Sanxiapeptin, a linear pentapeptide from Penicillium oxalicum, inhibited the growth of citrus green mold.

Penicillium oxalicum has been used as a biocontrol fungus in agriculture for many years, but the antimicrobial substances are still uncertain. Herein, we isolated a linear peptide named Sanxiapeptin in the culture broth of Penicillium oxalicum SG-4 collecting from the Three Gorges riparian zone. Sanxiapeptin exhibited potent inhibitory effect on citrus green mold Penicillium digitatum, the main fungi responsible for postharvest decay. Sanxiapeptin was elucidated as composing of five amino acids, which were ß-amino-α-methoxybutyric acid (Amoba), N-Me-l-Thr, d-Thr, N-Me-l-Val and l-Ser. By analyzing three chemically synthesized oligopeptides with similar structures, we found that the first amino acid of Amoba was crucial to the antifungal activity, as was the methylation of peptide bond. Sanxiapeptin may act as an antimicrobial agent by affecting the function of cell membranes or walls. The antimicrobial spectrum, safety and stability analysis supported that Sanxiapeptin was a promising antifungal agent for citrus preservation.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 positively associated with bone formation markers and creatine kinase in adults with general physical activity.

BACKGROUND: The Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is primarily synthesized by hepatocytes in a growth hormone (GH)-dependent manner, it is also produced by bone and muscle. The effects of exercise on the associations between IGF-1 levels and bone turnover markers (BTM) were found in the previous studies. However, the associations between the levels of IGF-1 and BTM, liver function tests, and skeletal muscle markers in adults with general physical activity were not clear. METHODS: Ninety-four participants were recruited from healthy survey. Blood samples were collected to analyze the levels of IGF-1, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), total bilirubin (T-Bil), direct bilirubin (D-Bil), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine (CRTN), and glucose. Urine samples were collected to analyze the CRTN and deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) levels. RESULTS: The positively significant associations were found between the IGF-1 levels and the levels of ALP, BALP, and CK, respectively. No significant associations were found between the IGF-1 levels and the levels of TP, Alb, A/G, T-Bil, D-Bil, AST, ALT, LDH, glucose, urinary CRTN, urinary Dpd, and Dpd/CRTN ratios, respectively. CONCLUSION: The serum IGF-1 levels associated with the levels of skeletal muscle and bone formation markers (BFM), not the bone resorption markers under general physical activity in the healthy adults. The physician needs to consider the effects of bone formation and skeletal muscle markers on the IGF-1 levels in the management of IGF-1-related disorders.

[Methodological Research on Rapid Detection and Genotyping of NPM1 Gene Mutations in Leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for rapid detection and typing of NPM1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by fluorescence melting curve analysis technology. METHODS: A pair of primers and a fluorescent single-stranded probe (molecule beacon) were designed for the mutant genes mutA, mutB, mutD in exon 12 of nucleopsin (NPM1) and wild type. With a real-time qPCR, the A, B, and D gene mutations of NPM1 were detected and typed by different-melting curve peak value of the probe through RT-PCR. RESULTS: This method could detected the mutations of A, B, and D in NPM1 effectively with a sensitivity of 1%. Furthermore, 62 AML clinical samples were evaluated by the method. In the results, the detection rate and typing of NPM1 mutations were consistent with the sequencing results of clinical samples. CONCLUSION: There are three features in the method of fluorescence melting curve analysis: stable PCR system, easy to operate, and the easily distinguishable results. The method might meet the demand for rapid typing of NPM1 gene mutation in early diagnosis or concomitant diagnosis of AML.

[Stoichiometry of soil extracellular enzymes and its seasonal variation in natural forests with different altitudes in northern Greater Khingan Mountains, China]. / å¤§å ´å®‰å²­åŒ—éƒ¨ä¸åŒæµ·æ‹”å¤©ç„¶æž—åœŸå£¤èƒžå¤–é ¶åŒ–å­¦è®¡é‡ç‰¹å¾åŠå ¶å­£èŠ‚åŠ¨æ€.

