Application of the European Kidney Function Consortium Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate: A Comparison Study of the CKiD and CKD-EPI Equations Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2008-2021).

Background and Objectives: The European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) equation has been newly proposed for estimating glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) across the spectrum of age. We compared the EKFC equation with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations in a large-scale Korean population. Materials and Methods: Using the representative Korean health examination data, the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2008-2021), the records of 91,928 subjects (including 9917 children) were analyzed. We compared the EKFC equation with CKiD, CKD-EPI 2009, and CKD-EPI 2021 equations and investigated their agreement across GFR categories. Results: In the total population, the CKD-EPI 2021 equation yielded the highest eGFR value, followed by the CKD-EPI 2009 and EKFC equations. In children, the distribution of eGFR differed significantly between the EKFC and CKiD equations (p < 0.001), with a wider range of eGFR values found with the CKiD equation. Each equation showed weak or moderate agreement on the frequency of the GFR category (κ = 0.54 between EKFC and CKD-EPI 2021; κ = 0.77 between EKFC and CKD-EPI 2009). The eGFR values found by the EKFC equation showed high or very high correlations with those by the CKiD, CKD-EPI 2009, and CKD-EPI 2021 equations (r = 0.85, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively). As eGFR values increased, bigger differences were observed between equations. Conclusions: This large-scale study demonstrates that the EKFC equation would be applicable across the entire age spectrum in Asian populations. It also underscores that national kidney health would be highly affected by an eGFR equation being implemented. Additional investigation and more caution would be warranted for the transition of eGFR equations.

Sex-Specific Relationships between HDL-Cholesterol Levels and 10-Year Mortality in Individuals with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study of South Koreans.

Large epidemiological studies show U-shaped relationships between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and all-cause mortality in individuals without atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). Association in those with ASCVD by sex is unclear. We examined the association between HDL-C levels and 10-year all-cause mortality in subjects (≥40 years of age) with ASCVD using the 2010 National Health Insurance Service and the National Death Registry of Korea. We categorized HDL-C levels into three groups (low: <40 mg/dL for males, <50 mg/dL for females; high: 40-90 mg/dL for males, 50-90 mg/dL for females; extremely high: >90 mg/dL) and 10 mg/dL intervals. We conducted a sex-stratified and adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis. Out of 1,711,548 individuals (54% female, mean age 61.4 years), 10-year mortality was observed in 218,252 (12.8%). Males had a higher mortality rate than females (16.2% vs. 9.8%; p < 0.001). When adjusting for age, body mass index, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption, the low and extremely high HDL-C groups had significantly higher hazard ratios for 10-year mortality compared to the high HDL-C group in males [1.183 (1.166-1.199), 1.359 (1.288-1.434)] and in females [1.153 (1.138-1.169), 1.095 (1.029-1.167)]. The frequency distribution bars for the 10-year mortality rate showed sex-specific nadirs of 50-59 mg/dL in males and 70-79 mg/dL in females. In this ASCVD cohort, the extremely high HDL-C (>90 mg/dL) group had 35.9% and 9.5% higher 10-year mortality risks than the high HDL-C group for males and females, respectively. There was a slightly U-shaped relationship between baseline HDL-C levels and a 10-year mortality rate, with earlier inflection in males than in females.

Comparison of Graft Survival Between Full-Thickness and Lamellar Pig-to-Monkey Corneal Xenotransplantation from the Same Genetically Engineered Pig Model with Minimal Immunosuppression.

