Effect of screening colonoscopy frequency on colorectal cancer mortality in patients with a family history of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor in China, and its incidence in the elderly is increasing annually. Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of chronic non-specific intestinal inflammatory diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. AIM: To assess the effect of screening colonoscopy frequency on colorectal cancer mortality. METHODS: We included the clinicopathological and follow-up data of patients with colorectal cancer who underwent laparoscopic colectomy or open colectomy at our Gastrointestinal Department between January 2019 and December 2022. Surgical indicators, oncological indicators, and survival rates were compared between the groups. The results of 104 patients who met the above criteria were extracted from the database (laparoscopic colectomy group = 63, open colectomy group = 41), and there were no statistically significant differences in the baseline data or follow-up time between the two groups. RESULTS: Intraoperative blood loss, time to first ambulation, and time to first fluid intake were significantly lower in the laparoscopic colectomy group than in the open colectomy group. The differences in overall mortality, tumor-related mortality, and recurrence rates between the two groups were not statistically significant, and survival analysis showed that the differences in the cumulative overall survival, tumor-related survival, and cumulative recurrence-free rates between the two groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with colorectal cancer, laparoscopic colectomy has better short-term outcomes than open colectomy, and laparoscopic colectomy has superior long-term survival outcomes compared with open colectomy.

Are Sandwich Vertebrae Prone to Refracture After Percutaneous Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty? A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The formation of sandwiched vertebrae (SDVs) after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) or percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) has become a common phenomenon. Whether SDVs are more likely to fracture is still controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to provide medical evidence for whether SDVs are more prone to refracture than non-SDVs (NSDVs) after PVP or PKP. METHODS: This study was conducted in accordance with the criteria of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Medline databases, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Weipu, were thoroughly searched for relevant studies included from any point up until June 2022. Statistical analyses were performed using Revman 5.4. RESULTS: A total of 4052 individuals from 9 studies were enrolled. Overall, patients with SDV presented more risk to have refracture than patients with NSDV (OR = 1.57, P = 0.04). The incidences of refracture were comparable between the 2 cohorts in studies with a follow-up time less than 3 years (OR = 1.28, P = 0.49). However, patients with SDV were more prone to have refracture than patients with NSDV in studies with a follow-up time longer than 3 years (OR = 1.92, P = 0.009). Moreover, patients with SDV were more likely to have refracture than patients with NSDV in studies that involved both PVP and PKP (OR = 1.62, P = 0.002). In addition, age, low bone density, and postoperative kyphosis angle of sandwich fracture segments >10° were independent factors to predict refracture. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SDV were more likely to have refracture after PVP or PKP, especially when the follow-up time was longer than 3 years.

Transcriptome-wide m6A profiling reveals mRNA post-transcriptional modification of boar sperm during cryopreservation.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation induces transcriptomic and epigenetic modifications that strongly impairs sperm quality and function, and thus decrease reproductive performance. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation varies in response to stress and has been implicated in multiple important biological processes, including post-transcriptional fate of mRNA, metabolism, and apoptosis. This study aimed to explore whether cryopreservation induces m6A modification of mRNAs associated with sperm energy metabolism, cryoinjuries, and freezability. RESULTS: The mRNA and protein expression of m6A modification enzymes were significantly dysregulated in sperm after cryopreservation. Furthermore, m6A peaks were mainly enriched in coding regions and near stop codons with classical RRACH motifs. The mRNAs containing highly methylated m6A peaks (fts vs. fs) were significantly associated with metabolism and gene expression, while the genes with less methylated m6A peaks were primarily involved in processes regulating RNA metabolism and transcription. Furthermore, the joint analysis of DMMGs and differentially expressed genes indicated that both of these play a vital role in sperm energy metabolism and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to reveal the dynamic m6A modification of mRNAs in boar sperm during cryopreservation. These epigenetic modifications may affect mRNA expression and are closely related to sperm motility, apoptosis, and metabolism, which will provide novel insights into understanding of the cryoinjuries or freezability of boar sperm during cryopreservation.

Comparative Analysis of MicroRNA and mRNA Profiles of Sperm with Different Freeze Tolerance Capacities in Boar (Susscrofa) and Giant Panda (Ailuropodamelanoleuca).

