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This study investigates the feasibility of nonlinear coda wave interferometry (NCWI) for evaluating compressive damage in concrete, with a particular focus on the interference caused by the compressive stress-induced slow dynamics. Slow dynamics refers to a phenomenon in which the stiffness of concrete immediately decreases after moderate mechanical conditioning and then logarithmically evolves back to its initial value over time. A series of experiments were conducted to validate this concept. The experimental findings indicate that slow dynamics following the unloading of concrete specimen significantly interfere with NCWI testing. The changes in dv/v caused by the slow dynamics are opposite to those induced by the pump wave in NCWI. After the slow dynamics have been eliminated, an evaluation indicator, defined as the efficient nonlinear level αdv/v, demonstrates an excellent correlation with compressive damage. The value of the indicator decreases with increasing compressive stress. Furthermore, the coda wave interferometry (CWI) and direct wave interferometry (DWI) are performed as comparisons. In summary, the feasibility and superiority of NCWI are demonstrated in concrete compressive damage evaluation.
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Recycling of waste cotton fabrics (WCFs) is a desirable solution to address the problems brought up by fast fashion, but it remains challenging due to inherent limitations in preparing stable and spinnable dopes by dissolving high molecular weight cellulose efficiently and cost effectively. Herein, we show that despite the prevailing concerns of cellulose degradation via glycosidic hydrolysis when dissolved in acids, fast and non-destructive direct dissolution of WCFs in aqueous phosphoric acid (a.q. PA) could be realized using a cyclic freeze-thawing procedure, which combined with subsequent adjustment of degree of polymerization (DP) and degassing yielded stable and spinnable dopes. Regenerated cellulose fibers (RCFs) with favorable tensile strength (414.2 ± 14.3 MPa) and flexibility (15.4 ± 1.5 %) could be obtained by carefully adjusting the coagulation conditions to induce oriented and compact packing of the cellulose chains. The method was shown to be conveniently extended to dissolve reactively dyed WCFs, showing great potential as a cheap and green alternative to heavily explored ionic liquids (ILs) and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO)-based systems for textile-to-textile recycling of WCFs.
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Celulose , Fibra de Algodão , Ácidos Fosfóricos , Reciclagem , Resistência à Tração , Celulose/química , Ácidos Fosfóricos/química , Têxteis , Congelamento , HidróliseRESUMO
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that can result in adverse cardiovascular outcomes but is often difficult to detect. The use of machine learning (ML) algorithms for detecting AF has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. This study aims to systematically evaluate and summarize the overall diagnostic accuracy of the ML algorithms in detecting AF in electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Methods: The searched databases included PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar. The selected studies were subjected to a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy to synthesize the sensitivity and specificity. Results: A total of 14 studies were included, and the forest plot of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-0.99) and 97% (95% CI: 0.95-0.99), respectively. Compared to traditional machine learning (TML) algorithms (sensitivity: 91.5%), deep learning (DL) algorithms (sensitivity: 98.1%) showed superior performance. Using multiple datasets and public datasets alone or in combination demonstrated slightly better performance than using a single dataset and proprietary datasets. Conclusions: ML algorithms are effective for detecting AF from ECGs. DL algorithms, particularly those based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), demonstrate superior performance in AF detection compared to TML algorithms. The integration of ML algorithms can help wearable devices diagnose AF earlier.
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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), a member of the Asteraceae family, is widely used in traditional herbal medicine. This review summarized agronomic conditions, genetic diversity, clinical application, and phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of safflower. The genetic diversity of the plant is rich. Abundant in secondary metabolites like flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, fatty acids, polyacetylene, and other bioactive components, the medicinal plant is effective for treating cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and respiratory diseases. Especially, Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HYSA) has a variety of pharmacological effects. In terms of treatment and prevention of some space sickness in space travel, safflower could be a potential therapeutic agent. Further studies are still required to support the development of safflower in medicine. Our review indicates that safflower is an important medicinal plant and research prospects regarding safflower are very broad and worthy of further investigation.
