'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' secretory protein SDE3 inhibits host autophagy to promote Huanglongbing disease in citrus.

Antimicrobial acroautophagy/autophagy plays a vital role in degrading intracellular pathogens or microbial molecules in host-microbe interactions. However, microbes evolved various mechanisms to hijack or modulate autophagy to escape elimination. Vector-transmitted phloem-limited bacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter (Ca. Liberibacter) species, cause Huanglongbing (HLB), one of the most catastrophic citrus diseases worldwide, yet contributions of autophagy to HLB disease proliferation remain poorly defined. Here, we report the identification of a virulence effector in "Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus" (Las), SDE3, which is highly conserved among the "Ca. Liberibacter". SDE3 expression not only promotes the disease development of HLB and canker in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plants but also facilitates Phytophthora and viral infections in Arabidopsis, and Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana). SDE3 directly associates with citrus cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (CsGAPCs), which negatively regulates plant immunity. Overexpression of CsGAPCs and SDE3 significantly inhibits autophagy in citrus, Arabidopsis, and N. benthamiana. Intriguingly, SDE3 undermines autophagy-mediated immunity by the specific degradation of CsATG8 family proteins in a CsGAPC1-dependent manner. CsATG8 degradation is largely rescued by treatment with an inhibitor of the late autophagic pathway, E64d. Furthermore, ectopic expression of CsATG8s enhances Phytophthora resistance. Collectively, these results suggest that SDE3-CsGAPC interactions modulate CsATG8-mediated autophagy to enhance Las progression in citrus.Abbreviations: ACP: asian citrus psyllid; ACD2: ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 2; ATG: autophagy related; Ca. Liberibacter: Candidatus Liberibacter; CaMV: cauliflower mosaic virus; CMV: cucumber mosaic virus; Cs: Citrus sinensis; EV: empty vector; GAPC: cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HLB: huanglongbing; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; Las: liberibacter asiaticus; Laf: liberibacter africanus; Lam: liberibacter americanus; Pst: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato; PVX: potato virus X; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SDE3: sec-delivered effector 3; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; VIVE : virus-induced virulence effector; WT: wild-type; Xcc: Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri.

The synergistic mechanism of ß-lactam antibiotic removal between ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms and heterotrophs.

Nitrifying system is an effective strategy to remove numerous antibiotics, however, the contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and heterotrophs for antibiotic removal are still unclear. In this study, the mechanism of ß-lactam antibiotic (cefalexin, CFX) removal was studied in a nitrifying sludge system. Results showed that CFX was synergistically removed by AOB (Nitrosomonas, played a major role) and AOA (Candidatus_Nitrososphaera) through ammonia monooxygenase-mediated co-metabolism, and by heterotrophs (Pseudofulvimonas, Hydrogenophaga, RB41, Thauera, UTCFX1, Plasticicumulans, Phaeodactylibacter) through antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)-encoded ß-lactamases-mediated hydrolysis. Regardless of increased archaeal and heterotrophic CFX removal with the upregulation of amoA in AOA and ARGs, the system exhibited poorer CFX removal performance at 10 mg/L, mainly due to the inhibition of AOB. This study provides new reference for the important roles of heterotrophs and ARGs, opening the possibilities for the application of ARGs in antibiotic biodegradation.

Evaluation of a pilot-scale bio-trickling filter as a VOCs control technology for the chemical fibre wastewater treatment plant.

The performance of lab- and pilot-scale bio-trickling filters (BTFs) for the treatment of emissions from a chemical fibre wastewater treatment plant was investigated. These systems were installed mainly to demonstrate the effectiveness of bio-trickling technologies in purifying exhaust gases containing different kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Results showed that 12 days more were necessary for the pilot-scale BTF to start up successfully than the lab-scale one. Both the lab- and pilot-scale BTFs exhibited contaminant removal efficiency higher than 90% at an empty bed residence time of 59 s, corresponding to gas flow of 0.2 m3 h-1 and 550 m3 h-1, respectively. The reduction of the microelement in the nutrient solution had little effect on the performance of the pilot-scale BTF. The abundance and diversity of the microorganism analysis showed that the diversity of the contaminants had a significant influence on the microorganism distribution in the BTF. Economic feasibility study showed that BTF might be an efficient solution for VOCs control with a lower cost than adsorption technology and regenerative catalytic oxidation.

Performance and microbial community evolution of toluene degradation using a fungi-based bio-trickling filter.

Fungi have their unique advantages in capturing and degrading hydrophobic VOCs. To study the performance of fungi-based bio-trickling filters (BTFs) with respect to the degradation of toluene, and the succession process of the fungal colony under different operating conditions, a three-layer BTF packed by dominant Fusarium oxysporum immobilized with ceramic particles were set up. The fungal BTF started quickly within 7 days and restarted less than 7 days after starvation; its average RE was higher than 92.5% when the toluene inlet loading rate (ILR) ranging from 7.0 to 100.9 g m-3 h-1 at steady state. Moreover, the maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 98.1 g m-3 h-1 was obtained at a toluene ILR of 100.3 g m-3 h-1. The microorganism analysis of time and space revealed that the dominant fungi Fusarium were replaced by Paramicrosporidium saccamoebae after a certain evolutionary period. The intermediate layer had more microbes and a more complex community than the other two layers, and was more suitable for the survival of the varieties of microbes.

A comparative study of pilot-scale bio-trickling filters with counter- and cross-current flow patterns in the treatment of emissions from chemical fibre wastewater treatment plant.

Two pilot-scale bio-trickling filters (BTFs) with counter-current and cross-current flow modes were constructed, and their performance tested, for purifying chemical fibre waste gas containing H2S, NH3 and VOCs with a maximum gas flow rate of 1008m3h-1. The counter-current type of BTF presented with superior biodegradation results compared to the cross-current type: it could start up quickly, tolerated high transient shock loadings, and possessed an average contaminant removal efficiency higher than 90% with an empty bed residence time of 59s. The contaminant removal efficiency could be increased by 50% during winter due to the addition of pipeline insulation. The abundance and diversity from microorganism analysis showed that Dyella, Bacillus, Candidimonas, Pandoraea and Thiomonas were the main bacterial strains forming the community treating the pollutants. The counter-current type BTF functioned most effectively and is proposed for practical application.