A Comparative Study of AI-Based Automated and Manual Postprocessing of Head and Neck CT Angiography: An Independent External Validation with Multi-Vendor and Multi-Center Data.

PURPOSE: To externally validate the performance of automated postprocessing (AP) on head and neck CT Angiography (CTA) and compare it with manual postprocessing (MP). METHODS: This retrospective study included head and neck CTA-exams of patients from three tertiary hospitals acquired on CT scanners from five manufacturers. AP was performed by CerebralDoc. The image quality was assessed using Likert scales, and the qualitative and quantitative diagnostic performance of arterial stenosis and aneurysm, postprocessing time, and scanning radiation dose were also evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 250 patients were included. Among these, 55 patients exhibited significant stenosis (≥ 50%), and 33 patients had aneurysms, diagnosed using original CTA datasets and corresponding multiplanar reconstructions as the reference. While the scores of the V4 segment and the edge of the M1 segment on volume rendering (VR), as well as the C4 segment on maximum intensity projection (MIP), were significantly lower with AP compared to MP across vendors (all P < 0.05), most scores in AP demonstrated image quality that was either superior to or comparable with that of MP. Furthermore, the diagnostic performance of AP was either superior to or comparable with that of MP. Moreover, AP also exhibited advantages in terms of postprocessing time and radiation dose when compared to MP (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The AP of CerebralDoc presents clear advantages over MP and holds significant clinical value. However, further optimization is required in the image quality of the V4 and M1 segments on VR as well as the C4 segment on MIP.

Performance of deep learning-based autodetection of arterial stenosis on head and neck CT angiography: an independent external validation study.

PURPOSE: To externally validate the performance of automated stenosis detection on head and neck CT angiography (CTA) and investigate the impact factors using an independent bi-center dataset with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the ground truth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients who underwent head and neck CTA and DSA between January 2019 and December 2021 were retrospectively included. The degree of stenosis was automatically evaluated using CerebralDoc based on CTA. The performance of CerebralDoc across levels (per-patient, per-region, per-vessel, and per-segment) and thresholds (≥ 50%, ≥ 70%, and = 100%) was evaluated. Logistic regression was performed to identify independent factors associated with false negative results. RESULTS: 296 patients were analyzed. Specificity across levels and thresholds was high, exceeding 92%. The area under the curve ranged from poor (0.615, 95% CI: 0.544, 0.686; at the region-based analysis for stenosis ≥ 70%) to excellent (0.945, 95% CI: 0.905, 0.985; at the patient-based analysis for stenosis ≥ 50%). Sensitivity ranged from 0.714 (95% CI: 0.675, 0.750) at the segment-based analysis for stenosis ≥ 70% to 0.895 (95% CI: 0.849, 0.919) at the patient-based analysis for stenosis ≥ 50%. The multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that false negative results were primarily more likely to specific stenosis locations (particularly the M2 segment and skull base segment of the internal carotid artery) and occlusion. CONCLUSIONS: CerebralDoc has the potential to automated stenosis detection on head and neck CTA, but further efforts are needed to optimize its performance.

Radiation characteristics analysis for spallation products of lead-bismuth target and tungsten-iron-nickel target.

The radiation characteristics of spallation products are important references for evaluating the materials used as spallation targets. Therefore, it is necessary to study the radiation characteristics of spallation products. In this study, the spallation products of tungsten-iron-nickel target and lead-bismuth target were calculated and analyzed based on the radionuclide distributions and decay photon shielding of the spallation products. The radionuclide distributions of the spallation products were calculated using FLUKA, and the shielding of decay photons was calculated with OpenMC. In addition, the variance reduction function with an importance card was added to the OpenMC code to allow its use for calculating deep penetration problems.

Machine learning algorithm for estimating karst rocky desertification in a peak-cluster depression basin in southwest Guangxi, China.