Post-thawed sperm quality parameters vary across different species after cryopreservation. To date, the molecular mechanism of sperm cryoinjury, freeze-tolerance and other influential factors are largely unknown. In this study, significantly dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs in boar and giant panda sperm with different cryo-resistance capacity were evaluated. From the result of miRNA profile of fresh and frozen-thawed giant panda sperm, a total of 899 mature, novel miRNAs were identified, and 284 miRNAs were found to be significantly dysregulated (195 up-regulated and 89 down-regulated). Combined analysis of miRNA profiling of giant panda sperm and our previously published data on boar sperm, 46, 21 and 4 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs in boar sperm were believed to be related to apoptosis, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. Meanwhile, 87, 17 and 7 DE mRNAs in giant panda were associated with apoptosis, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the targets of DE miRNAs showed that they were mainly distributed on membrane related pathway in giant panda sperm, while cell components and cell processes were tied to the targets of DE miRNAs in boar sperm. Finally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of DE mRNAs indicated that most of these DE mRNAs were distributed in membrane signal transduction-related pathways in giant panda sperm, while those in boar sperm were mainly distributed in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway and inflammatory related pathways. In conclusion, although the different freezing extenders and programs were used, the DE miRNAs and mRNAs involved in apoptosis, energy metabolism, olfactory transduction pathway, inflammatory response and cytokine-cytokine interactions, could be the possible molecular mechanism of sperm cryoinjury and freeze tolerance.

Efficacy and safety of amrubicin-based regimen used as first-line for extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Currently, amrubicin is used as first-line in the treatment of patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, the effect of amrubicin-based treatment in extensive-disease (ED) SCLC remains controversial. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the efficacy and safety of amrubicin-based regimen in the treatment of patients with ED-SCLC. METHODS: RCTs published in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically reviewed. Eligible studies were these that evaluated the efficacy and safety profiles of amrubicin-based regimen in ED-SCLC. Outcomes included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR), and adverse events. Results were expressed with hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and risk ratio (RR) with 95% CIs. RESULTS: Four RCTs involving a total of 740 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. Amrubicin-based regimen was not associated with significantly prolonged PFS (HR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90-1.30; P = 0.463) and OS (HR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.89-1.29; P = 0.443) in patients with ED-SCLC. However, it significantly improved ORR (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.25; P = 0.008). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that neither amrubicin alone nor in combination with cisplatin prolonged the PFS and OS, and only the combination therapy significantly increased ORR. The incidence of grade ≥3 adverse events was comparable between amrubicin-containing and other treatment groups (RR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.78-2.58; P = 0.248). However, amrubicin-based treatment induced a significantly higher incidence of febrile neutropenia (RR = 3.32, 95% CI: 2.04-5.41; P < 0.001), anemia (RR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.06-1.97; P = 0.022), leukopenia (RR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.41-3.33; P < 0.001), neutropenia (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04-1.70; P = 0.021), and interstitial lung disease (RR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.21-1.98; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Amrubicin-based regimen used as first-line had no survival benefits in patients with ED-SCLC. But it significantly improved ORR. Further well-conducted, large-scale trials are needed to validate these findings.

Preparation and testing of quaternized chitosan nanoparticles as gene delivery vehicles.