BACKGROUND: The graft survival rate of full-thickness corneal xenotransplantation (XTP) with minimal immunosuppression in genetically engineered pigs is unknown, whereas lamellar corneal XTP shows satisfactory results. We compared graft survival between full-thickness and lamellar transplantations in the same genetically engineered pig. METHODS: Six pig-to-monkey corneal transplantations were performed on 3 transgenic pigs. Two corneas harvested from 1 pig were transplanted into 2 monkeys using full-thickness and lamellar corneal xenotransplantation. The transgenic donor pigs used were α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout + membrane cofactor protein (GTKO+CD46) in one recipient and GTKO+CD46+ thrombomodulin (TBM) in the other. RESULTS: The graft survival time for GTKO+CD46 XTP was 28 days. With the addition of TBM, the survival differences between lamellar and full-thickness XTP were 98 days versus 14 days and >463 days (ongoing) versus 21 days, respectively. An excessive number of inflammatory cells was observed in failed grafts, but none were in the recipient's stromal bed. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike full-thickness corneal XTP, lamellar xenocorneal transplantation does not exhibit surgical complications, such as retrocorneal membrane or anterior synechia. The graft survival of lamellar XTP in this study was not as good as in our previous experiments, although the survival period was superior to that of full-thickness XTP. The difference in graft survival based on transgenic type is not definitive. Further studies using transgenic pigs and minimal immunosuppression need to focus on improving graft survival of lamellar XTP and using a larger sample size to determine the potential of full-thickness corneal XTP.

Current Status of Genetically Engineered Pig to Monkey Kidney Xenotransplantation in Korea.

BACKGROUND: In South Korea, pig-to-nonhuman primate trials of solid organs have only been performed recently, and the results are not sufficiently satisfactory to initiate clinical trials. Since November 2011, we have performed 30 kidney pig-to-nonhuman primate xenotransplantations at Konkuk University Hospital. METHODS: Donor αGal-knockout-based transgenic pigs were obtained from 3 institutes. The knock-in genes were CD39, CD46, CD55, CD73, and thrombomodulin, and 2-4 transgenic modifications with GTKO were done. The recipient animal was the cynomolgus monkey. We used the immunosuppressants anti-CD154, rituximab, anti-thymocyte globulin, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids. RESULTS: The mean survival duration of the recipients was 39 days. Except for a few cases for which survival durations were <2 days because of technical failure, 24 grafts survived for >7 days, with an average survival duration of 50 days. Long-term survival was observed 115 days after the removal of the contralateral kidney, which is currently the longest-recorded graft survival in Korea. We confirmed functioning grafts for the surviving transplanted kidneys after the second-look operation, and no signs of hyperacute rejection were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although our survival results are relatively poor, they are the best-recorded results in South Korea, and the ongoing results are improving. With the support of government funds and the volunteering activities of clinical experts, we aim to further improve our experiments and contribute to the commencement of clinical trials of kidney xenotransplantation in Korea.

Association of Serum Adiponectin Biomarker with Metabolic Syndrome Components in Koreans with Extremely High HDL Cholesterol Levels in General Health Checkup.

Adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are negative predictors for cardio-metabolic disorders. This study explored adiponectin's role in predicting multiple metabolic syndrome components (multi-MetSC) in subjects with extremely high HDL-C levels overall and by sex. We enrolled adults with extremely high HDL-C levels (≥90 mg/dL) in general health checkups and compared adiponectin levels in subjects with and without multi-MetSC. Among 274 subjects (median 44 years, female 79.6%), 19 (6.9%) had a multi-MetSC. The adiponectin level was significantly lower in subjects with multi-MetSC than without (females: 9.2 [6.2-13.3] vs. 12.0 [9.7-15.9] µg/mL, p = 0.039; males: 6.9 ± 2.4 vs. 10.0 ± 5.2 µg/mL, p = 0.013). The optimal cutoff values to predict multi-MetSC were 9.7 µg/mL (sensitivity 64%, specificity 74%) in females and 9.6 µg/mL (sensitivity 100%, specificity 44%) in males. Compared with the high adiponectin group, the low group revealed higher fasting glucose in females and higher waist circumference, visceral fat area, and HDL-C levels in males. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed adiponectin as an independent predictor of multi-MetSC (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.71-0.97). Adiponectin could be a potential biomarker for multi-MetSC in general health checkup subjects with extremely high HDL-C levels. There were sex differences in the metabolic risk factors between low and high adiponectin groups.