Karst rocky desertification (KRD) has become one of the most serious ecological and environmental problems in karst areas. At present, mapping KRD with a high accuracy and on a large scale is still a difficult problem in the control of KRD. In this study, a random forest (RF) based on maximum information coefficient and correlation coefficient feature selection is proposed to predict KRD. Nine predictors stood out as feature factors to estimate KRD. Rock exposure was the most important predictor, followed by fractional vegetation cover for the prediction of KRD processes. The kappa and classification accuracy indexes were to evaluate the performance of the model. We recorded overall accuracy rate and kappa index values of 94.7% and 0.92 for the testing datasets respectively. The RF model was then used to predict the KRD in 2001, 2011, 2016, and 2020, and it was found that the KRD in the study area has exhibited a positive trend of improvement. Therefore, the use of multisource remote sensing data combined with the RF model can obtain better prediction results of KRD, thereby providing a new idea for large-scale estimation of the KRD in peak-cluster depression.

Development of the Home-Based Fall Prevention Knowledge (HFPK) questionnaire to assess home-based fall prevention knowledge levels among older adults in China.

BACKGROUND: Falls are one of the main reasons for mortality and morbidity in older adults. However, despite adoption of prevention strategies, the number of falls in older adults has not declined. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire to assess fall prevention knowledge and explore associated factors among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: The Home-Based Fall Prevention Knowledge (HFPK) questionnaire was developed by Delphi expert consultation. We tested the internal consistency, reliability, and content validity of the HFPK. A total of 374 community-dwelling older adults participated in this study. The HFPK was used to assess their fall prevention knowledge. RESULTS: After being evaluated by 15 experts, the item content validity index ranged from 0.867 to 1, and the scale content validity index was 0.985, which met the criterion for content validity. Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.933, which satisfied the reliability criterion. Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that fall prevention knowledge was significantly associated with having higher education, being female, having a higher monthly income, people who were public officials before retirement, and having fewer children (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fall prevention knowledge should be improved among older males and those with lower education, lower monthly income, people who were not public officials before retirement, and more children.

Effects of teach-back health education (TBHE) based on WeChat mini-programs in preventing falls at home for urban older adults in China: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Falls are common among adults aged 60 years and older because of physiological changes. Most falls in older adults occur most often at home. Coupled with the lack of awareness and knowledge of preventing falls, the proportion of injuries and deaths among older adults due to falls is increasing yearly. Our study developed a WeChat mini-program for urban elderly to implement teach-back health education (TBHE) that a repeated cycle process of health education, assessment, and re-education in preventing falls at home. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the application effect of the TBHE-based WeChat mini-program on health education knowledge for fall prevention at home for urban older adults. DESIGN: A single-blinded, two-arm parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted. SETTING: Three residential communities, named Hot Spring Apartment, Hualinyuan, and Dongtang Community in Gulou District, Fuzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were older adults recruited from communities in Fuzhou from January to March 2021. METHODS: Fifty-nine participants agreed to participate and were assigned randomly to the intervention group (n = 29) or the control group receiving traditional health education (n = 30). Each participant in the intervention group received twice a week for a total of 8 weeks of health education interventions performed by the first author that she is intervenor according to specific themes. The trial statistician, recruiters, and participants were blinded to group allocation. The intervenor (first author) was blinded to the study hypotheses. To evaluate the effects of the intervention, we assessed participants' knowledge total score and scores of physiology and disease; drug application; mental, cognitive, and spiritual well-being; lifestyle; and house environment at baseline and 1-week post-intervention and compared scores between two groups. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to examine the effects of time, group, and their interaction. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in knowledge of house environment (p = 0.003) between the two groups. Within groups, total and five dimensions knowledge scores had a significant difference (p < 0.001). Moreover, interaction effects were significant on drug application (p = 0.012) and mental, cognitive, and spiritual well-being (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: The TBHE can improve knowledge on fall prevention at home among urban older adults. The TBHE based on the WeChat mini-program could enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of being educated among urban older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Chinese Clinical Trial Register: ChiCTR2100052946 ; reg date: 06/11/2021.

Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Nine-Item Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale Based on Self-Determination Theory With Older Adults.

Background: Self-determination theory distinguishes three basic human psychological needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. The measurement of these needs in populations of older adults has been limited and inadequate. Yet, results from such an assessment are likely to be valuable in policymaking, specifically toward the goal of healthy aging. Aim: The objective of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale (BPNS) based on self-determination theory with older adults. Methods: A total of 809 older adults were invited to participate in this study. We examined the item analysis, internal reliability, factorial validity, criterion validity, and measurement invariance across sex of a Chinese translation of the BPNS. Results: The findings demonstrated that the scale had a good factorial validity, criterion validity, and satisfactory internal reliability. All the items were qualified according to item analysis (p < 0.001). The Cronbach's α coefficient for the total scale was 0.877. The coefficients of three subscales were 0.826 (autonomy), 0.807 (competence), and 0.847 (relatedness). Exploratory factor analysis indicated three factors that explained 75.12% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed measurement fit exceeded the recommended criteria in all the cases. Measurement invariance analysis manifested that the factor loadings, factor variances and covariances, and residuals to measurement structure were invariant across the male and female participants. Conclusion: The Chinese version of the BPNS based on self-determination theory was proven to be reliable and valid. The usability of the scale to assess the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of older adults in China was demonstrated.

The Feature Description of Formal Context Based on the Relationships among Concept Lattices.

Three-way concept analysis (3WCA) is extended research of formal concept analysis (FCA) by combining three-way decision. The three-way object oriented concept lattice (OEOL) is one of the important data structures which integrates rough set, concept lattice and three-way decision in 3WCA. In the paper, we investigate the characteristics of formal context based on the isomorphic relationship among the kinds of concept lattices with OEOL. Firstly, II-dual intersectable attributes and II-dual intersectable context are proposed and the relationship between the type I-dual intersectable context(dual intersectable context) and the type II-dual intersectable context are studied. In addition, the relationship among the kinds of concept lattices with OEOL are studied when the formal context is both I-dual intersectable context and II-dual intersectable context. Finally, the inverse problems of the above conclusions are discussed and the following two conclusions are obtained: (1) the formal context is the type II-dual intersectable context, when the object oriented concept lattice and OEOL are isomorphic. (2) In addition, the formal context is the type I-dual intersectable context, when the concept lattice and OEOL are anti-isomorphic.

High expression of RRM2 as an independent predictive factor of poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 may play a role as a potential prognostic biomarker in several cancers. In this study, we evaluated whether RRM2 gene expression is associated with the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Wilcoxon signed-rank test and logistic regression were performed to evaluate the association between RRM2 expression and clinical features in patients with LUAD. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods were used to examine the effect of RRM2 expression level in the overall survival, and a nomogram was performed to illustrate the correlation between the RRM2 gene expression and the risk of LUAD. TCGA data set was used for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). We also performed a further experiment in vitro to assess the effect of RRM2 expression on the proliferation and invasive abilities of LUAD cells and its key signaling pathway proteins. Our results revealed that the expression level of RRM2 in patients with LUAD was much higher than that in normal tissues (p = 3.99e-32). High expression of RRM2 was significantly associated with tumor stage (IV vs. I: OR = 3.02, p = 0.012) and TNM classification (T2 vs. T1: OR = 1.88, p = 0.001; N2 vs. N0: OR = 2.69, p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high expression of RRM2 was associated with a worse prognosis of LUAD compared low expression of RRM2 (p = 7.86e-04). Multivariate analysis showed that high RRM2 expression was an independent factor affecting overall survival (HR = 1.29, p < 0.001). The association between RRM2 gene expression and the risk of LUAD was presented in a nomogram. GSEA revealed that the cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, DNA replication, small cell lung cancer, apoptosis, and pathways in cancer were differentially enriched in patients with high expression of RRM2. RRM2 over-expression promoted the proliferation and invasive abilities of LUAD cells. RRM2 over-expression increased the activation of Bcl-2 and E-cadherin signaling pathways, and reduced the activation of p53 signaling pathway. In summary, high RRM2 expression is an independent predictive factor of poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