The aim of this study was to synthesize a chitosan (CS) derivative, a quaternary ammonium salt crystal called N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC), and test a series of HACC and pEGFP-DNA complexes at different weight ratios for their efficiency of gene delivery into human cells. CS was modified with cationic etherifying agent to obtain the CS derivative. Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded on KBr pellets with a spectrometer. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of HACC were obtained using a spectrometer. HACC was subsequently used to prepare HACC/DNA complexes at different weight ratios by coacervation method. The resulting particle size and surface charge were assessed by laser light scattering using a zeta potential analyzer. The HACC/DNA complex formation and DNA protection in the nanoparticle complex was investigated by gel mobility shift assay and DNase I protection assay, respectively. The cytotoxicity of HACC and HACC/DNA nanoparticles was evaluated by MTT assay using (mesenchymal stem cell) MSC lines. The nanoscale structure of the particles was obtained by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The FTIR spectrum of HACC showed the characteristic quaternary ammonium group absorption band at 1475 cm(-1), which indicated the presence of quaternary ammonium group. The successful synthesis of HACC was also confirmed by (1)H NMR spectrum. HACC showed good solubility in water and was electropositive. HACC efficiently packed and protected pEGFP-DNA at a weight ratio of 10. With increased weight ratios, the surface charge of the composite particle increased from negative to positive, the average particle size increased, and HACC nanoparticle had a higher carrying efficiency. The nanoparticles released DNA in two distinct phases, and 55 % was released within the first 20 h of solubilization. The nanoparticles under TEM showed circular or oval shapes. The particles exhibited no cytotoxicity against human cells. No significant difference in gene delivery efficiency was detected between HACC/pEGFP-GDNF and liposome/pEGFP-GDNF complexes (33.8 vs. 34 %, P = 0.363). In this study, HACC was successfully synthesized, and HACC/DNA complex assembled efficiently. HACC showed strong DNA binding affinity and high protection of DNA and was non-cytotoxic to human cells. The particles had appropriate nanostructure, mean diameter, and DNA release time. The results suggest that HACC nanoparticles are a novel tool for efficient and safe gene delivery.

The isolation and cultivation of bone marrow stem cells and evaluation of differences for neural-like cells differentiation under the induction with neurotrophic factors.

The bone marrow represents the most common source from which to isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). They can be obtained directly from patients and successfully induced to form various differentiated cell types. In addition, cell-based transplantation therapies have been proven to be promising strategies for curing disease of the nerve system. Therefore, it was particularly important to establish an easy and feasible method for the isolation, purification, and differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize putative bone marrow derived MSCs from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Furthermore, differentiation effects were compared between the GDNF-induction group and the BDNF-induction group. Of these, BMSCs were isolated from the SD rats in a traditional manner, and identified based on plastic adherence, morphology, and surface phenotype assays. After induction with GDNF and BDNF, viability of BMSCs was detected by MTT assay and neuronal differentiation of BMSCs was confirmed by using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Besides, the number of BMSCs that obviously exhibited neuronal morphology was counted and the results were compared between the GDNF-induction group and BDNF-induction groups. Our results indicate that direct adherence was a simple and convenient method for isolation and cultivation of BMSCs. Furthermore, BMSCs can be induced in vitro to differentiate into neuronal cells by using GDNF, which could achieve a more persistent and stable inducing effect than when using BDNF.

c-Myc-mediated epigenetic silencing of MicroRNA-101 contributes to dysregulation of multiple pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma.

UNLABELLED: The MYC oncogene is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been associated with widespread microRNA (miRNA) repression; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor physically interacts with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a core enzymatic unit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Furthermore, miR-101, an important tumor-suppressive miRNA in human hepatocarcinomas, is epigenetically repressed by PRC2 complex in a c-Myc-mediated manner. miR-101, in turn, inhibits the expression of two subunits of PRC2 (EZH2 and EED), thus creating a double-negative feedback loop that regulates the process of hepatocarcinogenesis. Restoration of miR-101 expression suppresses multiple malignant phenotypes of HCC cells by coordinate repression of a cohort of oncogenes, including STMN1, JUNB, and CXCR7, and further increases expression of endogenous miR-101 by inhibition of PRC2 activation. In addition, co-overexpression of c-Myc and EZH2 in HCC samples was closely associated with lower expression of miR-101 (P < 0.0001) and poorer prognosis of HCC patients (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: c-Myc collaborates with EZH2-containing PRC2 complex in silencing tumor-suppressive miRNAs during hepatocarcinogenesis and provides promising therapeutic candidates for human HCC.