Left ventricular rehabilitation in an infant with transposition of the great arteries, intact ventricular septum, pulmonary stenosis and small left ventricle.

We report the case of successful biventricular repair after left ventricular rehabilitation in an infant with transposition of the great arteries with an intact ventricular septum, pulmonary stenosis, a large atrial septal defect and a borderline small left ventricle (mitral annulus z-score: -3.6). This baby presented to us at 2 months of age after having a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt at another hospital. We restricted the atrial septal defect with the child on cardiopulmonary bypass. Ten weeks later, the mitral annulus z-score increased to -1.5, and the transpulmonary peak pressure gradient increased to 87 mmHg. Subsequently, we performed the aortic root translocation. The patient is currently an active 4-year-old boy.

Sex-Specific U-Shaped Relationships Between High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and 10-year Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Nationwide Cohort Study of 5.7 Million South Koreans.

BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a well-known predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). We explored the relationships between HDL-C levels and 10-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and provided sex-specific upper reference limits for HDL-C levels. METHODS: Based on the Korean National Health Insurance Sharing Service, we identified 5,703,897 subjects (women, 48%) with age ≥40 years, eligible HDL-C results, and no prior ASCVD in 2009. We investigated the distribution of 10-year MACE according to HDL-C levels in 10 mg/dL (0.26 mmol/L) intervals and in three HDL-C groups (low: men <40 mg/dL [1.03 mmol/L], women <50 mg/dL [1.29 mmol/L]; high: between low and extremely high levels; and extremely high: >90 mg/dL [2.33 mmol/L]). RESULTS: There were U-shaped relationships between HDL-C levels and 10-year MACE with later inflection in women than in men (nadir: 80-99 mg/dL [2.07-2.56 mmol/L] and 50-59 mg/dL [1.29-1.53 mmol/L], respectively). In men, the extremely high HDL-C group showed significantly higher 10-year MACE than the high group (28.1% vs. 24.6%, P< 0.0001). In women, the extremely high group showed the lowest 10-year MACE; if the extremely high starting point was raised to 130 mg/dL, it became similar to that in men and showed higher 10-year MACE than the high group (25.6% vs. 20.1%, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The 10-year MACE showed U-shaped relationships with HDL-C levels, and extremely high HDL-C level at 90 mg/dL (2.33 mmol/L) in men was corresponding in risk to 130 mg/dL (3.36 mmol/L) in women.

Biomarker Rule-in or Rule-out in Patients With Acute Diseases for Validation of Acute Kidney Injury in the Emergency Department (BRAVA): A Multicenter Study Evaluating Urinary TIMP-2/IGFBP7.

Background: Urine tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (TIMP-2/IGFBP7) (NephroCheck, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved biomarker for risk assessment of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill adult patients in intensive care units; however, its clinical impact in the emergency department (ED) remains unproven. We evaluated the utility of NephroCheck for predicting AKI development and short-term mortality in the ED. Methods: This was a prospective, observational, five-center international study. We consecutively enrolled ED patients admitted with ≥30% risk of AKI development (assessed by ED physician: ED score) or acute diseases. Serum creatinine was tested on ED arrival (T0), day 1, and day 2 (T48); urine for NephroCheck was collected at T0 and T48. We performed ROC curve and reclassification analyses. Results: Among the 529 patients enrolled (213 females; median age, 65 years), AKI developed in 59 (11.2%) patients. The T0 NephroCheck value was higher in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group (median 0.77 vs. 0.29 (ng/m)2/1,000, P=0.001), and better predicted AKI development than the ED score (area under the curve [AUC], 0.64 vs. 0.53; P=0.04). In reclassification analyses, adding NephroCheck to the ED score improved the prediction of AKI development (P<0.05). The T0 NephroCheck value predicted 30-day mortality (AUC, 0.68; P<0.001). Conclusions: NephroCheck can predict both AKI development and short-term mortality in at-risk ED patients. NephroCheck would be a useful biomarker for early ruling-in or ruling-out of AKI in the ED.

