000 outpatients and 804 HCWs, 4th survey: 1,000 outpatients and 415 HCWs). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among outpatients and HCWs was 0-0.1% and 0-0.124% during the research period, respectively, and changed little over time. These findings suggest that the magnitude of COVID-19 infection during the pandemic among outpatients and HCWs in this rural hospital might have been small.

Axillary Lymph Node Swelling After COVID-19 Booster Vaccination: Japanese Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND/AIM: COVID-19 has been a global pandemic for more than 2 years, and vaccination against COVID-19 using an mRNA vaccine is widespread. The COVID-19 vaccination can cause specific side-effects, such as axillary lymph node swelling; therefore, breast oncologists should pay attention to such occurrences. Initially, only two COVID-19 vaccinations were planned; however, in some countries third or fourth vaccines have been administered. Here, we present a female case who developed axillary lymph node swelling after her third vaccination. We have also reviewed the literature regarding this side-effect after a third or fourth COVID-19 vaccination. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old woman who came to our clinic regarding a mammography abnormality in her left breast. She had no palpable mass, but a left breast mass was shown by mammography, and ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging indicated a hamartoma. At 2 months after her second COVID-19 vaccination when she underwent these tests, she had no axillary lymph node swelling. We planned a follow-up after 6 months. At her next visit, by chance, she underwent ultrasonography 14 days after she received a third COVID-19 vaccination, and a swollen axillary lymph node was observed. CONCLUSION: Axillary lymph node swelling can occur after a third COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, breast oncologists will have to consider this side-effect of COVID-19 vaccination when diagnosing breast tumors.

Timing and Duration of Axillary Lymph Node Swelling After COVID-19 Vaccination: Japanese Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND/AIM: COVID-19 vaccination is now performed in most of the world to limit the spread of the disease. The first mRNA vaccine was approved in clinical settings and has specific side effects including axillary lymph node swelling, which can be misdiagnosed as breast cancer metastasis. The timing of axillary lymph node swelling and its duration are unclear. Here, we present a Japanese case and review of the existing literature. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 67-year-old woman with breast calcification. She had regular follow ups in our hospital for this calcification and received ultrasonography of the breast and axilla at every visit. She visited 6 months before having her COVID-19 vaccination, and 7 days and 6 months after the first COVID-19 vaccination. She had a swollen axillary lymph node 7 days after the first vaccination, which although it was improved, remained for 6 months. CONCLUSION: Axillary lymph node swelling occurred 7 days after vaccination and remained up to 6 months after it.

Axillary Lymph Node Swelling Mimicking Breast Cancer Metastasis After COVID-19 Vaccination: A Japanese Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND/AIM: COVID-19 started to spread as a pandemic in December 2019 and COVID-19 vaccination has been initiated worldwide. The efficacy of vaccination has been scientifically proven, but it might cause axillary lymph node swelling. To diagnose patients with axillary lymph node swelling caused by COVID-19 vaccination, we herein reviewed existing literature on this symptom. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 70-year-old woman with a breast tumour. She had undergone cecum cancer surgery and regular computed tomography (CT). During breast tumour follow-up, she received scheduled CT that indicated severe axillary lymph node swelling mimicking breast cancer metastasis. We performed aspiration biopsy cytology of that lymph node, and determined this was not cancer metastasis but an effect of the COVID-19 vaccine. We confirmed this diagnosis at one month after computed tomography showed that the lymph node swelling had improved. CONCLUSION: Axillary lymph node swelling can occur after COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, it is important to consider the effect of the COVID-19 vaccination on axillary lymph node swelling when diagnosing breast tumours.

Insomnia and depressive behavior of MyD88-deficient mice: Relationships with altered microglial functions.

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is essential for microglial activation. Despite the significant role of microglia in regulating sleep homeostasis, the contribution of MyD88 to sleep is yet to be determined. To address this, we performed electroencephalographic and electromyographic recordings on MyD88-KO mice and wild-type mice to investigate their sleep/wake cycles. In the daytime, MyD88-KO mice exhibited prolonged wakefulness and shorter non-rapid eye movement sleep duration. Tail suspension and sucrose preference tests revealed that MyD88-KO mice displayed a depressive-like phenotype. We determined monoamines in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using high-performance liquid chromatography and observed a decreased content of serotonin in the PFC of MyD88-KO mice. Flow cytometry revealed that CD11b, CD45, and F4/80 expressions were elevated at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 1 compared to at ZT13 only in wild-type mice. Furthermore, MFG-E8 and C1qB-tagged synapses were enhanced at ZT1 in the PFC of wild-type mice but not in MyD88-KO mice. Primary cultured microglia from MyD88-KO mice revealed decreased phagocytic ability. These findings indicate that genetic deletion of MyD88 induces insomnia and depressive behavior, at least in part, by affecting microglial homeostasis functions and lowering the serotonergic neuronal output.

Glucocorticoid imprints a low glucose metabolism onto CD8 T cells and induces the persistent suppression of the immune response.

Glucocorticoids (GCs), immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory agents have various effects on T cells. However, the long-term influence of GCs on the T cell-mediated immune response remain to be elucidated. We demonstrated that the administration of GC during the TCR-mediated activation phase induced long-lasting suppression of glycolysis, even after the withdrawal of GC. The acquisition of the effector functions was inhibited, while the expression of PD-1 was increased in CD8 T cells activated in the presence of GC. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments revealed that GC-treated CD8 T cells reduced memory T cell formation and anti-tumor activity. These findings reveal that GCs have long-lasting influence on the T cell-mediated immune response via modulation of T cell metabolism.