In this study, we examined the characteristics and influence mechanism of soil extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) and enzymatic stoichiometry in different soils in forests at different altitudes (750-1420 m) in Aokelidui Mountains in the north of the Greater Khingan Mountains. The results showed that altitude, season and their interactions significantly affected the activities of ß-glucosidase (BG), ß-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG), L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and acid phosphatase (AP). In May, BG and NAG activities gradually increased with increasing altitude, while AP activities increased first and then decreased with increasing altitude. In July, NAG activity increased with altitude, while AP activity increased first and then decreased. In September, NAG activity changed significantly in different altitudes, with the highest activity at 1420 m (124.22 nmol·h-1·g-1). With the increases of altitude, ln(BG): ln(NAG+LAP) showed a decreasing trend. Except for the altitude of 830 m, stoichiometric ratio in all altitudes was the highest in July. The ratio of logarithmic conversion of soil C, N, and P invertase activity was 1:1.25:0.82. Altitude and soil temperature were the main factors affecting soil extracellular enzyme activities. There was a significant positive correlation between soil temperature and BG, NAG, and AP. Enzymatic stoichiometry ln(BG):ln(NAG+LAP) and ln(NAG+LAP):ln(AP) showed significant positive and negative correlations with soil pH, and had a negative and positive relationship with DOC. The ratio of ln(BG):ln(AP) was greatly affected by soil bulk density.

[Simulating site index of Juglans mandshurica using a random effect model in three provinces of Northeast China]. / 利用随机效应模型模拟东北三省胡桃楸地位指数.

To evaluate site quality and provide scientific evidence, the mixed effect model of polymorphic site index of Juglans mandshurica was accurately simulated in the three provinces of Northeast China. A total of 197 plots in the 23 typical regions of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces were set by the sample circle method, from which we got 1537 height-age data of J. mandshurica. The site factors were divided, assigned and calculated using variance analysis and model fitting. The results showed that slope position was the dominant factor affecting the growth of dominant wood of J. mandshurica, followed by soil depth, slope and aspect. After fitting and analyzing eight common basic models, we found that the logistic model H=a/[1+exp(b+cA)] was the optimal one (R2=0.70), with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.52. When the four main influen-cing factors were randomly combined, the optimal site index model of the stochastic combination (M8.15) was obtained with R2 of 0.90, which improved the fitting accuracy of the base model. The K-means clustering method was used to further divide the initial groups of site types into six groups. We established the nonlinear mixed effect model Mfinal, H=(20.1837+ui)/[1+exp (1.7352-0.0961A)]+εij, with R2 and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) being 0.92 and 912.65, respectively, which could significantly improve the fitting and accuracy of the model. The equation could be used for the accurate evaluation of site quality of J. mandshurica under the complex site types in the three provinces of Northeast China.

[Site index model of Juglans mandshurica natural secondary mixed forest in Changbai Mountain area, Jilin Province, China]. / 吉林省长白山区胡桃楸天然次生混交林立地指数模型.

According to slope direction and position of the distribution of Juglans mandshurica natural secondary mixed forest in 12 sites of Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, and combined with the age structure of J. mandshurica, we set up 109 plots. Based on the age-tree height data, we complied the site index of the forests. We used the three times tree height standard deviation method to eliminate abnormal data, 379 pairs age and tree height data were obtained from the 80 plots. Then, we used seven mathematical models for comparison and got simplex site index-oriented curve equation as H=28.0181(1-e-0.0341A)1.0503. The coefficient of determination R2 and the sum of squared residuals were 0.85 and 0.89, respectively, the base age was 50 years, the exponential interval was 2 m, and 7 site index curves of 16-28 m were obtained. According to different site types, polymorphic sites index model was established, and the power function fitting effect was best. Its equation was H=B0tB1, in which B0=10-9e0.9213SI, B1=-0.2139SI+5.6183. Finally, the polymorphic site index model equation was H=10-9e0.9213SIt-0.2139SI+5.6183. The exponential difference method and drop point test were conducted to check the accuracy of the two site index models. The results showed that the polymorphic site index had higher precision and it could accurately reflect the difference in tree height growth under different site types of J. mandshurica. Therefore, it could evaluate the site quality of natural secondary mixed forests of J. mandshurica in Changbai Mountain area of Jilin Province.

[Variation of the growth, fruiting and resistance to disease and insect of the half-sib families of Pinus koraiensis superior trees.] / çº¢æ¾ä¼˜æ ‘åŠåŒèƒžå­ä»£å®¶ç³»ç”Ÿé•¿ã€ç»“å®žåŠæŠ—ç— è™«èƒ½åŠ›çš„å˜å¼‚ç‰¹å¾.

