Boosting interpersonal emotion regulation through facial imitation: functional neuroimaging foundations.

Empathic function, which is primarily manifested by facial imitation, is believed to play a pivotal role in interpersonal emotion regulation for mood reinstatement. To explore this association and its neural substrates, we performed a questionnaire survey (study l) to identify the relationship between empathy and interpersonal emotion regulation; and a task-mode fMRI study (study 2) to explore how facial imitation, as a fundamental component of empathic processes, promotes the interpersonal emotion regulation effect. Study 1 showed that affective empathy was positively correlated with interpersonal emotion regulation. Study 2 showed smaller negative emotions in facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation (subjects imitated experimenter's smile while followed the interpersonal emotion regulation guidance) than in normal interpersonal emotion regulation (subjects followed the interpersonal emotion regulation guidance) and Watch conditions. Mirror neural system (e.g. inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobe) and empathy network exhibited greater activations in facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation compared with normal interpersonal emotion regulation condition. Moreover, facial imitation interpersonal emotion regulation compared with normal interpersonal emotion regulation exhibited increased functional coupling from mirror neural system to empathic and affective networks during interpersonal emotion regulation. Furthermore, the connectivity of the right orbital inferior frontal gyrus-rolandic operculum lobe mediated the association between the accuracy of facial imitation and the interpersonal emotion regulation effect. These results show that the interpersonal emotion regulation effect can be enhanced by the target's facial imitation through increased functional coupling from mirror neural system to empathic and affective neural networks.

The association between social media use and well-being during quarantine period: testing a moderated mediation model.

Objectives: Social media use (SMU) increased dramatically during COVID-19 due to policies such as long-term quarantine. Given that SMU has complex effects on individuals' well-being, this study aimed to explore the relationship between SMU and subjective well-being and the influencing factors in the context of the pandemic in China. Methods: A total of 895 adults (413 males) in different risk areas across China participated in this study. They provided self-reported data on subjective well-being, social media use, adaptive humor, and other demographic variables. Results: It revealed that SMU was positively associated with individual well-being, an effect partially mediated by the score of adaptive humor. Furthermore, the effect of SMU on adaptive humor was moderated by trait optimism, with the effect more robust in high (vs. low) optimistic individuals. Conclusion: This study explored the positive effects of SMU on individuals' well-being, suggesting that individuals may better cope with negative experiences and maintain well-being under quarantine by showing more adaptive humor on social media.

Unconscious and conscious acceptance downregulate aggressive behavior: Mediating role of anger regulation.

Social exclusion can induce negative emotions and aggression. While previous studies have investigated the effect of trait acceptance on emotional experience and aggression during social exclusion, it is still unclear how different forms of acceptance strategy can downregulate negative emotions and whether this potential reduction of negative emotions should mediate the effect of acceptance on aggression. To address these questions, 100 participants were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG, N = 33), conscious acceptance group (CAG, N = 33) and unconscious acceptance group (UAG, N = 34). Negative emotions were induced by the cyberball game and measured by the modified PANAS. Aggressive behavior was assessed by the hot sauce allocation task. Results showed that anger, rather than other negative emotions, mediated the effect of acceptance on aggressive behavior. Conscious and unconscious acceptance both effectively regulated anger, hurt feelings and aggressive behavior during social exclusion. Compared to conscious acceptance, unconscious acceptance was associated with less reduction of positive emotion and had a better effect on reducing sadness. These findings highlight the advantage of applying unconscious acceptance strategy to regulating social exclusion-induced emotions for the purpose of reducing aggressive behavior.

Impact of cytoreduction and remission status on hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes in pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome and related disorders.