The potential impact of systemic anti-inflammatory therapies in psoriasis on major adverse cardiovascular events: a Korean nationwide cohort study.

This nationwide population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of systemic anti-inflammatory treatment on the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) risk in patients with psoriasis from January 2006 to December 2018, using a database provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. Patients were grouped based on the following treatment modalities: biologics, phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and mixed conventional systemic agents. Patients who had not received any systemic treatment were assigned to the control cohort. The incidence of MACE per 1000 person-year was 3.5, 9.3, 12.1, 28.4, 39.5, and 14.5 in the biologic, phototherapy, methotrexate, cyclosporine, mixed conventional systemic agents, and control cohorts, respectively. During the 36-month follow-up, the cumulative incidence of MACE in the phototherapy and biologic cohorts remained lower than that of other treatment modalities. Cyclosporine (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.64-2.71) and mixed conventional systemic agents (HR = 2.57, 95% CI = 2.05-3.22) treatments were associated with increased MACE risk. Methotrexate treatment was not associated with MACE. Our finding demonstrates that treatment modalities may affect cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriasis. Thus, an appropriate combination of anti-psoriatic therapies should be considered to manage patients with high cardiovascular risk.IRB approval status: Waiver decision was obtained by the institutional review board, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (KUH1120107).

Bifidobacterium bifidum strains synergize with immune checkpoint inhibitors to reduce tumour burden in mice.

The gut microbiome can influence the development of tumours and the efficacy of cancer therapeutics1-5; however, the multi-omics characteristics of antitumour bacterial strains have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we integrated metagenomics, genomics and transcriptomics of bacteria, and analyses of mouse intestinal transcriptome and serum metabolome data to reveal an additional mechanism by which bacteria determine the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. In gut microbiome analyses of 96 samples from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, Bifidobacterium bifidum was abundant in patients responsive to therapy. However, when we treated syngeneic mouse tumours with commercial strains of B. bifidum to establish relevance for potential therapeutic uses, only specific B. bifidum strains reduced tumour burden synergistically with PD-1 blockade or oxaliplatin treatment by eliciting an antitumour host immune response. In mice, these strains induced tuning of the immunological background by potentiating the production of interferon-γ, probably through the enhanced biosynthesis of immune-stimulating molecules and metabolites.

Comprehensive Analysis of Cardiac Xeno-Graft Unveils Rejection Mechanisms.

Porcine heart xenotransplantation is a potential treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure. To understand molecular mechanisms of graft rejection after heart transplantation, we transplanted a 31-day-old alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GTKO) porcine heart to a five-year-old cynomolgus monkey. Histological and transcriptome analyses were conducted on xenografted cardiac tissue at rejection (nine days after transplantation). The recipient monkey's blood parameters were analyzed on days -7, -3, 1, 4, and 7. Validation was conducted by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with selected genes. A non-transplanted GTKO porcine heart from an age-matched litter was used as a control. The recipient monkey showed systemic inflammatory responses, and the rejected cardiac graft indicated myocardial infarction and cardiac fibrosis. The transplanted heart exhibited a total of 3748 differentially expressed genes compared to the non-transplanted heart transcriptome, with 2443 upregulated and 1305 downregulated genes. Key biological pathways involved at the terminal stage of graft rejection were cardiomyopathies, extracellular interactions, and ion channel activities. The results of qPCR evaluation were in agreement with the transcriptome data. Transcriptome analysis of porcine cardiac tissue at graft rejection reveals dysregulation of the key molecules and signaling pathways, which play relevant roles on structural and functional integrities of the heart.

Intra-operative trans-esophageal echocardiography in heart valve disease.

