Sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in a Chinese sample: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial.

INTRODUCTION: Bupropion is a first-line pharmacological aid for smoking cessation; however, no clinical trials have been conducted in a Chinese population. METHODS: We enrolled 248 smokers in a hospital-based, randomized, smoking cessation trial conducted at four outpatient centers in Beijing. A total of 123 participants received an 8-week course of sustained-release bupropion (Bup-SR) and 125 participants received 8 weeks of placebo. All participants received brief education and counseling on smoking cessation. We determined rates of abstinence and smoking reduction based on chemical verification and self-report at 8 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: At the end of the medication treatment (8 weeks) and at the end of the trial (12 weeks), the abstinence rates for Bup-SR were 29.3% and 39.8%, respectively, and 10.4% and 8.0% for placebo, respectively (both p < .001). Bup-SR was also superior to placebo in reducing cigarettes per day and urinary cotinine levels. CONCLUSION: Bup-SR is efficacious for smoking cessation in healthy Chinese patients treated in the outpatient setting. It is well tolerated with a few mild side effects.

[Relations between smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, sleeping hours and the metabolic syndrome in Chinese male aged 18 - 45 years old].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and behavior habits such as smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, sleeping hours. METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China according to the program of National Nutrition and Health Survey. Questionnaire survey, interview, physical examination, measurement of biochemical indices, and dietary investigation were done. In total, 4937 men aged 18 to 45 years old were selected. RESULTS: The MS prevalence was 6.9% (329/4937). The rate of drinking was 49.4% and smoking rate was 54.4%. The percentage of sleeping was hours from 7 to 8 was 70.5%. The percentage of spending time on physical activity over 420 minutes/week was as high as 41.9%. Data from single logistic regression showed volume of smoking more than 600 packs and alcohol intake were associated with high risk of MS and no significantly associations were found between MS and the duration of physical activity and the sleeping time. Multivariate logistic regression showed that the risk of MS in smokers with the volume more than 600 packs age increased significantly as compared to nonsmokers with the odds ratio as 1.443 (95%CI: 1.044 - 1.993) and 1.765 (95%CI: 1.150 - 2.708) in smokers with volume from 600 to 899 packs age, and more than 900 packs age respectively. Compared to the nondrinkers, the odds ratios were 1.525 (95%CI: 1.135 - 2.048), 2.322 (95%CI: 1.671 - 3.255) and 2.033 (95%CI: 1.478 - 2.796) in subjects volume of alcohol drinking as 1 to 2 times per week, 3 to 4 times per week and more than 5 times per week respectively. CONCLUSION: Tobacco and alcohol were associated with high risks of MS.

[Relationship between duration of low to moderate intensity physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between low to moderate physical activity and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in the interior of China according to the program of the National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002. Questionnaire survey, interview, physical examination, measurement of biochemical indices and dietary investigation were done. In total, the physical activity of 26 477 persons aged 18 or above were investigated. The duration of low to moderate physical activity was divided into five grades: 0-min/week, 90-min/week, 151-min/week, 301-min/week, over 420 min/week, and the MS prevalence were investigated respectively. The relationship between MS and age (including four age groups 18-, 35-, 45-, 60 or above) or the duration of physical time were investigated. RESULTS: The MS prevalence among persons aged 18 or above was 9.4% (2490/26 477). And the prevalence was 10.3% (1191/11 516) in man and 8.7%(1299/14 961) in women, respectively (χ(2) = 21.035, P = 0.000). The MS prevalence was 2.1% (127/6070) in 18-years old group and 15.0% (1012/6734) in over 60 years old group. The MS prevalence increased with increasing age (χ(2) = 776.768, P = 0.000). 81.2% (21 499/26 477) of subjects engaged in low to moderate intensity physical activity. The percentage of spending time on physical activity over 420 min/week was dominant and as high as 43.7% (11 561/26 477). The MS prevalence was 13.8% (166/1203) for 0-min grade, 13.2% (64/485) for 90-min grade, 11.8% (153/1298) for 151-min grade, 10.1% (124/1225) for 301-min grade and 12.5% (512/4090) for over 420 min grade (χ(2) = 9.58, P = 0.047). Logistic regression analysis results showed, the MS risk of subjects spending 301-min per week on low to moderate intensity physical activity was significantly low than the MS prevalence among subjects of 90-min grade, OR = 0.844 (95%CI: 0.675 - 0.968), and no statistical difference was found in people spending over 420 min per week OR = 0.936(95%CI: 0.769 - 1.136). CONCLUSION: Most of people aged 18 or above engaged in low to moderate intensity physical activity. MS prevalence may be decreased by low to moderate intensity physical activity for 301-min per week, but the decrease was not significant while the duration of time was longer than 420 min per week.