BACKGROUND: The role of cytoreduction prior to hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) for patients with pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and related disorders remains unclear. PROCEDURE: We performed a single-center retrospective analysis of pre-transplant disease management and subsequent HCT outcome for pediatric patients with MDS and related disorders who underwent HCT between 2010 and 2020. RESULTS: Total 62 patients (median age 11 years) with idiopathic MDS (n = 16), MDS secondary to an underlying germline condition (n = 11), secondary acute myeloid leukemia (n = 9), myeloproliferative neoplasms (n = 8), and treatment-related myeloid neoplasms (n = 18) received an allogeneic HCT. Cytoreduction prior to HCT was performed in 30/62 (48%) patients; this subset of patients had higher risk disease characteristics, including a higher blast count on presentation. In the overall cohort, use of cytoreduction before HCT was associated with higher rates of relapse (cumulative incidence of relapse 24 months post HCT: 48.1% [27.5%-66.1%]) for those who received cytoreduction versus 16.6% (5.9%-32.1%) for those who did not (p = .03). There was a trend toward decreased overall survival (OS) for those patients who received cytoreduction (24 months post HCT 57.1% vs. 75.3%, respectively; p = .06). OS for patients who received cytoreduction and attained measurable residual disease (MRD) negativity prior to HCT was superior compared to those with persistent disease (24 months post HCT 63.9% [36%-81.2%] vs. 33.3% [7.8%-62.3%], respectively; p = .04). CONCLUSION: Cytoreduction did not provide survival benefit in our overall cohort, but its increased use in children with higher risk disease impacted the analysis. Patients receiving cytoreduction and achieving MRD-negative status before HCT demonstrated improved OS compared to those with persistent disease.

Temporal dynamic patterns of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlie the association between rumination and depression.

As a major contributor to the development of depression, rumination has proven linked with aberrant default-mode network (DMN) activity. However, it remains unclear how the spontaneous spatial and temporal activity of DMN underlie the association between rumination and depression. To illustrate this issue, behavioral measures and resting-state functional magnetic resonance images were connected in 2 independent samples (NSample1 = 100, NSample2 = 95). Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) were used to assess spatial characteristic patterns, while voxel-wise functional concordance (across time windows) (VC) and Hurst exponent (HE) were used to assess temporal dynamic patterns of brain activity. Results from both samples consistently show that temporal dynamics but not spatial patterns of DMN are associated with rumination. Specifically, rumination is positively correlated with HE and VC (but not fALFF and ReHo) values, reflecting more consistent and regular temporal dynamic patterns in DMN. Moreover, subregion analyses indicate that temporal dynamics of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) reliably predict rumination scores. Furthermore, mediation analyses show that HE and VC of VMPFC mediate the association between rumination and depression. These findings shed light on neural mechanisms of individual differences in rumination and corresponding risk for depression.

Awe weakens the AIDS-related stigma: The mediation effects of connectedness and empathy.

Stigma toward people with HIV or AIDS produces significant harms to their life and also hinders the prevention of AIDS. In the present study, we tested whether awe can weaken AIDS-related stigma and the mediating role of connectedness and empathy between them through a cross-sectional study (Study 1, N = 372) and two experimental studies (Study 2a and 2b, N = 110 and N = 180, respectively). Results showed that awe reduced AIDS-related stigma (Study 2a and 2b), via the serial mediation of connectedness and empathy (Study 1 and 2b). These findings suggest that the experience of awe increases one's connectedness to the world, which then enhances empathy and decreases AIDS-related stigma. This study expands our understanding of the relationship between awe and stigma, providing empirical basis for decreasing social prejudice to others.

Trait Acceptance Buffers Aggressive Tendency by the Regulation of Anger during Social Exclusion.

Social exclusion has led to increased negative emotions and aggressive behaviors, two outcomes that are correlated with each other. Thus, the down-regulation of negative emotions appears to play a crucial role in reducing the tendency for aggressive behavior. However, this assumption has not yet been tested. To this end, a total of 397 undergraduates reported their aggressive tendencies, state emotions and trait acceptance by completing corresponding questionnaires, and a recall paradigm was used to induce experiences of social exclusion. The results showed that in the context of social exclusion, (1) trait acceptance was negatively correlated with negative emotions and aggressive tendency but was positively correlated with positive emotions; (2) negative emotions, rather than positive emotions, were positively correlated with aggressive tendency; (3) increased trait acceptance buffered the experience of anger, which is, in turn, related to reduced aggressive tendency; (4) trait acceptance also downregulated the feeling of sadness, which is, however, related to increased aggression; (5) the mediator of sadness was smaller in effect size than that of anger. Taken together, these results suggest that negative emotions are associated with aggression in the context of social exclusion, and the habitual use of an acceptance strategy was conductive to decreasing aggressive tendencies by decreasing anger.