Antibiotic penetration into rabbit nucleus pulposus with discitis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the penetration into nucleus pulposus (NP) of cephazolin and clindamycin in a discitis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated with 103 Staphylococcus aureus at lumbar disc space. The rabbits with discitis confirmed by MRI 10 days after inoculation were divided into two groups. One was given cephazolin by intravenous (IV) at 80 mg/kg/day at 1.5 h interval for 5 half-lives; the other was given clindamycin by IV at 30 mg/kg/day at 2.5-h interval for 5 half-lives. Thirty minutes after completion of the last dose, NP and serum were sent to measure antibiotic concentration. RESULTS: Two rabbits died during inoculation. After 10 days, 18 rabbits were confirmed discitis in the inoculated levels. The cephazolin and clindamycin can diffuse throughout the infected, sham-infected and normal NP. The serum concentration of cephazolin and clindamycin was 251.3 ± 40.5 and 21.6 ± 4.71 mg/l, respectively. The cephazolin concentration in infected NP (1.93 ± 0.84 mg/l) was higher than that in sham-infected (1.73 ± 0.61 mg/l) and normal NP (1.68 ± 0.65 mg/l), but the difference showed no statistically significant (P > 0.05). The cephazolin penetration into NP averaged 0.68-0.77 % of serum level. The clindamycin concentration in infected NP (4.32 ± 1.54 mg/l) was higher than that in sham-infected NP (2.63 ± 1.26 mg/l) and normal NP (2.59 ± 1.01 mg/l) (P < 0.05). The penetration into NP averaged 11.9-20 % of serum level. There was no significance difference between sham-infected and normal NP in clindamycin and cephazolin concentration (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates cephazolin and clindamycin can penetrate the infected and normal NP. The antibiotics charge influences the delivery. Furthermore, infection condition selectively promotes antibiotic distribution within NP.

Sexual size dimorphism in anurans: roles of mating system and habitat types.

BACKGROUND: Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread and variable among animals. Sexual selection, fecundity selection and ecological divergence between males and females are the major evolutionary forces of SSD. However, the influences of mating system and habitat types on SSD have received little attention. Here, using phylogenetic comparative methods, we at first examine the hypotheses to that mating system (intensity of sexual selection) and habitat types affect significantly variation in SSD in anurans (39 species and 18 genera). RESULTS: Our data set encompass 39 species with female-biased SSD. We provide evidence that the effects of mating system and habitat types on SSD were non-significant across species, also when the analyses were phylogenetically corrected. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast to the hypotheses, our findings suggest that mating system and habitat types do not play an important role in shaping macro-evolutionary patterns of SSD in anurans. Mating system and habitat types cannot explain the variation in SSD when correcting for phylogenetic effects.

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship between three serow species of the genus Capricornis based on the complete mitochondrial DNA control region sequences.

The molecular evidence of phylogenetic status regarding the Formosan serow (Capricornis swinhoei) is not robust and little is known about the genetic diversity of the Sumatran serow (Capricornis sumatraensis), which partly is due to the hardness in sample collection. Here we determined the sequences of the complete mitochondrial DNA control region (1,014 bp) of 19 Sumatran-serow individuals. Nine new haplotypes were defined based on 78 variable sites. Combined analysis with other 32 haplotypes downloaded from the public database, including 1 Sumatran-serow, 11 Formosan-serow and 20 Japanese-serow (Capricornis crispus) haplotypes, a relatively high level of nucleotide diversity was first observed in Sumatran serow (π = 0.0249). By comparative analysis with structural consensus sequences from other mammals, we have identified central, left and right domains and depicted the putative functional structure, including extend termination associated sequences and conserve sequence blocks, in mtDNA control region. The alignment of mtDNA control region revealed that both Sumatran and Japanese serow have two tandem repeats (TRs), but three TRs in Formosan serow. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Formosan serow is distinct species with the Japanese serow, but a sister group with the Sumatran serow. The divergence time estimated among three serow species revealed that Pleistocene climate changes and the uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau might play an important role in the genetic differentiation of the serows. These results mainly provide the convinced evidence on the genetic relationship between three serow species.

Astragaloside IV prevents MPP⁺-induced SH-SY5Y cell death via the inhibition of Bax-mediated pathways and ROS production.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Oxidative stress and neural degeneration are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Previous studies have revealed that Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) can reduce inflammation and oxidation, making it a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we investigated whether AS-IV protect against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridnium ion (MPP(+))-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and determined the mechanism of AS-IV neuroprotection. We found that pretreatment with AS-IV significantly reversed the loss of cell viability, nuclear condensation, the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the activity of caspase-3 induced by MPP(+). Our study suggests that the neuroprotective effect of AS-IV is related to mechanisms including ROS production and the inhibition of Bax-mediated pathway. The present study supports the notion that AS-IV may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD.