Peri-operative echocardiography is widely used because it provides information that significantly influences clinical/surgical management and improves outcome in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The role of intra-operative trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) in valvular heart disease cannot be emphasized enough. Increasing use of newer surgical techniques-valve repairs and minimal invasive cardiac surgery also warrants intra-operative TEE. It gives us better insight into the anatomy and physiology of the valvular lesion by digital imaging. This manuscript provides an illustrative case based overview of intra operative TEE (IOTEE) in heart valve surgery.

HDL Subclass Analysis in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans With High HDL Cholesterol Levels.

BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a complex mixture of subclasses with heterogeneous atheroprotective activities. We analyzed HDL-C subclass in relation to cardiovascular risk and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a population with high HDL-C levels. METHODS: A total of 300 Korean individuals with high HDL-C levels (≥2.331 mmol/L) were enrolled following a comprehensive general medical examination including body composition analysis. HDL3-C levels were measured using the HDL3-EX SEIKEN kit (Randox Ltd., Crumlin, UK) and non-HDL3-C levels were calculated by subtracting HDL3-C levels from total HDL-C levels. RESULTS: HDL3-C levels and HDL3-C proportion had a weak positive correlation with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (r=0.21, r=0.25; r=0.26, r=0.34, respectively, all P<0.001); in contrast, non-HDL3-C levels had a weak negative correlation with these parameters (r=-0.17 and r=-0.25, respectively, both P<0.005). HDL3-C levels and HDL3-C proportion were significantly higher in the MetS group (N=8) than in the non-MetS group (0.71 vs 0.63 mmol/L, P=0.001; 29.7 vs 25.8%, P=0.001, respectively); these were the only predictors of MetS among the lipid variables (areas under the curves [AUC]=0.84 and 0.83, respectively, both P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In populations with high HDL-C levels, HDL-C subclass may provide a greater amount of information on cardiovascular risk and MetS than HDL-C levels alone.

Prognostic Role of High-sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity-2 in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients Undergoing Non-cardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic utility of cardiac biomarkers, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (sST2), in non-cardiac surgery is not well-defined. We evaluated hs-cTnI and sST2 as predictors of 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) following major non-cardiac surgery. METHODS: hs-cTnI and sST2 concentrations were measured in 175 SICU patients immediately following surgery and for three days postoperatively. The results were analyzed in relation to 30-day MACE and were compared with the revised Goldman cardiac risk index (RCRI) score. RESULTS: Overall, 30-day MACE was observed in 16 (9.1%) patients. hs-cTnI and sST2 concentrations differed significantly between the two groups with and without 30-day MACE (P<0.05). The maximum concentration of sST2 was an independent predictor of 30-day MACE (odds ratio=1.016, P=0.008). The optimal cut-off values of hs-cTnI and sST2 for predicting 30-day MACE were 53.0 ng/L and 182.5 ng/mL, respectively. A combination of hs-cTnI and sST2 predicted 30-day MACE better than the RCRI score. Moreover, 30-day MACE was observed more frequently with increasing numbers of above-optimal cut-off hs-cTnI and sST2 values (P<0.0001). Reclassification analyses indicated that the addition of biomarkers to RCRI scores improved the prediction of 30-day MACE. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the utility of hs-cTnI and sST2 in predicting 30-day MACE following non-cardiac surgery. Cardiac biomarkers would provide enhanced risk stratification in addition to clinical RCRI scores for patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery.