Shared surname enhances our preference to famous people: multimodal EEG evidence.

Multimodal Electroencephalography techniques were used to determine whether the name of famous people undergoes self-relevant processing due to a shared surname with participants. During a three-stimulus oddball task, brain activity was recorded when participants suddenly saw their own names (self-name [SN]), a famous name with the same surname (FNS), or a famous name with a different surname (FND). While familiarity ratings were kept similar across the three kinds of name, behavioral analysis showed a higher rating on self-relevance for SN than for FNS, which, in turn, received a higher rating than FND. P2 amplitudes demonstrated a similar enhancement in response to SN and FNS compared to FND while P3 amplitudes and power of theta band (3.5-6 Hz) oscillation were more pronounced in response to SN than to FNS, which in turn elicited larger P3 and theta activities than FND. These findings, excluding the influence of familiarity, revealed that famous people sharing same surname with us could elicit a reliable self-relevant effect, despite lack of real social connection. This self-relevant processing may be embodied by the P3 amplitude and theta band neural oscillation in EEG.

Increased motivational intensity leads to preference for distraction over reappraisal during emotion regulation: Mediated by attentional breadth.

Motivation is considered important in the study of emotion regulation. However, it remains unknown whether and how varied motivation may influence people's emotion regulation choice. To address this question, 51 participants first performed a global-local task that measures attentional breadth. Then, they were required to choose emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal, or distraction, to regulate their emotion in emotional contexts that varied in motivational direction and intensity. We found that distraction was chosen more often over reappraisal in high-intensity-motivated emotion, while the reverse pattern was observed in low-intensity motivated emotion. Besides, withdrawal-motivated emotion was associated with more reappraisal choices than approach-motivated emotion, an effect that, however, vanished when valence was controlled. Furthermore, participants made fewer global choices, which is indicative of narrowed attentional breadth, during high- relative to low-intensity motivated emotional contexts, and attentional breadth partially mediated the effect of motivational intensity on emotion regulation choice. These findings suggest that increased motivation promotes one's choice of distraction over reappraisal during emotion regulation, by narrowing attentional breadth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Emotion Regulation Choice in Internet Addiction: Less Reappraisal, Lower Frontal Alpha Asymmetry.

Individuals with internet addiction (IA) show difficulties in emotion regulation. However, they could effectively employ emotion regulation strategies when instructed. We speculate that this discrepancy might be caused by maladaptive emotion regulation choices. Recent studies indicated that decreased activity of the left frontal cortex could be a neural marker of reappraisal use. To address this problem, individuals with IA (n = 17, IA group) and healthy individuals (n = 23, healthy control [HC] group) were required to choose an emotion regulation strategy between reappraisal and distraction to regulate their emotions varying in emotional intensity and valence. We also compared the resting state frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) of these 2 groups. The results replicated more choices of reappraisal in low- versus high-intensity emotional contexts across groups. More importantly, the IA group chose reappraisal less frequently compared with the HC group, irrespective of emotional intensity. Furthermore, we found individuals with IA have lower FAA than healthy controls, and FAA shows a positive correlation with the use of reappraisal. These findings suggest that IA alters individuals' patterns of emotion regulation choice and impairs frontal activities, causing difficulties in emotion regulation.

Distinct neural-behavioral correspondence within face processing and attention networks for the composite face effect.

The composite face effect (CFE) is recognized as a hallmark for holistic face processing, but our knowledge remains sparse about its cognitive and neural loci. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging with independent localizer and complete composite face task, we here investigated its neural-behavioral correspondence within face processing and attention networks. Complementing classical comparisons, we adopted a dimensional reduction approach to explore the core cognitive constructs of the behavioral CFE measurement. Our univariate analyses found an alignment effect in regions associated with both the extended face processing network and attention networks. Further representational similarity analyses based on Euclidian distances among all experimental conditions were used to identify cortical regions with reliable neural-behavioral correspondences. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analyses for neural-behavioral correspondence data revealed two principal components underlying the behavioral CFE effect, which fit best to the neural responses in the bilateral insula and medial frontal gyrus. These findings highlight the distinct neurocognitive contributions of both face processing and attentional networks to the behavioral CFE outcome, which bridge the gaps between face recognition and attentional control models.