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Coix lacryma-jobi L. is one of the most economically and medicinally important corns. This study constructed a high-density genetic linkage map of C. lacryma-jobi based on a cross between the parents 'Qianyi No. 2' × 'Wenyi No. 2' and their F2 progeny through high-throughput sequencing and the construction of a specific-locus amplified fragment (SLAF) library. After pre-processing, 325.49 GB of raw data containing 1628 M reads were obtained. A total of 22,944 high-quality SLAFs were identified, among which 3952 SLAFs and 3646 polymorphic markers met the requirements for the construction of a genetic linkage map. The integrated map contained 3605 high-quality SLAFs, which were grouped into ten genetic linkage groups. The total length of the map was 1620.39 cM, with an average distance of 0.45 cM and an average of 360.5 markers per linkage group. This report presents the first high-density genetic map of C. lacryma-jobi. This map was constructed using an F2 population and SLAF-seq approach, which allows the development of a large number of polymorphic markers in a short period. These results provide a platform for precise gene/quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, map-based gene separation, and molecular breeding in C. lacryma-jobi. They also help identify a target gene for tracking, splitting quantitative traits, and estimating the phenotypic effects of each QTL for QTL mapping. They are of great significance for improving the efficiency of discovering and utilizing excellent gene resources of C. lacryma-jobi.
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Mapeamento Cromossômico , Ligação Genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Marcadores Genéticos , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodosRESUMO
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in regulating the homeostasis of the internal environment and are closely associated with tumour progression as major mediators of cellular signalling. As a diverse and multifunctional group of proteins, the G protein signalling regulator (RGS) family was proven to be involved in the cellular transduction of GPCRs. Growing evidence has revealed dysregulation of RGS proteins as a common phenomenon and highlighted the key roles of these proteins in human cancers. Furthermore, their differential expression may be a potential biomarker for tumour diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Most importantly, there are few systematic reviews on the functional/mechanistic characteristics and clinical application of RGS family members at present. In this review, we focus on the G-protein signalling regulator (RGS) family, which includes more than 20 family members. We analysed the classification, basic structure, and major functions of the RGS family members. Moreover, we summarize the expression changes of each RGS family member in various human cancers and their important roles in regulating cancer cell proliferation, stem cell maintenance, tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. On this basis, we outline the molecular signalling pathways in which some RGS family members are involved in tumour progression. Finally, their potential application in the precise diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of different types of cancers and the main possible problems for clinical application at present are discussed. Our review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role and potential mechanisms of RGS in regulating tumour progression. Video Abstract.
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Neoplasias , Proteínas RGS , Humanos , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Proteínas RGS/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a complex chronic pain disorder that significantly impairs patients' quality of life. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) uses infrared or near-infrared light to produce analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and biological stimulation effects. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effect of LLLT on burning pain, quality of life, and negative emotions in patients with BMS. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched up January 2023 to identify relevant articles. All randomized controlled trials that were published in English and examined the use of LLLT treatment for BMS were included. The methodological quality of the included trials was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate burning pain, quality of life, and negative emotions. Sensitivity, subgroup, and funnel plot analyses were also carried out. RESULTS: Fourteen RCTs involving a total of 550 patients with BMS met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that LLLT (measured by the Visual Analog Scale; SMD: -0.87, 95% CI: -1.29 to -0.45, P < 0.001) was more effective for reducing burning pain than placebo LLLT or clonazepam. LLLT improved quality of life (evaluated by the Oral Health Impact Profile-14; SMD: 0.01, 95% CI: -0.58 to 0.60, P = 0.97) and negative emotions (evaluated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SMD: -0.12, 95% CI: -0.54 to 0.30, P = 0.59), but these effects were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The meta-analysis revealed that LLLT may be an effective therapy for improving burning pain in patients with BMS, and producing a positive influence on quality of life and negative emotions. A long-term course of intervention, a larger sample size, and a multidisciplinary intervention design are urgently needed in future research. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022308770.