A functional Variant (Rs35592567) in TP63 at 3q28 is Associated with Gastric Cancer Risk via Modifying its Regulation by MicroRNA-140.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: TP63 was believed to play an important role in the development of many malignancies, while the polymorphisms located at the miRNA binding sites within the 3'UTR of TP63 mRNA may interfere with its expression. In this study, we aimed to study the role of TP63 regulation in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: Computational and luciferase analysis were used to search and confirm the target of miR-140. Real-time PCR, western-blot, MTT assay, and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis were utilized to explore the molecular pathway of miR-140 involved in the progression of GC. RESULTS: TP63 was identified as a direct target gene of miR-140. In HT-29 cells over-expressing miR-140, the luciferase activity was decreased when the cells were transfected with wild-type TP63 3'UTR, but remained unchanged when the cells were transfected with mutant 1 and mutant 2 TP63 3'UTR. In addition, the level of TP63 in HT-29 cells transfected with miR-140 mimic was evidently down-regulated, whereas the level of TP63 in HT-29 cells transfected with miR-140 inhibitor was significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, based on the results from MTT assay and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, HT-29 cells transfected with miR-140 mimics were associated with significantly higher viability compared to the cells transfected with the control plasmid, suggesting that an increased expression of miR-140 protected HT-29 cells against apoptosis. Finally, when miR-140 expression was high, the number of cells at the G1 phase was notably increased, accompanied by a remarkably diminished number of cells at the S phase. CONCLUSIONS: The rs35592567 polymorphism in TP63 affected the expression of TP63 by interfering with its interaction with miR-140, and could serve as an explanation for the increased risk of GC.

Therapeutic evaluation of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open thoracotomy for pediatric pulmonary hydatid disease.

BACKGROUND: Hydatid disease is a severe and widespread human cestode infection, and in children, the lung is the most commonly infected organ. In current practice, the standard surgical procedure for the removal of pulmonary hydatid cysts is thoracotomy; therefore, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) to treat pediatric pulmonary hydatid disease. To our knowledge, this is the first and large sample comparative study of VATS and thoracotomy for pediatric pulmonary hydatid disease. METHODS: In this study, we retrospectively reviewed 44 (61.1 %) pediatric patients who underwent VATS, and 28 (38.9 %) pediatric patients who underwent conventional thoracotomy from January 2005 to June 2012. Perioperative data, including basic characteristics of patients, the length of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, thoracic intubation indwelling time, and complications were compared between VATS and thoracotomy in 72 children with pulmonary hydatid disease. RESULTS: VATS was found to be a safe technique for the treatment of pediatric pulmonary hydatid disease, with zero intraoperative deaths. In the VATS and thoracotomy groups, the hospital stay durations were 10.50 ± 1.20 days and 17.30 ± 2.75 days, respectively, and occurrence rates of complications were 9.1 % (4/44) and 17.9 % (5/28), respectively. The hospital stays were shorter and the hospitalization costs was reduced for the patients who underwent VATS compared with conventional thoracotomy (P = 0.001). Although no statistically significant difference in the recurrence rates (P = 0.958) and complication incidence (P = 0.273) between the two surgical groups was observed, less intraoperative bleeding, shorter thoracic intubation indwelling time and reduced postoperative pain were observed in the patients who underwent VATS (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of VATS for pediatric pulmonary hydatid disease treatment, providing a practice-changing concept for the treatment of this disease in the community. VATS can be a promising therapeutic tool, by overcoming many of the drawbacks of thoracotomy, and can be used as an alternative to thoracotomy for selected pediatric patients.