Erythroid nuclear dysplasia is associated with inferior outcomes for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Disease burden prior to hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is difficult to assess in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), particularly in patients without excess blasts. We assessed whether morphologic dysplasia at the time of transplant can be a metric of disease burden that is associated with post-transplant outcomes in MDS patients. We identified 84 MDS patients undergoing allogeneic HCT at our institution between 2010 and 2017 who received a bone marrow evaluation immediately prior to HCT. Dysplasia was independently determined by two hematopathologists blinded to existing pathology reports. Erythroid nuclear dysplasia, but not megakaryocytic or myeloid, was associated with post-HCT outcomes. Presence compared to absence of erythroid nuclear dysplasia was associated with lower 2-year progression-free survival (PFS; 34 % vs 62 %, p = 0.0495) and 2-year overall survival (OS; 34 % vs 62 %, p = 0.042). In a multivariate analysis including age, IPSS-R at the time of transplant, pre-HCT therapy, and donor type as covariates, erythroid nuclear dysplasia remained associated with lower PFS (HR 2.6, p = 0.036) and OS (HR 2.7, p = 0.028). Dysplasia assessment prior to transplant may serve as an estimate of disease burden in MDS and identify high-risk patients who merit additional therapies pre- or post-transplant.

Circulating miRNA in Patients Undergoing Total Pancreatectomy and Islet Autotransplantation.

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) can be biomarkers for diagnosis and progression of several pathophysiological conditions. In a cohort undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) from the multicenter Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT (POST), we investigated associations between a panel of circulating miRNAs (hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-216a-5p, hsa-miR-320d, hsa-miR-200c, hsa-miR-125b, hsa-miR-7-5p, hsa-miR-221-3p, hsa-miR-122-5p) and patient, disease and islet-isolation characteristics. Plasma samples (n = 139) were collected before TPIAT and miRNA levels were measured by RTPCR. Disease duration, prior surgery, and pre-surgical diabetes were not associated with circulating miRNAs. Levels of hsa-miR-29b-3p (P = 0.03), hsa-miR-148a-3p (P = 0.04) and hsa-miR-221-3p (P = 0.01) were lower in those with genetic risk factors. Levels of hsa-miR-148a-3p (P = 0.04) and hsa-miR-7-5p (P = 0.04) were elevated in toxic/metabolic disease. Participants with exocrine insufficiency had lower hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-148a-3p, hsa-miR-320d, hsa-miR-221-3p (P < 0.01) and hsa-miR-375, hsa-miR-200c-3p, and hsa-miR-125b-5p (P < 0.05). Four miRNAs were associated with fasting C-peptide before TPIAT (hsa-miR-29b-3p, r = 0.18; hsa-miR-148a-3p, r = 0.21; hsa-miR-320d, r = 0.19; and hsa-miR-221-3p, r = 0.21; all P < 0.05), while hsa-miR-29b-3p was inversely associated with post-isolation islet equivalents/kg and islet number/kg (r = -0.20, P = 0.02). Also, hsa-miR-200c (r = 0.18, P = 0.03) and hsa-miR-221-3p (r = 0.19, P = 0.03) were associated with islet graft tissue volume. Further investigation is needed to determine the predictive potential of these miRNAs for assessing islet autotransplant outcomes.