[National survey of blood pressure control rate in Chinese hypertensive outpatients-China STATUS].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the blood pressure control rate and related influencing factors in hypertensive outpatients. METHODS: In this multicentre, cross-sectional registration survey, hypertensive outpatients were recruited from department of cardiology, nephrology and endocrinology of 92 tertiary hospitals in 22 cites across China. Each centre enrolled more than 50 hypertensive outpatients aged 18 years or older between 20 April 2009 and 31 May 2009. Outpatients were surveyed by clinical interview with BP measurement and questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 5086 subjects were enrolled, 2032 in department of cardiology, 1510 in department of endocrinology and 1544 in department of nephrology, 27.1% and 25.3% patients were in Grade 2 or Grade 3 hypertension, 37.2% patients were complicated with diabetes, 22.4% with coronary artery disease, and 18.4% with renal-dysfunction. Overall, controlled BP was achieved in 30.6% patients. The control rate was 45.9% in uncomplicated hypertensive patients, 31.3% in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease, 14.9% in patients with diabetes, and 13.2% in patients with renal-dysfunction. Calcium channel blocker (56.6%) and angiotensin-II receptor blockers (32.0%) were the most frequently used medications. The mean number of antihypertensive agents prescribed per patient was 1.73, over 54.1% patients were treated with more than 2 antihypertensive drugs. Combination therapy or single-pill combination with various anti-hypertensive components was prescribed to 8.3% and 12.7% hypertensive patients as initial therapy. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that lower BMI, no alcohol intake, free medical care, no diabetes, no renal-dysfunction, lipid-lowering therapy, shorter interval of visiting physicians, regular taking antihypertensive medications, physical activity were the factors related to satisfactory blood pressure control rate in hypertensive outpatients. CONCLUSIONS: Blood pressure control rate among Chinese hypertensive outpatients was increased compared with epidemiological survey in 2002. BMI, co-morbidities, lower combination treatment rate, poor compliance were the key reasons for lower BP control rate. Increased use of combination therapy instead of monotherapy should be encouraged to hypertensive outpatients to improve BP control rate.

[The association of stroke with high plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of high plasma LDL-C level with or without metabolic syndrome (MS) on the incidence of stroke in Chinese adults. METHODS: Totally 42 626 subjects (25-75 years old) from Chinese National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2002 were stratified four groups based on plasma LDL-C level:<2.00 mmol/L group, 2.00-2.50 mmol/L group, 2.51-3.31 mmol/L group, and >or=3.32 mmol/L group. The prevalence of MS (with 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria) and stroke and the risk factors of stroke were compared among the four groups. RESULTS: (1) The prevalence of MS and stroke increased with rising of LDL-C level. The prevalence of MS in LDL-C>or=3.32 mmol/L group increased 2.5 times (7.9% vs 20.1%) as compared with that in LDL-C<2.00 mmol/L group and the prevalence of stroke increased 4.2 times (0.5% vs 2.1%), all P<0.01. (2) In subjects with similar LDL-C level, the prevalence of stroke was significantly higher in a subgroup with MS than that without (P<0.01). (3) After adjustment for age, sex and smoking, logistic regression analysis showed that both LDL-C level and MS were positively associated with the development of stroke; the odds ratio (OR) was 2.35 and 3.15 (P<0.0001), respectively. (4) Compared with the subgroup of LDL-C<2.00 mmol/L without MS, OR for stroke in the subgroups of LDL-C 2.00-2.50 mmol/L, 2.51-3.31 mmol/L, and >or=3.32 mmol/L without MS was 1.03, 1.89, and 2.08, whereas the OR for stroke in the subgroups with MS and similar level of LDL-C was 4.38, 5.23 and 6.15; this indicated that the risk of stroke in subjects with MS increased by 3-4 times compared with subjects without (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Both high LDL-C level and MS are independent risk factors of stroke, but the risk of stroke will be further increased in the presence of high LDL-C level plus MS. It is suggested that combined intervention therapy of LDL-C and MS will play an important role in the prevention of stroke.

[Impact of metabolic syndrome with hyperglycemia on prevalence of stroke in Chinese].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of metabolic syndrome (MS) with or without hyperglycemia on stroke prevalence compared to that of diabetes alone. METHODS: 44 100 subjects, 20 570 males and 23 530 females, aged 25 - 75, who had participated in the Chinese Residents Nutrition and Health Examination Survey held in the mainland of China 2002, underwent anthropometry, measurement of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2 hour plasma glucose (2 h PG) after 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 22 570 subjects, 10 698 males and 11 872 females, were divided into 5 groups: control group without MS risk factors (n = 17 518), Group of diabetes mellitus (DM) without MS (n = 638), group of MS with normoglycemia (n = 2501), Group of MS with mild hyperglycemia (n = 1058), and group MS with DM (n = 855). The relationship between MS and stroke was studied by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS increased along with age. The MS prevalence rates of the subjects with FPG > or = 5.6 mmol/L in the age groups 25 - 34, 35 - 44, 45 - 54, and > or = 55 were 23.5%, 37.2%, 45.7%, and 53.0% respectively, all significantly higher than those of the subjects with the FPG < 5.6 mmol/L (2.2%, 4.7%, 7.8%, and 9.5% respectively, all P < 0.01). The prevalence rates of stroke of the groups of DM, normal blood sugar with MS, mild hyperglycemia with MS, and DM with MS were 2.94%, 2.27%, 2.89%, and 4.11%, respectively, all significantly higher than that of the control group (0.19%, all P < 0.01). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, and LDL-C, no significant difference was observed between the neighboring MS groups (all P > 0.05). Compared to the group of MS with normoglycemia, the OR value for stroke of the DM with MS was 1.84 (95% CI 1.20 - 2.83, P < 0.01), which was still significant after adjusting for LDL-C (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: (1) People with glucose intolerance had very high prevalence of stroke than novmoglgcemic people. (2) Hyperglycemia in MS has an extremely important role in the impact of MS on stroke in Chinese. (3) Diabetes by itself has the same significance as the combination of MS components in the development of stroke.