The Loss of H3K27 Histone Demethylase Utx in T Cells Aggravates Allergic Contact Dermatitis.

The pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) requires the activation of Ag-specific T cells, including effector and regulatory T cells. The differentiation and function of these T cells is epigenetically regulated through DNA methylation and histone modifications. However, the roles of altered histone H3K27 methylation in T cells in the development of ACD remain unknown. Two types of histone H3K27 demethylases, Utx and Jmjd3, have been reported in mammals. To determine the role of the histone H3K27 demethylase expression of T cells in the development of ACD, we generated T cell-specific, Utx-deficient (Utx KO) mice or Jmjd3-deficient (Jmjd3 KO) mice. Unlike control mice, Utx KO mice had severer symptoms of ACD, whereas Jmjd3 KO mice showed symptoms identical to those in control mice. In Utx KO mice with ACD, the massive infiltration of myeloid cells, including neutrophils and dendritic cells, has been observed. In addition, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in CD4+ T cells of the draining lymph nodes (LNs) and in CD8+ T cells of the skin was increased in Utx KO mice, whereas the ratio of Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells to Foxp3- conventional CD4+ T cells was decreased in both the draining LNs and the skin of Utx KO mice with ACD. Furthermore, Foxp3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells of Utx KO mice with ACD expressed a decreased level of CCR4 (a skin-tropic chemokine receptor) in comparison with control. Thus, in CD4+ T cells, Utx could potentially be involved in the regulation of the pathogenesis of ACD.

COVID-19 Screening of Breast Cancer Patients During Treatment: A Single Center Experience in Japan.

Background/Aim: Breast cancer treatment mainly involves interventional methods such as surgical resection and chemotherapy. How to best perform these treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic remains to be established. Patients and Methods: Patients with breast cancer who received SARS-CoV-2 PCR screening before cancer treatment from December 2020 to April 2021 were included. PCR screening was performed within 72 hours of the scheduled admission time and treatment. Results: A total of 19 tests in 15 patients were analysed. Fourteen cases displayed no symptoms, and five cases had some symptoms. COVID PCR tests were negative in all cases. Conclusion: COVID-19 screening can ensure that breast cancer patients do not miss scheduled treatments as a result of the pandemic. Diagnosis of patients with symptoms that are shared by COVID-19 infection, chemotherapy, and breast cancer recurrence must be performed carefully.

Glycolysis and subsequent mevalonate biosynthesis play an important role in Th2 cell differentiation.

Th2 cytokine such as IL-4, IL -5 and IL-13 are important therapeutic targets for Th2-type chronic inflammation. Several biologics targeting Th2 cytokine and its receptors are effective in clinical practice; however, the development of small-molecule compounds that inhibit Th2 cytokine productions is awaited. We found that an inhibitor for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) suppresses the differentiation of IL-5/IL-13-producing Th2 cells. The expression of the Th2-related transcriptional factors Pparγ was decreased by treatment with inhibitor, whereas Gata3, a master regulator of Th2 cell differentiation, remained unchanged. The oxygen consumption rate was unaffected, whereas the level of farnesylated proteins was decreased by the PDHK inhibitor. Furthermore, the inhibitors for farnesyltransferase and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase showed an inhibitory effect similar to that of the PDHK inhibitor. These results suggest that the mevalonate biosynthesis and subsequent protein prenylation may be novel therapeutic target for Th2 cell-dependent immune dysregulation, such as in allergic diseases.

T cell-specific deletion of Pgam1 reveals a critical role for glycolysis in T cell responses.

Although the important roles of glycolysis in T cells have been demonstrated, the regulatory mechanism of glycolysis in activated T cells has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, the influences of glycolytic failure on the T cell-dependent immune response in vivo remain unclear. We therefore assessed the role of glycolysis in the T cell-dependent immune response using T cell-specific Pgam1-deficient mice. Both CD8 and CD4 T cell-dependent immune responses were attenuated by Pgam1 deficiency. The helper T cell-dependent inflammation was ameliorated in Pgam1-deficient mice. Glycolysis augments the activation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the T-cell receptor (TCR) signals. Glutamine acts as a metabolic hub in activated T cells, since the TCR-dependent increase in intracellular glutamine is required to augment glycolysis, increase mTORC1 activity and augment TCR signals. These findings suggest that mTORC1, glycolysis and glutamine affect each other and cooperate to induce T cell proliferation and differentiation.

PEPPI-MS: Polyacrylamide-Gel-Based Prefractionation for Analysis of Intact Proteoforms and Protein Complexes by Mass Spectrometry.

Prefractionation of complex mixtures of proteins derived from biological samples is indispensable for proteome analysis via top-down mass spectrometry (MS). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), which enables high-resolution protein separation based on molecular size, is a widely used technique in biochemical experiments and has the potential to be useful in sample fractionation for top-down MS analysis. However, the lack of a means to efficiently recover the separated proteins in-gel has always been a barrier to its use in sample prefractionation. In this study, we present a novel experimental workflow, called Passively Eluting Proteins from Polyacrylamide gels as Intact species for MS ("PEPPI-MS"), which allows top-down MS of PAGE-separated proteins. The optimization of Coomassie brilliant blue staining followed by the passive extraction step in the PEPPI-MS workflow enabled the efficient recovery of proteins, separated on commercial precast gels, from a wide range of molecular weight regions in under 10 min. Two-dimensional separation combining offline PEPPI-MS with online reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation resulted in identification of over 1000 proteoforms recovered from the target region of the gel (≤50 kDa). Given the widespread availability and relatively low cost of traditional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE equipment, the PEPPI-MS workflow will be a powerful prefractionation strategy for top-down proteomics.