Prognostic value of presepsin in adult patients with sepsis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Presepsin is a novel biomarker to diagnose sepsis but its prognostic value has not been comprehensively reviewed. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the mortality prediction value of presepsin in sepsis. METHODS: We searched comprehensive electronic databases from PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library through September 2017 using the key words of ('presepsin' or 'sCD14-ST' or 'soluble CD14 subtype') and ('sepsis' or 'septic shock') and ('prognosis' or 'prognostic value' or 'prognostic biomarker' or 'mortality'). We extracted the presepsin levels in survivors and non-survivors from each individual study and evaluated the standardized mean difference (SMD) using a web-based meta-analysis with the R statistical analysis program. RESULTS: A total of 10 studies and 1617 patients were included. Presepsin levels in the first sampling (within 24 hours) were significantly lower among survivors as compared with non-survivors: the pooled SMD between survivors and non-survivors was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.62-1.22) in the random effects model (I2 = 79%, P< 0.01). In subgroups, divided by the sepsis severity or study site, pooled SMD was consistently noting higher presepsin levels in non-survivals (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrates some mortality prediction value in presepsin in patients with sepsis. Further studies are needed to define the optimal cut-off point to predict mortality in sepsis.

CIB1 protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through inhibiting ASK1.

Calcium and integrin binding protein 1 (CIB1) is a calcium-binding protein that was initially identified as a binding partner of platelet integrin αIIb. Although CIB1 has been shown to interact with multiple proteins, its biological function in the brain remains unclear. Here, we show that CIB1 negatively regulates degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Genetic deficiency of the CIB1 gene enhances MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons in CIB1-/- mice. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated depletion of CIB1 in primary dopaminergic neurons potentiated 1-methyl-4-phenyl pyrinidium (MPP+)-induced neuronal death. CIB1 physically associated with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and thereby inhibited the MPP+-induced stimulation of the ASK1-mediated signaling cascade. These findings suggest that CIB1 plays a protective role in MPTP/MPP+-induced neurotoxicity by blocking ASK1-mediated signaling.

Three-dimensional echocardiography in adult congenital heart disease.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is now more common in adults than in children due to improvements in fetal echo, neonatal and pediatric care, and surgical techniques leading to dramatically increased survivability into adulthood. Adult patients with CHD, regardless of prior cardiac surgery, experience further cardiac problems or therapeutic challenges; therefore, a non-invasive, easily accessible echocardiographic examination is an essential follow-up tool. Among echocardiographic modalities, three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography provides better delineation of spatial relationships in complex cardiac geometries and more accurate volumetric information without geometric assumptions. For atrial septal defects, an en face view of the tissue defect allows better decisions on device closure. For tricuspid valve malformations, an en face view provides diagnostic information that is difficult to obtain from routine 2D tomography. In repaired tetralogy of fallot with pulmonary regurgitation, preoperative 3D echocardiography- based right ventricular volume may be used to determine the timing of a pulmonary valve replacement in conjunction with cardiovascular magnetic imaging. For optimal adult CHD care, 3D echocardiography is an important complement to routine 2D echocardiography.

Kawasaki Disease with Fever and Cervical Lymphadenopathy as the Sole Initial Presentation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) present with fever and cervical lymphadenopathy alone. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical features of these unusual KD patients and determine whether this is a severe form of KD associated with increased risks of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance and coronary artery lesions (CALs). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 146 children with KD were reviewed retrospectively, and classified into two groups according to initial clinical features. Those presenting with only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy (LKD) were classified as LKD patients. Other-KD patients included all except the LKD patients. RESULTS: Among 146 KD patients, 13 (8.9%) were classified as LKD patients. The LKD patients were significantly older and admitted earlier. The duration between fever onset and KD diagnosis was significantly longer in the LKD patients (5.9 days vs. 4.9 days, p=0.023). The frequency of IVIG resistance was not different between the two groups., In the LKD patients, the incidence of CALs was significantly higher in the acute phase, and without significant difference in the convalescent phase. The percentage of neutrophils and C-reactive protein, albumin, and total bilirubin levels were significantly higher in LKD patients. CONCLUSION: Even though LKD patients were older, admitted earlier, and had higher inflammatory marker levels, they did not have a greater risk of CALs or IVIG resistance. However, echocardiography may be helpful in the acute stage if patients have only fever and cervical lymphadenopathy and are unresponsive to empirical antibiotics.