Generation and Evaluation of Bispecific Anti-TNF Antibodies Based on Single-Chain VHH Domains.

Systemic cytokine inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for several autoimmune diseases. However, recent studies suggest that tissue or cell type-specific targeting of certain cytokines, including TNF, may have distinct advantages and show fewer side effects. Here we describe protocols for generating and testing bispecific cytokine inhibitors using variable domain of single-chain antibodies from Camelidae (VHH) with a focus on cell-specific TNF inhibitors.

Data on synthesis of methylene bisphosphonates and screening of their inhibitory activity towards HIV reverse transcriptase.

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) mimetics designed on a basis of methylenediphosphonic acid backbone are promising inhibitors of two key HIV replication enzymes, IN [1] and RT [2]. Herein, we present chemical synthesis of eleven methylenebisphosphonates (BPs) with their NMR and HRMS analysis synthesized via five different ways. Also, we present data on inhibition of HIV RT catalyzed phosphorolysis and polymerization by synthesized BPs using two methods based on denaturing urea PAGE. Tests were also performed for thymidine analogue mutations reverse transcriptase (TAM RT), which was expressed and purified for that. Structure-activity relationships and inhibitory activity data of synthesized BPs are presented in "Methylene bisphosphonates as the inhibitors of HIV RT phosphorolytic activity" [2].

Methylene bisphosphonates as the inhibitors of HIV RT phosphorolytic activity.

The structure-function analysis of 36 methylenebisphosphonates (BPs) as inhibitors of the phosphorolytic activity of native and drug-resistant forms of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) was performed. It was shown that with the increase of the inhibitory potential of BPs towards the phosphorolytic activity raises their ability to inhibit the RT-catalyzed DNA elongation. Herein, we report the impact of the thymidine analog mutations (TAM) on the activity of bisphosphonates, as well as some structural features of the BPs, allowing them to maintain the inhibitory activity on the enzyme resistant to nucleoside analog therapy. We estimated the Mg(2+)-coordinating group structure, the linker and the aromatic pharmacophore influence on the inhibitory potential of the BPs. Based on the 31 BPs SAR, several BPs with improved inhibitory properties were designed and synthesized.

Screening of Potential HIV-1 Inhibitors/Replication Blockers Using Secure Lentiviral in Vitro System.

The development and usage of safe cell systems for testing agents which possess anti-HIV activity is a very important factor in the design of new drugs. We have described in detail a system we designed that is based on lentiviral vectors (Prokofjeva et. al.,Antiviral Therapy,in print) for swift and completely safe screening of potential HIV-1 replication inhibitors. The system enables one to test the efficiency of the inhibitory activity of compounds whose action is directed towards either wild-type HIV-1 reverse transcriptase or integrase, or mutant enzymes corresponding to the drug-resistant virus form. Testing results of a number of already known drugs, which correlate well with published data as well as data on newly synthesized compounds, were obtained. Application of this system substantially broadens the possibilities of preclinical anti-HIV drugs testing.

New depot forms of AZT and 3TC based on their phosphonate derivatives: anti-HIV activity and pharmacokinetic parameters.

New phosphonate depot forms of AZT and 3TC were synthesized and their anti-HIV properties in cell systems, cellular uptake, intracellular transformations and some pharmacokinetic and toxicological data were studied.