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 90 patients with COPD from 2002 to 2012 were enrolled into our study, comprising 22 who underwent conventional thoracotomies and 68 VATS. Pulmonary function testings, arterial blood gases analysis, and quality of life between these two groups were compared. VATS was found to be superior to the conventional thoracotomy in terms of length of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss, intubation time, volume of chest tube drainage, and postoperative pain assessment (P < 0.05). However, significant differences in pulmonary function testings, arterial blood gases analysis, 6-min walking distance (6-MWD), and postoperative quality of life between the two groups were not found (P > 0.05). LVRS by VATS is a safe and reliable surgical approach for the treatment of COPD, with less invasiveness and shorter hospital recovery time.

Effect of Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase in combination with Docetaxel on lung cancer cell A549.

This study was to investigate inhibiting effect of structurally unique Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) in combination with Docetaxel on lung cancer cell line A549. Results showed that the expression of Smac in transfected A549 cells was higher than the control cells both at mRNA level and protein level (P<0.05). Smac over-expression induced a little apoptosis, however, when treated with Docetaxel together, the cells showed a higher apoptosis rate. The apoptosis rate was significantly increased in Smac + Docetaxel group when compared with that in Smac group and Docetaxel group (P<0.05). Cells cloning ability in Smac + Docetaxel group was worse than that of other groups (P<0.05), cell mass formed in relatively small quantities and sparse location. Thus, over-expression of Smac increases the sensitivity of lung cancer A549 cells to Docetaxel treatment, and transfection of Smac to tumor cells might provide a potential therapy modality.

Influence of Heparanase and VEGF-C mRNA Expressions in Lung Cancer.

The objective of this study is to investigate relationship between the expressions of heparanase and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) mRNA and tumorigenesis, progression in human lung cancer. The expressions of heparanase and VEGF-C mRNA in 65 cases of lung cancer (31 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 25 adenocarcinoma, 3 large cell carcinoma, and 6 small cell carcinoma), adjacent tissues of cancer, and normal tissues were tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analyzed by clinico-pathological characteristics and prognosis of lung cancer. The rate of expressions of heparanase and VEGF-C mRNA in tumor tissues (55.4, 61.5 %) was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues of cancer (12.3, 15.4 %) and normal tissues (3.1, 4.6 %) (P < 0.05). It was shown that heparanase and VEGF-C mRNA expressions did not correlate with the pathological type and grade of the tumor (P > 0.05), but they correlated with the clinical stage and survival time of the patients (P < 0.05). Overexpression of heparanase and VEGF-C mRNA in lung cancer tissues perhaps participates in regulation of tumorigenesis and progression. The expressions of heparanase and VEGF-C mRNA should be used as a useful marker of the biological behavior of lung cancer and as an independent prognosis factor for the patient's survival.

LASP1 is a HIF1α target gene critical for metastasis of pancreatic cancer.

LASP1 is an actin-binding protein associated with actin assembly dynamics in cancer cells. Here, we report that LASP1 is overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) where it promotes invasion and metastasis. We found that LASP1 overexpression in PDAC cells was mediated by HIF1α through direct binding to a hypoxia response element in the LASP1 promoter. HIF1α stimulated LASP1 expression in PDAC cells in vitro and mouse tumor xenografts in vivo. Clinically, LASP1 overexpression in PDAC patient specimens was associated significantly with lymph node metastasis and overall survival. Overall, our results defined LASP1 as a direct target gene for HIF1α upregulation that is critical for metastatic progression of PDAC.

Characterizations of MV-algebras based on the theory of falling shadows.