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Síndrome da Ardência Bucal , Dor Crônica , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Humanos , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade/métodos , Síndrome da Ardência Bucal/radioterapia , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
Al/Fe bimetals prepared by a compound casting method, combining the excellent properties of both the Al alloy and the ductile cast iron, exhibit great potential for application in achieving engine weight reduction. However, the problem of insufficient interfacial bonding ability because of the difference in thermophysical properties of Al and Fe is particularly prominent. Therefore, in this work, the electrodeposited Cu coating on the surface of the Fe matrix was used as the interlayer of Al/Fe bimetal fabricated by coupling hot-dipping with compound casting to solve the above problem. The effect of Cu interlayer thickness on the interfacial microstructure and shear strength of bimetal was investigated. The experimental results showed that the shear strength up to 77.65 MPa in regard to Al/Fe bimetal with a 5 µm Cu interlayer was obtained. No Cu element was detected at the interface of bimetal regardless of the thickness of the Cu interlayer. The diffusion behavior of the Cu atom at the interface and the influence of the Cu layer at the atomic scale on diffusion reaction and the Al/Fe interface were further revealed by combining first-principle and molecular dynamics calculations. The simulation results revealed that the Cu layer gradually dissolved into an Al alloy at 750 °C, thereby promoting the diffusion reaction of the Al/Fe interface. Meanwhile, the protective role of the Cu layer against oxidation on the surface of the Fe matrix was confirmed. As a result, the interfacial bonding performance was enhanced when the Cu interlayer was introduced.
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PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted by Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n) on Claudin-4 of human oral keratinocytes (HOK) and oral epithelial barrier function. METHODS: Fusobacterium nucleatum was cultured under anaerobic conditions. The OMVs were extracted by dialysis and characterized by nanosight and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HOK were stimulated with OMVs at different mass concentrations(0-100 µg/mL) for 12 h, and stimulated with 100 µg/mL OMVs for 6 h and 12 h respectively. The expression of Claudin-4 at gene and protein level was analyzed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Inverted fluorescence microscope was used to observe co-localization of HOK and OMVs and localization and distribution of Claudin-4 protein. Human oral epithelial barrier was constructed by Transwell apical chamber. Transepithelial electrical resistance(TER) of barrier was measured with a transmembrane resistance measuring instrument(EVOM2), and the permeability of the barrier was evaluated by transmittance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran(FD-4). Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 8.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the expression of Claudin-4 at protein and gene level in the HOK of OMVs stimulated group was significantly reduced (Pï¼0.05), and immunofluorescence showed that the continuity of Claudin-4 fluorescence among cells was destroyed. OMVs stimulation decreased TER value of oral epithelial barrier(Pï¼0.05) and increased the transmittance of FD-4(Pï¼0.05). CONCLUSIONS: OMVs derived from Fusobacterium nucleatum may damage oral mucosal epithelial barrier function through inhibiting the expression of Claudin-4.
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Fusobacterium , Mucosa Intestinal , Humanos , Claudina-4/genética , Claudina-4/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Junções Íntimas/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that TBX21 (T-Box Transcription Factor 21) plays a vital role in coordinating multiple aspects of the immune response especially type 1 immune response as well as tumor progression. However, the function of TBX21 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. METHODS: IHC to investigate TBX21 expression in CRC tissues. Cell proliferation and apoptosis assays to validate TBX21 function in vitro and in vivo. RNA-seq assay to explore target genes of TBX21. Human phospho-kinase array assay to explore down-stream signaling of TBX21. RESULTS: We disclosed that the expression of TBX21 was marked decreased in CRC versus normal tissue, and negatively correlated with CRC TNM stages. Surprisingly, we found that the CRC and normal cell lines show no TBX21 expression levels. Ectopic expression of TBX21 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, RNA-sequence data first time showed that ARHGAP29 acts as the target gene of TBX21 to mediate down-stream signaling activation. Human phospho-kinase array data first time displayed that ectopic expression of TBX21 reduced kinase RSK and GSK3ß activation. In contrast, knocked down the expression of TBX21 or ARHGAP29 alternatively abolished TBX21 mediated cell proliferation suppression, cell apoptosis enhancement and RSK/GSK3ß activation. In addition, xenograft model studies demonstrated that TBX21 inhibits colorectal tumor progression via ARHGAP29/ RSK/ GSK3ß signaling in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the aforementioned findings suggest a model of TBX21 in suppressing CRC progression. This may provide a promising target for CRC therapy.