Association study of the A2M and LRP1 Genes with Alzheimer disease in the Han Chinese.

BACKGROUND: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M) are two plausible candidate genes for Alzheimer disease (AD) based on their important biological function and positional information. To date, numerous studies have investigated their possible association with AD but the results are controversial. METHODS: To investigate the potential genetic contribution of the two genes in the Han Chinese population, we performed a case-control association study using 10 polymorphisms (4 in LRP1 and 6 in A2M) that span approximately the whole corresponding gene. RESULTS: Comparison of allele, genotype, and haplotype frequencies for polymorphisms in A2M revealed no significant differences between patients and control subjects. For the LRP1 gene, however, we found an overrepresentation of the CTCG haplotype in the control group (p = .002). The difference was still of statistical significance in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon 4 negative subjects (p(CTCG) = .003). Multiple logistic regression analysis did not show any evidence of synergism between A2M, LRP1, and APOE. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the CTCG haplotype of LRP1 may reduce the risk of late-onset AD, but A2M is not associated with this disease in the Han Chinese population.

An association between polymorphisms of the interleukin-10 gene promoter and schizophrenia in the Chinese population.

Immunological abnormalities have been found to be associated with schizophrenia for decades. Cytokines are key proteins involved in the immune system activation. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an important immunoregulatory cytokine, is located on chromosome 1q31-32, a region previously reported to be linked to schizophrenia in genetic studies. Thus, a study was carried out on the association between schizophrenia and three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of IL-10 gene. Totally, 341 patients and 334 controls of Chinese descent were analyzed. Statistically significant differences were observed in both allelic and genotypic frequencies of the -592A/C polymorphism (Allele, chi(2)=4.43, df=1, P=0.032, odds ratio (OR)=1.26, 95% CI 1.02-1.56; Genotype, chi(2)=6.18, df=2, P=0.044) while the other two polymorphisms did not show such differences. The observed haplotype distributions revealed a significant association with schizophrenia (P=0.0008). These data suggest that the IL-10 gene may confer susceptibility to the development of schizophrenia in the Chinese population.

Association analysis of polymorphisms in the upstream region of the human dopamine D4 receptor gene in schizophrenia.

Several studies have suggested that the transcriptional activity of the DRD4 gene may exert an important role in susceptibility to schizophrenia. To address this issue, we studied the association of schizophrenia and polymorphisms including -616C>G, -603T>del, -602G>del, 600G>C, -521C>T, -376C>T and a 120 bp tandem duplication polymorphism (120 bp repeat) in 1.2 kb upstream from the initiation codon in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene with 210 schizophrenic cases and 206 healthy controls. The results showed a significant excess of allele L of the 120 bp repeat in the schizophrenic patients compared to the controls (X(2)=8.585, df=1, P=0.003, OR=1.546, 95% CI=1.154-2.070). No significant difference was detected in the frequencies of genotype and allele of six other polymorphisms between the two groups. However, haplotypic distribution of 120 bp repeat, -616C>G, -602G>del, -521C>T and -376C>T was significantly different between case and control groups (P=0.005). This might cause the alteration of the transcriptional regulation of the DRD4 gene, as the consensus sequences of binding sites for several known transcription factors are involved in this region.

A gene locus responsible for dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) maps to chromosome 6q24.2-q25.2.

Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) is a hereditary skin disease characterized by the presence of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on extremities and face. The gene, or even its chromosomal location, for DSH has not yet been identified. In this study, two Chinese families with DSH were identified and subjected to a genomewide screen for linkage analysis. Two-point linkage analysis for pedigree A (maximum LOD score [Z(max)] = 7.28 at recombination fraction [theta] = 0.00) and pedigree B (Z(max) = 2.41 at theta = 0.00) mapped the locus for DSH in the two families to chromosome 6q. Subsequent multipoint analysis of the two families also provided additional support for the DSH gene being located within the region 6q24.2-q25.2, with Z(max) = 10.64. Haplotype analysis confined the locus within an interval of 10.2 Mbp, flanked by markers D6S1703 and D6S1708. The two families had no identical haplotype within the defined region, which suggests that the two families were different in origin. Further work on identification of the gene for DSH will open new avenues to exploration of the genetics of pigmentation.