Impulse Inhibition Ability With Methamphetamine Dependents Varies at Different Abstinence Stages.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the impulse inhibition ability with methamphetamine dependents would vary at different abstinence stages. Methods: Sixty-three methamphetamine dependents, including 31 short-term (< 10 months) and 32 long-term (≥ 10 months) abstinence participants, were recruited for this study. In addition, 33 men were recruited as the healthy control (HC) group. All participants performed a two-choice oddball task, which is well-established to assess impulse inhibition. Accuracy for deviant trials and deviant-standard reaction time (RT) delay were computed as indexes of impulse inhibition. Results: The accuracy for deviant trials was significantly decreased in short-term abstinence subjects (90.61%) compared to HC subjects (95.42%, p < 0.01), which was coupled with a shorter RT delay reflecting greater impulsivity in the short-term group vs. the HC group (47 vs. 73 ms, p < 0.01). However, impulse inhibition was improved in the long-term group, shown by the increased accuracy for deviant trials in the long-term group compared to the short-term group (94.28 vs. 90.61%, p < 0.05) and the similar accuracy for the long-term and HC groups (p > 0.05). Further regression analyses confirmed that the abstinence duration positively predicted impulse inhibition of methamphetamine dependents, both in accuracy and RT for deviant stimulus (ß = 0.294, p = 0.019; ß = 0.337, p = 0.007). Conclusion: These results suggest that long-term abstinence is more effective in improving impulse inhibition with methamphetamine dependents.

Gender Role, But Not Sex, Shapes Humans' Susceptibility to Emotion.

It is unknown whether the famous sex-related difference in emotion processing is accounted for by biological sex, gender role, or their interaction. To clarify the issue, in Study 1 we recorded event-related potentials in response to negative and positive images of diverse intensities when 47 masculine (26 males) and 47 feminine (22 males) subjects performed a non-emotional task. The occipital P1 and N1 amplitudes were larger in women than in men, while feminine subjects showed larger N1 amplitudes than masculine subjects, regardless of sex. Moreover, feminine subjects showed enhanced frontocentral N2 (210-270 ms) amplitudes for highly and mildly negative than for neutral stimuli, while masculine subjects showed an emotion effect only for highly negative stimuli. The feminine-specific effect for mildly negative stimuli was positively correlated to the feminine score, and this correlation was located to the anterior cingulate and the superior and medial frontal gyri. Furthermore, feminine but not masculine subjects showed enhanced parietal P3 (330-560 ms) amplitudes for highly and mildly positive than for neutral stimuli, an effect positively related to the feminine score and localized to the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and superior temporal gyrus. Machine learning analyses verified that single-trial N2 and P3 amplitudes of feminine subjects reliably discriminated the intensity of negative and positive stimuli, respectively. For ecological considerations, in Study 2 we used an observational approach (n = 300) and confirmed that feminine gender role, rather than biological sex, predicted individual differences in daily experience of emotion-related psychopathological symptoms. These findings provide solid evidence for the critical impact of gender role rather than sex on emotional susceptibility.

Emotion regulation by implementation intention is generalizable to unspecified situations: The nature of the underlying goal matters.

Implementation intentions (II), which specify how to respond in a given situation based on the goal, is known for its automaticity of regulating emotion to the specified situation. However, it is unknown whether such regulatory effects can be generalized to unspecified situations. For this purpose, we performed four experiments, each consisting of specified (bloody) and unspecified (non-bloody) stimuli with the goal of disgust (Exp.1-2) or unpleasant (Exp.3) regulation. Results showed that II reduced negative feelings for both bloody and non-bloody situations (Exp.1). This generalization effect was absent for goal-unrelated, frightening situations (Exp.2). However, broadening the goal extended the generalization effect to the frightening situation, an effect further amplified when a flexible response was used (Exp.3). Moreover, the II buildup did not disrupt feelings for pleasant situations (Exp.4). These results provide the first evidence that II-based emotion regulation is generalizable to unspecified, goal-related situations and that increasing goal coverage expands the generalization.

Automatic Reappraisal-Based Implementation Intention Produces Early and Sustainable Emotion Regulation Effects: Event-Related Potential Evidence.

Implementation intention has proven effective in regulating intense emotions but is found to be difficult when instructed regulation is used. Here, we aim to test whether automatic reappraisal-based implementation intention (RII) downregulates intense negative emotion more efficiently than controlled reappraisal (CR) using a two-phase event-related potential (ERP) experiment. In the regulation phase, both RII and CR decreased subjective experiences of negative emotion relative to passive watching, irrespective of emotional intensity. Moreover, RII reduced the central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes for both intensities in the 300-1,700-ms epoch after picture onset, whereas CR reduced LPP amplitudes just in the 500-700-ms interval. Moreover, the application of RII but not CR produced a reliable long-term LPP attenuation compared to passive watching in the unexpected re-exposure phase. These findings demonstrate that reappraisal-based implementation intention yields an earlier and more sustainable emotion regulatory effects than controlled reappraisal.