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Neoplasias Colorretais , Humanos , Apoptose/genética , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/genética , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas Quinases S6 Ribossômicas 90-kDaRESUMO
Monascus pigments (MPs) display many beneficial biological activities and have been widely utilized as natural food-grade colorants in the food processing industry. The presence of the mycotoxin citrinin (CIT) seriously restricts the application of MPs, but the gene regulation mechanisms governing CIT biosynthesis remain unclear. We performed a RNA-Seq-based comparative transcriptomic analysis of representative high MPs-producing Monascus purpureus strains with extremely high vs. low CIT yields. In addition, we performed qRT-PCR to detect the expression of genes related to CIT biosynthesis, confirming the reliability of the RNA-Seq data. The results revealed that there were 2518 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 1141 downregulated and 1377 upregulated in the low CIT producer strain). Many upregulated DEGs were associated with energy metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism, with these changes potentially making more biosynthetic precursors available for MPs biosynthesis. Several potentially interesting genes that encode transcription factors were also identified amongst the DEGs. The transcriptomic results also showed that citB, citD, citE, citC and perhaps MpigI were key candidate genes to limit CIT biosynthesis. Our studies provide useful information on metabolic adaptations to MPs and CIT biosynthesis in M. purpureus, and provide targets for the fermentation industry towards the engineering of safer MPs production.
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The formation of underground stem bulblets in lilies is a complex biological process which is key in their micropropagation. Generally, it involves a stem-to-bulblet transition; however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. It is important to understand the regulatory mechanism of bulblet formation for the reproductive efficiency of Lilium. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of underground stem bulblet formation under different conditions regarding the gravity point angle of the stem, i.e., vertical (control), horizontal, and slanting. The horizontal and slanting group displayed better formation of bulblets in terms of quality and quantity compared with the control group. A transcriptome analysis revealed that sucrose and starch were key energy sources for bulblet formation, auxin and cytokinin likely promoted bulblet formation, and gibberellin inhibited bulblet formation. Based on transcriptome analysis, we identified the LoLOB18 gene, a homolog to AtLOB18, which has been proven to be related to embryogenic development. We established the stem bud growth tissue culture system of Lilium and silenced the LoLOb18 gene using the VIGS system. The results showed that the bulblet induction was reduced with down-regulation of LoLOb18, indicating the involvement of LoLOb18 in stem bulblet formation in lilies. Our research lays a solid foundation for further molecular studies on stem bulblet formation of lilies.
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Lilium , Lilium/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Sibéria , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , TranscriptomaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between the level of heat shock protein 90(Hsp90) and the amount of small extracellular vesicles(sEVs) in keratinocytes. METHODS: Human keratinocytes(HaCaT) were cultured in vivo and divided into wild-type group, short hairpin RNA interference group (shRNA group, low expression of Hsp90), and 17-Allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin group (17-AAG group, Hsp90 protein inhibitor). sEVs were isolated from culture system by ultracentrifugation, and their morphological characteristics were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Western blotting was applied to identify the biological characteristics of sEVs. The number of sEVs particles was detected by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). GraphPad Prism8.0 software was used to analyze the difference in the number of sEVs among the groups by t test (non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test). RESULTS: HaCaT-derived sEVs, obtained by ultracentrifugation, were consistent with the criteria of morphological and biological identification. No expression of Hsp90 protein was detected in HaCaT-derived sEVs. When interfered with Hsp90-shRNA, the number of sEVs were significantly increased. On day 5, the sEVs number of shRNA-interfering group was (177.4±4.18)×108(n=3), while that of vector group was (82.34±4.83)×108(n=3), and the difference was statistically significant (Pï¼0.0001). After 5 days of inhibition with 17-AAG, the sEVs number of 17-AAG group was ï¼652.5±26.73ï¼×108(n=3) and that of control group was (262.22±5.44)×108(n=3), the difference was statistically significant (Pï¼0.000 1). CONCLUSIONS: Low expression of Hsp90 protein can promote the secretion of sEVs in HaCaT cells. sEVs may be involved in the transfer of molecules between epithelial cells and immune cells.