Based on the falling shadow theory, the concept of falling fuzzy (implicative) ideals as a generalization of that of a T ∧-fuzzy (implicative) ideal is proposed in MV-algebras. The relationships between falling fuzzy (implicative) ideals and T-fuzzy (implicative) ideals are discussed, and conditions for a falling fuzzy (implicative) ideal to be a T ∧-fuzzy (implicative) ideal are provided. Some characterizations of falling fuzzy (implicative) ideals are presented by studying proprieties of them. The product ⊛ and the up product ⊚ operations on falling shadows and the upset of a falling shadow are established, by which T-fuzzy ideals are investigated based on probability spaces.

Effects of gamma irradiation and moist heat for sterilization on sodium alginate.

Polysaccharides, such as alginates, are already being used as carriers for drug delivery. The physicochemical and biological properties of alginates may be affected via irradiation and thermal treatments. To explore and compare effects of two kinds of sterilization methods, gamma irradiation and moist heat, on sodium alginate (SA), physicochemical and biological properties of SA powder and solutions were investigated after sterilization. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the SA after sterilization. The research showed that 25 kGy gamma ray can effectively sterilize microorganism. Both gamma irradiation and moist heat hardly affect the native pH of SA. Compared to irradiation sterilization, moist heat sterilization showed smaller changes in intrinsic viscosity for all SA samples and lead to less glycosidic bond breaking of SA powders. The moist heat sterilization can cause the main chain scission and double bonds formation of the SA solutions. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that sterilized SA powers and SA solutions treated by gamma ray sterilization can increase the viability of HUVEC. However, SA solutions treated by moist heat sterilization were found to present severe cytotoxicity. The research results may provide interesting future advancements toward the development of SA-based products for biomedical applications.

Molecular characteristics, recombinant expression and activity detection of OsGSTL1 from rice

The mRNA of OsGSTL1 was detected in the roots and leaves of rice plants at seedling and tillering stages, and their roots, leaves and panicles at the heading stage. The full-length open reading frame of OsGSTL1 cDNA was 732 bp and encoded a putative polypeptide of 243 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 27.30 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.50. The protein sequences of OsGSTL1 exhibited typical feature of the lambda class GST, which contained the conserved domain "GST_C_Lambda" in C-terminal alpha helical domain and a highly conserved Cys42 in active center. In silico predictions showed that the OsGSTL1 protein was strongly hydrophilic. The phylogenetic analysis revealed OsGSTL1 belonged to monocots subgroup and was closer to IN2-1 of Z. may. The OsGSTL1 gene was cloned into pYTV vector and was introduced into yeast strain PEP4. Western blot analysis showed that the exogenous OsGSTL1 was expressed in the transformed yeast. The GST activity of the crude extracts of yeast showed that the OsGSTL1 transgenic yeast had higher levels of GST activities than the control yeasts. These findings suggested that the OsGSTL1 was a glutathione S-transferase and could play an important role during the growth and development processes in rice.

The optimization of regeneration tissue culture system of three chilli peppers cultivars based on the uniform design and the mathematical model equation.

Using uniform random design optimization and the mathematical model equation we optimized the regeneration tissue culture system of the chilli pepper. An efficient and detailed plant reproducible protocol in vitro has been established using different explants and induction media for three chilli pepper cultivars. The result displayed that the seedlings at the curved hypocotyl stage were the best choice to prepare for explants, the genotype of explants affected shoot buds induction frequency and number of shoot buds per explant, and the cotyledon explant was more responsive than hypocotyl explant. The optimal media for maximum shoot initiation and regeneration and the optimal elongation medium were obtained. For Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Xinsu), Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Neimengchifeng) and Capsicum frutescens (cv. Xingfu), the induction rates were 99.17%, 97.50 and 96.11%, respectively; the elongation rates of shoot buds were 86.67%, 85.19% and 82.96%, respectively. The MS medium with 0.57 µM IAA and 0.69 µM NAA is the best choice for root induction. The frequency of their root emergence was 95.00-98.33%. Regenerated chilli peppers were successfully acclimatized and cultivated with 100% survival. This work will help to improve multiplication process and the genotype of chilli pepper, and may have commercial impact.