We investigated the growth traits (tree height, diameter at the breast, crown diameter), fruiting traits (total number of cones in 7 consecutive fruiting years) and resistance to disease and insect of 551 half-sib families of Pinus koraiensis superior trees in 29-year-old in Hongwei seed orchard of Lushuihe, Jilin Province, with the method of multi-trait comprehensive evaluation and combining with six traits. The results showed that all the traits were significantly different among different families or blocks. Phenotypic variation coefficient of different traits ranged from 13.9% to 61.0%. The extremely significant difference and high variation coefficients were beneficial for elite families evaluation and selection. The family heritability of volume, seed yield and resistance to disease and insect (the values were 0.47, 0.52, 0.48, respectively) were higher than single plant heritability (the values were 0.37, 0.07, 0.10, respectively). There was a extremely significant positive correlation between growth traits, fruiting traits and resistance to disease and insect. 28 elite families were selected with a selection rate of 5%, with the genetic gains of volume, seed yield and resistance to disease and insect being 16.8%, 71.4% and 0.5%, respectively. Seven elite individuals were selected from the elite families with a selection rate of 2%, with the genetic gains of volume, seed yield and resistance to disease and insect being 66.8%, 80.9% and 0.7%, respectively. These elite families and individual plants showed obvious advantages, which could guide the thinning of clonal seed orchards and provide breeding materials for the construction of high-generation seed orchards.

Intravenous superoxide dismutase as a protective agent to prevent impairment of lung function induced by high tidal volume ventilation.

BACKGROUND: Positive-pressure mechanical ventilation is essential in assisting patients with respiratory failure in the intensive care unit and facilitating oxygenation in the operating room. However, it was also recognized as a primary factor leading to hospital-acquired pulmonary dysfunction, in which pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation had been known to play important roles. Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant, and possesses anti-inflammatory capacity. In this study, we aimed to study the efficacy of Cu/Zn SOD, administered intravenously during high tidal volume (HTV) ventilation, to prevent impairment of lung function. METHODS: Thirty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: 5 h ventilation with (A) low tidal volume (LTV; 8 mL/kg; n = 10), (B) high tidal volume (HTV; 18 mL/kg; n = 14), or (C) HTV and intravenous treatment of Cu/Zn SOD at a dose of 1000 U/kg/h (HTV + SOD; n = 14). Lung function was evaluated both at baseline and after 5-h ventilation. Lung injury was assessed by histological examination, lung water and protein contents in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Pulmonary oxidative stress was examined by concentrations of methylguanidine (MG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in BALF, and antioxidative activity by protein expression of glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) in the lung. Severity of lung inflammation was evaluated by white blood cell and differential count in BALF, and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and mRNA expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the lung. We also examined protein expression of surfactant protein (SP)-A and D and we measured hourly changes in serum nitric oxide (NO) level. RESULTS: Five hours of LTV ventilation did not induce a major change in lung function, whereas 5 h of HTV ventilation induced apparent combined restrictive and obstructive lung disorder, together with increased pulmonary oxidative stress, decreased anti-oxidative activity and increased lung inflammation (P < 0.05). HTV ventilation also decreased SP-A and SP-D expression and suppressed serum NO level during the time course of ventilation. Cu/Zn SOD administered intravenously during HTV ventilation effectively reversed associated pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation (P < 0.05); moreover, it preserved SP-A and SP-D expressions in the lung and increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level, enhancing vascular NO bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS: HTV ventilation can induce combined restrictive and obstructive lung disorders. Intravenous administration of Cu/Zn SOD during HTV ventilation can prevent lung function impairment and lung injury via reducing pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation, preserving pulmonary surfactant expression, and enhancing vascular NO bioavailability.

Use of intra-aortic balloon pump support for oozing-type cardiac rupture after acute myocardial infarction.

Left ventricular free wall rupture usually leads to acute hemopericardium and sudden cardiac death resulting in cardiac tamponade. Rarely, only a few patients with subacute free wall rupture such as oozing-type ventricular rupture or left ventricular false aneurysm may permit time for pericardiocentesis and surgery. We report a 63-year-old man with ST-elevation myocardial infarction who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention about 12 hours from the onset, and cardiac tamponade occurred on the second day. An intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) was immediately inserted for hemodynamic support. After 100 mL of pericardial fresh blood was drained from the percardial cavity, his hemodynamic collapse was promptly improved with IABP support. In the following 24 hours, about 600 mL of hemorrhagic pericardial fluid was drained. The most likely diagnosis was concerning for oozing-type ventricular rupture, and a conservative approach was decided. The patient survived to the acute phase under IABP support and was discharged with complete recovery.

Association between aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) -344C/T polymorphism and atrial fibrillation among Han and Kazak residents of the Xinjiang region.

OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one the most common and complex types of clinical arrhythmia syndromes. In recent years, an association between CYP11B2 gene polymorphisms and atrial myocardial fibrosis has received a significant amount of attention. This study explores the relationship between CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism and AF among Kazak and Han residents in the Xinjiang region and further clarifies the molecular mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. METHODS: The study is a case-control study using traditional methods. We selected 156 Kazak and 203 Han patient cases in the Xinjiang region who had non-valvular atrial fibrillation as well as 307 Kazak and 418 Han cases of non-AF patients as a control group. Blood samples were collected, and DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples. The presence of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism was determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Differences in the genotypes and allele distributions among the 2 groups were compared using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 17.0 statistical software. Student's t test, the chi-squared test and logistic regression methods were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: The genotypes of both ethnic groups followed a Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium distribution. The 2 patient groups, compared with their respective control groups, showed significant dominant models in CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism genotype frequency and B1 allele frequency (P<0.05). The frequencies of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphism in the Kazak patient group were higher compared with the control groups (P<0.05). The frequencies of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T polymorphisms in the Han patient group was also higher compared with the control group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the frequencies of the CYP11B2 gene-344C/T genotypes were significantly different between the Kazak and Han patient groups and the control groups. CONCLUSION: CYP11B2 gene -344C/T polymorphism is associated with AF.

Analysis of the risk factors and characteristics of coronary artery disease of Han, Uygur and Kazak patients with acute myocardial infarction in Xinjiang district.

To discuss the risk factors and characteristics of coronary artery disease of Han, Uygur and Kazak patients with acute myocardial infarction in Xinjiang district. A retrospective analysis of clinical data of 262 cases of Han patients, 166 cases of Uygur patients and 86 cases of Kazak patients was conducted, whose age, body mass index, cholesterol, uric acid, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, smoking, drinking, family history of coronary heart disease, relationship between PCI history and pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease characteristics were observed and compared in different groups. Between the Han and minority young patients, there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of BMI, lipoprotein a, positive family history of coronary heart disease, uric acid level, the combined aspects of smoking history (P<0.017); there were also statistically significant differences in BMI, TG, HDL-C, apolipoprotein B, positive family history of coronary heart disease distribution between minority young patients and older patients (P<0.017). There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of BMI, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, apolipoprotein AI, positive family history of coronary heart disease between Han and Uygur patients (P<0.017). Han and Kazak patients had statistically significant differences in the distribution of BMI, TC, LDL-C, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein a, type 2 diabetes and hypertension (P<0.017). Comparison of patients in Uygur and Kazak showed that there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of BMI, TC, LDL-C, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B and type 2 diabetes between the two groups (P<0.017). The proportion of zero lesions and single-vessel lesions in minority youth patients was higher than that of elderly patients (P<0.001), and the proportion of two and three lesions was less than that of elderly patients (P<0.001). Gensini score of Han patients was greater than that of Uygur patients (P<0.001) and the Kazak patients (P=0.005); The proportion of Han patients with single-vessel disease was less than that of Kazak patients (P=0.003), and the proportion of patients with double-vessel disease was greater than that of Kazak patients (P=0.007). There were ethnic differences in risk factors and the characteristics of coronary artery disease of AMI patients in Xinjiang district; there were differences between minority youth patients and elderly patients, young patients of Han.

Cardiac arrest with coronary artery spasm: does the use of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary arrest exacerbate the spasm?

Coronary artery spasm can lead to sudden cardiac death due to ventricular arrhythmias or heart block. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines recommend the use of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary arrest. However, in the event of cardiac arrest caused by coronary artery spasm, the use of epinephrine may be harmful. We report 2 cases who had witnessed cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation and complete heart block. Intravenous epinephrine was administered during resuscitation.Their hemodynamics did not improve. Emergent coronary angiography revealed that the entire right and left coronary artery systems diffuse spasm. One patient's coronary artery spasm was successfully reversed immediately with administration of intracoronary boluses of nitroglycerin. The other patient's hemodynamic instability persisted,requiring temporary mechanical circulatory support with an intra aortic balloon pump. His hemodynamics finally improved with administration of intravenous diltiazem and nitroglycerin under the intraaortic balloon pump support. They both were discharged from the hospital without any other complications.

Five new prenylated chalcones from Desmodium renifolium.

Five unusual new prenylated chalcones, renifolins D-H (1-5), were isolated from whole Desmodium renifolium plants. All of their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR. All of the isolates were evaluated for cytotoxicity using five tumor cell lines. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against A549 cells, with IC50 values of 2.8 and 2.2 µM, respectively.