Benefits of Implicit Regulation of Instructed Fear: Evidence From Neuroimaging and Functional Connectivity.

Instructed fear, which denotes fearful emotions learned from others' verbal instructions, is an important form of fear acquisition in humans. Maladaptive instructed fear produces detrimental effects on health, but little is known about performing an efficient regulation of instructed fear and its underlying neural substrates. To address this question, 26 subjects performed an instructed fear task where emotional experiences and functional neuroimages were recorded during watching, explicit regulation (calmness imagination), and implicit regulation (calmness priming) conditions. Results indicated that implicit regulation decreased activity in the left amygdala and left insula for instructed fear; however, these effects were absent in explicit regulation. The implementation of implicit regulation did not increase activity in the frontoparietal control regions, while explicit regulation increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity. Furthermore, implicit regulation increased functional connectivity between the right amygdala and right fusiform gyrus, and decreased functional connectivity between the right medial temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, which are key nodes of memory retrieval and cognitive control networks, respectively. These findings suggest a favourable effect of implicit regulation on instructed fear, which is subserved by less involvement of control-related brain mechanisms.

Automatic self-focused and situation-focused reappraisal of disgusting emotion by implementation intention: an ERP study.

Detachment (self-focused) and positive reinterpretation (situation-focused) are two important forms of cognitive reappraisal during emotion regulation. Previous research shows situation-focused reappraisal to be more effective than self-focused reappraisal for intentional emotion regulation. How the two differ in emotional consequences as components of automatic emotion regulation is however unclear. In the current study, event-related potentials were recorded to clarify this problem, while participants passively viewed disgusting or neutral scenes or formed implementation intentions based on self-focused or situation-focused reappraisal. Behavioural results showed fewer negative emotions during self-focused reappraisal than during either situation-focused reappraisal or free viewing (which had similar emotion ratings). In addition, self-reported cognitive cost was not enhanced during the two forms of reappraisal compared to passive viewing. Late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes for disgusting stimuli were larger than those elicited for neutral stimuli, at both frontal and posterior-parietal regions. This amplitude enhancement effect, irrespective of whether frontal or parietal LPP were involved, was found to be weaker during self-focused reappraisal than when participants were engaged in situation-focused reappraisal or passive viewing. The latter two conditions showed similar amplitude enhancement. These findings suggest that automatic self-focused reappraisal by implementation intention produces more favourable emotion regulation than situation-focused reappraisal, without enhancing cognitive cost.

Assessing the severity of methamphetamine use disorder beyond the subjective craving report: the role of an attention bias test.

BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most commonly abused illicit psychostimulant drugs and MA use disorder constitutes a universal health concern across the world. Despite many intervention approaches to MA use disorder, the indicator of addiction severity is mainly limited to subjective craving score to drug-related cues, which is influenced by many factors such as social approval and self-masking. AIM: The present study investigates whether self-reported craving for drug use in response to MA cues is a reliable indicator for addiction severity in MA users, and then tests the validity of the cue-induced attention bias test in addiction severity assessment. METHODS: Fifty-two male MA users completed the cue-induced craving test and attention bias task, and were required to report clinical characteristics of addiction severity. For the attention bias test, subjects were required to discriminate the letter superimposed onto MA use-related or neutral scenes. The reaction time delay during MA-use condition relative to neutral condition was used as an index of the attention bias. RESULTS: The results showed that 24 of the 52 MA users rated non-zero in cue-induced craving test, and they showed a significant attention bias to drug-related pictures. However, the other 28 users who rated zero in cue-induced craving evaluation showed a similar attention bias to drug-related cues. In addition, the attention bias to MA use-related cues was significantly and positively correlated with the clinical indexes of addiction severity, but the relationship was absent between subjective craving evaluation and the indexes of addiction severity. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that attention bias to MA cues may be a more reliable indicator than experiential craving report, especially when subjective craving is measured in the compulsory rehabilitation centre.