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Antineoplásicos , Vesículas Extracelulares , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzoquinonas , Vesículas Extracelulares/genética , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP90/metabolismo , Humanos , Queratinócitos , Lactamas Macrocíclicas , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismoRESUMO
Previous studies have identified several ICAM3 transcript variants and mainly investigated the function of the longest transcript of ICAM3 in various tumor progressions. However, the role of the other ICAM3 transcript variants remains unclear. Herein, we detected the expression of ICAM3 transcript variants 1-4 in DLBCL cells and tumor tissues, disclosed that variants 1, 3, and 4 were expressed in normal B cell lines and 3 DLBCL cell lines except SU-DHL-2 as well as tumor tissues, while variant 2 was not detected. Moreover, we found that ectopic expression of variants 1-4 enhanced cell proliferation by accelerating the cell cycle in SU-DHL2 cells in vitro. In addition, variants 1-4 overexpression showed no effects on SU-DHL2 cell apoptosis. Interestingly, the expression of variants 1, 3, and 4 promoted cell migration and EMT process while variant 2 had no effects. Collectively, the above results displayed the different roles of ICAM3 transcript variants in mediating DLBCL progression.
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Molécula 3 de Adesão Intercelular , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Humanos , Apoptose/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Molécula 3 de Adesão Intercelular/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologiaRESUMO
Previous studies have reported that TIFA plays different roles in various tumor types. However, the function of TIFA in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Here, we showed that the expression of TIFA was markedly increased in CRC versus normal tissue, and positively correlated with CRC TNM stages. In agreement, we found that the CRC cell lines show increased TIFA expression levels versus normal control. The knockdown of TIFA inhibited cell proliferation but had no effect on cell apoptosis in vitro or in vivo. Moreover, the ectopic expression of TIFA enhanced cell proliferation ability in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the expression of mutant TIFA (T9A, oligomerization site mutation; D6, TRAF6 binding site deletion) abolished TIFA-mediated cell proliferation enhancement. Exploration of the underlying mechanism revealed that the protein synthesis-associated kinase RSK and PRAS40 activation were responsible for TIFA-mediated CRC progression. In summary, these findings suggest that TIFA plays a role in mediating CRC progression. This could provide a promising target for CRC therapy.
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Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Neoplasias Colorretais , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Fator 6 Associado a Receptor de TNF/metabolismoRESUMO
Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is one of the major rice diseases. In order to better understand the inhibitory mechanism of lauric acid on the disease, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to analyze the transcriptome changes in Rhizoctonia solani treated with lauric acid for 3 h, 6 h, 18 h, and 24 h, including 2306 genes; 1994 genes; 2778 genes; and 2872 genes. Based on gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, we found that protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum (KO04141), carbon metabolism (KO01200), and starch and sucrose metabolism were significantly enriched. Most oxidoreductase, dehydrogenase, reductase, and transferase genes are downregulated in this process. Lauric acid can affect ergosterol content, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, hydrogen peroxide content, electrolyte leakage, reactive oxygen species balance, and can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Lauric acid also increased the expression levels of ER chaperone glucose regulatory protein Grp78 (BIP), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), and Calpain (CNX), and decreased the expression levels of HSP40, HSP70, and HSP90 genes. Lauric acid affected the ergosterol content in the cell membrane of R. solani, which induces ER stress and increases the BiP level to induce the apoptosis of Rhizoctonia solani. These results indicated that lauric acid could be used to control rice sheath blight.
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To explore the causal pathogen and the correlated rhizosphere soil microecology of sugarcane root rot, we sampled the sugarcane root materials displaying different disease severity, and the corresponding rhizosphere soil, for systematic root phenotype and microbial population analyses. We found that with increased level of disease severity reflected by above-ground parts of sugarcane, the total root length, total root surface area and total volume were significantly reduced, accompanied with changes in the microbial population diversity and structure in rhizosphere soil. Fungal community richness was significantly lower in the rhizosphere soil samples from mildly diseased plant than that from either healthy plant, or severely diseased plant. Particularly, we noticed that a peculiar decrease of potential pathogenic fungi in rhizosphere soil, including genera Fusarium, Talaromyces and Neocosmospora, with increased level of disease severity. As for bacterial community, Firmicutes was found to be of the highest level, while Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi of the lowest level, in rhizosphere soil from healthy plant compared to that from diseased plant of different severity. FUNGuild prediction showed that the proportion of saprophytic fungi was higher in the rhizosphere soil of healthy plants, while the proportion of pathogenic fungi was higher in the rhizosphere soil of diseased plants. By co-occurrence network analysis we demonstrated the Bacillus and Burkholderia were in a strong interaction with Fusarium pathogen(s). Consistently, the biocontrol and/or growth-promoting bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil were mostly (6 out of 7) belonging to Bacillus and Burkholderia species. By confrontation culture and pot experiments, we verified the biocontrol and/or growth-promoting property of the isolated bacterial strains. Overall, we demonstrated a clear correlation between sugarcane root rot severity and rhizosphere soil microbiome composition and function, and identified several promising biocontrol bacteria strains with strong disease suppression effect and growth-promoting properties.