Association of GGCX gene polymorphism with warfarin dose in atrial fibrillation population in Xinjiang.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of γ-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) rs2592551 polymorphism on warfarin dose in atrial fibrillation patients in Xinjiang region. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing methods were used to detect the rs2592551 genotype in 269 atrial fibrillation patients with warfarin administration. The effects of different genotypes on warfarin dose were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The rs2592551 polymorphism detection results were 136 cases of wild-type homozygous CC genotype (50.56%), 115 cases of heterozygous CT genotype (42.75%), 18 cases of homozygous TT genotype (6.69%). The allele frequency C was 71.93%, T was 28.07%. The stable warfarin dose average was 2.86 ± 0.61 mg/d in patients with CC genotype, 3.59 ± 0.93 mg/d in patients with CT genotype and 4.06 ± 0.88 mg/d in patients with TT genotype. The warfarin dose in different genotypes were compared, there was statistically significant difference between CC and TT, CC and CT (P <0. 05), but the TT and CT showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In atrial fibrillation population in Xinjiang, patients with CT and TT genotypes in GGCX gene rs259251 loci required for significantly higher warfarin dose than those with CC genotype. Therefore, rs2592551 polymorphism may one of the factors affecting the warfarin dose in patients with atrial fibrillation.

TGF-ß1 signal pathway in the regulation of inflammation in patients with atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression changes of inflammatory markers TGF-ß1, Smad3 and IL-6 in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and to explore the significance of TGF-ß1 signaling pathway in the structural remodeling of AF. METHODS: The expression of TGF-ß1, Smad3 and IL-6 in 50 cases with AF and 30 normal cases were detected by RT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS: The TGF-ß1, Smad3 and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression levels in patients with AF were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significantly different between the paroxysmal AF group and the persistent AF group (P>0.05). The TGF-ß1mRNA expression in the ⩾ 50 years subgroup was significantly higher than that in the <50 years subgroups, and it was higher in the NYHA III subgroup than in the I/II grade subgroup. It was also higher in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% subgroup than in LVEF ⩾ 50% group, and it was significantly higher in the AF time ⩾ 36 months subgroup than that in <36 months subgroup (P<0.05). The Smad3 and IL-6 expressions in the in the LVEF <50% subgroup were both high that than that in LVEF ⩾ 50% group, and higher in the AF time ⩾ 36 months subgroup than that in <36 months subgroup (P<0.05). There were a positive correlation between TGF-ß1, Smad3 and IL-6 (r=0.687, r=0.547). There were also a positive correlation between Smad3 and IL-6 mRNA (r=0.823). CONCLUSIONS: AF is associated with inflammation, and the inflammation is also involved in the fibrillation and sustain of AF. The TGF-ß1 signal pathway may be involved in the process of atrial structural remodeling in patients with AF, and iss related with the occurrence and maintenance of AF.

[The prevalence and distributing feature of atrial fibrillation in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Kazaks adult population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and distributing feature of atrial fibrillation (AF) in Xinjiang Kazaks adult population. METHODS: Four-stage selected random samples aged 30-89 years from Tacheng, Yili and Aletai were analyzed. An epidemical study of AF was performed including inquiring medical history, recording electrocardiogram and auscultation. RESULTS: A total of 22 514 adults were surveyed. The prevalence of AF in Xinjiang Kazaks adult population was 0.37%, which was increasing with aging. The prevalence was higher in men than in women (0.5% vs 0.2%, P < 0.01). In AF patients, 23 was valvular AF. Ischemic stroke was the most frequent type and the stroke rate in the patients with AF was significantly higher than that without AF (6.0% vs 1.2%, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AF in Xinjiang Kazaks adult population is lower than the reported national prevalence but patients with AF in this population would not like to take the necessary medicine. Therefore, the control of AF need to be reinforced.

[Viable myocardium detecting by CARTO voltage mapping in swine model of acute myocardial infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy and practicability of detecting viable myocardium by CARTO voltage mapping in swine model of acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: MI was induced in 13 anesthetized swines via occluding the distal of left anterior descending coronary arteries by angioplasty balloon for 60-90 minutes. The viable myocardium detection by CARTO voltage mapping was made after reconstruction of the left ventricle using CARTO and the results were compared with TTC staining. The standard of CARTO voltage to detect viable myocardium was 0.5 - 1.5 mV while viable myocardium showed pink color by TTC staining. RESULTS: Eleven out of 13 swines survived the operation and 2 swines died of ventricular fibrillation at 45 and 65 minutes post ischemia. Left ventricle was divided into 16 segments and 176 segments from 11 swines were analyzed. Viable myocardium detected by CARTO voltage mapping was identical as identified by TTC staining (Kappa = 0.816, P < 0.001). Taken the TTC result as standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy rate of CARTO voltage mapping are 71.8%, 96.5% and 90.9% respectively. CONCLUSION: CARTO voltage mapping could be used as a reliable tool to detect viable myocardium in this model.