The anti-platelet drug cilostazol enhances heart rate and interrenal steroidogenesis and exerts a scant effect on innate immune responses in zebrafish.

RATIONALE: Cilostazol, an anti-platelet phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor used for the treatment of intermittent claudication, is known for its pleiotropic effects on platelets, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. However, how cilostazol impacts the endocrine system and the injury-induced inflammatory processes remains unclear. METHODS: We used the zebrafish, a simple transparent model that demonstrates rapid development and a strong regenerative ability, to test whether cilostazol influences heart rate, steroidogenesis, and the temporal and dosage effects of cilostazol on innate immune cells during tissue damage and repair. RESULTS: While dosages of cilostazol from 10 to 100 µM did not induce any noticeable morphological abnormality in the embryonic and larval zebrafish, the heart rate was increased as measured by ImageJ TSA method. Moreover, adrenal/interrenal steroidogenesis in larval zebrafish, analyzed by whole-mount 3ß-Hsd enzymatic activity and cortisol ELISA assays, was significantly enhanced. During embryonic fin amputation and regeneration, cilostazol treatments led to a subtle yet significant effect on reducing the aggregation of Mpx-expressing neutrophil at the lesion site, but did not affect the immediate injury-induced recruitment and retention of Mpeg1-expressing macrophages. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that cilostazol has a significant effect on the heart rate and the growth as well as endocrine function of steroidogenic tissue; with a limited effect on the migration of innate immune cells during tissue damage and repair.

The formation stability, hydrolytic behavior, mass spectrometry, DFT study, and luminescence properties of trivalent lanthanide complexes of H2ODO2A.

The trivalent lanthanide complex formation constants (log K(f)) of the macrocyclic ligand H(2)ODO2A (4,10-dicarboxymethyl-1-oxa-4,7,10-triazacyclododecane) have been determined by pH titration techniques to be in the range 10.84-12.62 which increase with increasing lanthanide atomic number, and are smaller than those of the corresponding H(2)DO2A (1,7-dicarboxylmethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) complexes. The equilibrium formation of the dinuclear hydrolysis species, e.g. Ln(2)(ODO2A)(2)(µ-OH)(+) and Ln(2)(ODO2A)(2)(µ-OH)(2), dominates over the mononuclear species, e.g. LnODO2A(OH) and LnODO2A(OH)(2)(-). Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of [Eu(ODO2A)](+), [Eu(ODO2A)(OH)+H](+), [Eu(2)(ODO2A)(2)(OH(2))(2)+H](+), [Eu(ODO2A)(OH)(2)](-) and [Eu(2)(ODO2A)(2)(OH(2))(3)](-) species at pH > 7. Density function theory (DFT) calculated structures of the EuODO2A(H(2)O)(3)(+) and EuDO2A(H(2)O)(3)(+) complexes indicate that three inner-sphere coordinated water molecules are arranged in a meridional configuration, i.e. the 3 water molecules are on the same plane perpendicular to that of the basal N(3)O or N(4) atoms. However, luminescence lifetime studies reveal that the EuODO2A(+) and TbODO2A(+) complexes have 4.1 and 2.9 inner-sphere coordinated water molecules, respectively, indicating that other equilibrium species are also present for the EuODO2A(+) complex. The respective emission spectral intensities and lifetimes at 615 nm (λ(ex) = 395 nm) and 544 nm (λ(ex) = 369 nm) of the EuODO2A(+) and TbODO2A(+) complexes increase with increasing pH, consistent with the formation of µ-OH-bridged dinuclear species at higher pH. Additional DFT calculations show that each Y(iii) ion is 8-coordinated in the three possible cis-[Y(2)(ODO2A)(2)(µ-OH)(H(2)O)(2)](+), trans-[Y(2)(ODO2A)(2)(µ-OH)(H(2)O)(2)](+) and [Y(2)(ODO2A)(2)(µ-OH)(2)] dinuclear complex structures. The first and the second include 6-coordination by the ligand ODO2A(2-), one by the bridged µ-OH ion and one by a water molecule. The third includes 6-coordination by the ligand ODO2A(2-) and two by the bridged µ-OH ions. The two inner-sphere coordinated water molecules in the cis- and trans-[Y(2)(ODO2A)(2)(µ-OH)(H(2)O)(2)](+) dinuclear complexes are in a staggered conformation with torsional angles of 82.21° and 148.54°, respectively.