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Atomically ordered intermetallic nanoparticles are promising for catalytic applications but are difficult to produce because the high-temperature annealing required for atom ordering inevitably accelerates metal sintering that leads to larger crystallites. We prepared platinum intermetallics with an average particle size of <5 nanometers on porous sulfur-doped carbon supports, on which the strong interaction between platinum and sulfur suppresses metal sintering up to 1000°C. We synthesized intermetallic libraries of small nanoparticles consisting of 46 combinations of platinum with 16 other metal elements and used them to study the dependence of electrocatalytic oxygen-reduction reaction activity on alloy composition and platinum skin strain. The intermetallic libraries are highly mass efficient in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells and could achieve high activities of 1.3 to 1.8 amperes per milligram of platinum at 0.9 volts.
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Pig is usually the carrier of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus, and can transmit the bacteria along the pork production chain to cause severe public health problems. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella and S. aureus in fattening pigs in Hubei Province, China. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in rectal swab among 896 samples from 22 farms was 17.30%, and that of S. aureus in nasal swab among 814 samples from 20 farms was 28.26%. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analysis showed that 95.33% of the Salmonella strains exhibited resistance to more than three classes of antimicrobial agents tested. The highest resistance proportions were for chloramphenicol (100%), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT) (100%), and tetracycline (TET) (93.46%), while the lowest proportions were for cefotaxime (37.38%), gentamicin (GEN) (34.58%), and ciprofloxacin (24.30%). On the other hand, 98.42% of the S. aureus strains were resistant to more than three classes of antimicrobial agents tested. The most common resistance among the S. aureus strains was against SXT (100.00%), followed by TET (98.43%), erythromycin (91.34%), and clindamycin (91.34%), while the lowest frequent resistances were against GEN (34.65%) and oxacillin (16.54%). The prevalence and AMR of Salmonella and S. aureus exhibited an obvious diversity among different pig farms. Our results provided the epidemiological data for risk analysis of foodborne bacteria and AMR in pig farms.
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Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , China , Genes Bacterianos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nariz/microbiologia , Reto/microbiologia , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Plant diseases reduce crop yield and quality, hampering the development of agriculture. Fungicides, which restrict chemical synthesis in fungi, are the strongest controls for plant diseases. However, the harmful effects on the environment due to continued and uncontrolled utilization of fungicides have become a major challenge in recent years. Plant-sourced fungicides are a class of plant antibacterial substances or compounds that induce plant defenses. They can kill or inhibit the growth of target pathogens efficiently with no or low toxicity, they degrade readily, and do not prompt development of resistance, which has led to their widespread use. In this study, the growth inhibition effect of 24 plant-sourced ethanol extracts on rice sprigs was studied. Ethanol extract of gallnuts and cloves inhibited the growth of bacteria by up to 100%. Indoor toxicity measurement results showed that the gallnut and glove constituents inhibition reached 39.23 µg/mL and 18.82 µg/mL, respectively. Extract treated rice sprigs were dry and wrinkled. Gallnut caused intracellular swelling and breakage of mitochondria, disintegration of nuclei, aggregation of protoplasts, and complete degradation of organelles in hyphae and aggregation of cellular contents. Protection of Rhizoctonia solani viability reached 46.8% for gallnut and 37.88% for clove in water emulsions of 1000 µg/mL gallnut and clove in the presence of 0.1% Tween 80. The protection by gallnut was significantly stronger than that of clove. The data could inform the choice of plant-sourced fungicides for the comprehensive treatment of rice sprig disease. The studied extract effectively protected rice sprigs and could be a suitable alternative to commercially available chemical fungicides. Further optimized field trials are needed to effectively sterilize rice paddies.