[Analysis on the level of exposure and the cluster of risk factors to stroke for patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the level of exposure and cluster of risk factors to stroke for patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 583 patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation, randomly selected from 8 general hospitals and 7 community health service centers located in the 8 districts in Beijing city in 2006. RESULTS: 133 patients attacked stroke and the prevalence of stroke in the total 583 patients was 22.8%. 78 patients attacked stroke after being diagnosed as atrial fibrillation with the prevalence related to atrial fibrillation as 14.3%. The levels of exposure related to age, duration of atrial fibrillation, histories of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia were significantly different between stroke and non-stroke patients (P < 0.05). Data from multiple variables logistic regression analysis showed that age, duration of atrial fibrillation, history of dyslipidemia and history of diabetes increased the risk of stroke with odds ratio as 1.06, 2.08, 1.82, 1.79 respectively (95%CI was not including 1). The risk of stroke among those having 3 or 4 risk factors was 4.36 and 4.51 times of those without risk factor after adjusting for age, sex and duration of atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION: Age, duration of atrial fibrillation, history of dyslipidemia and history of diabetes were the main risk factors related to stroke and the clustering of risk factors would further increase the risk. It is important to control blood pressure, blood surge and lipid besides therapy of anticoagulation or antiplatelet for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.

[Association of stroke and different combinations of metabolic syndrome components in Chinese adults].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association of stroke and metabolic syndrome as well as its component combinations in Chinese adults. METHODS: Logistic regression was used to analyze the data, including anthropometric measurement, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood lipids, and histories of smoking, drinking, and anamnesis, of 47,414 subjects, 22,305 males and 25,105 females, aged 20-75, obtained from Chinese National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2002. RESULTS: (1) Blood pressure and waist circumference were the most important factors associated with stroke. Along with the clustering of the risk factors, the subjects became more liable to suffer from stroke. Logistic regression showed that after adjustment for age, sex, smoking status, and LDL-C level, the odd ratio (OR) values of the individuals with one, two, three, and four or more factors were 3.01 (1.89-4.81) ,4.37 (2.72-7.01), 9.20 (5.75-14.73), and 13.09 (7.98-21.49) respectively. (2) The combinations of raised hypertension plus hyperglycemia and low LDL-C and central obesity were the most hazard groups, with the OR values of 16.58 (95% CI 8.78-31.32) for stroke. The OR value for the full metabolic syndrome was 10.79 (95% CI 6.81-17.10). Hypertriglyceridemia was not an independent risk factor of stroke. (3) The relationships of metabolic risk factors and stroke were various among different age groups. Stroke was not related with blood glucose, blood pressure, serum lipids, and obesity in the subjects under 35; in those aged 35-55, diastolic Bp and low HDL-C were most significantly related to stroke; as for those above 55, systolic Bp and waist circumference were most significantly related to stroke. CONCLUSION: Central obesity cored metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor of stroke. Different combinations of the components attribute variously to stroke. In people above middle age, stroke is related to metabolic risk factors.

[Do isolated hypertension and metabolic syndrome have equal risk of stroke in Chinese adults?].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze whether isolated hypertension and metabolic syndrome ( Based on the 2005 IDF criteria) have equal risk on stroke in Chinese adults. METHODS: 25194 subjects (25-75 years old) from Chinese National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2002 were divided into control group, isolated hypertension ( i-HTN) group, metabolic syndrome (MS) without hypertension ( non-HTN/MS) group , MS with hypertension (HTN/MS) group. The clinical features and risk for stroke ( using multiple logistic stepwise regression analysis) were compared among 4 groups. RESULTS: (1) The clinic features in the i-HTN group was non-central obesity, and its plasma glucose, triglyceride 9TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C) levels were normal . (2) The prevalence of stroke in control group , i-HTN group, non-HTN/MS group and HTN/MS group was 0.14%, 1.27%, 1.19% and 2.14%, respectively. (3) After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, logistic regression analysis showed that the i-HTN group, non-HTN/MS group and HTN/MS group had higher risk of stroke compared with the controls, the odd ratio (OR) were 4.18, 8.00, 8.69 (P < 0.01), respectively. Compared with i-HTN group, OR in HTN/MS group was 2.05, while no difference was found between i-HTN group and non-HTN/MS group ( P>0.05). (4) Among different components of the MS, hypertension (OR 2.33), central obesity (OR 2.09), low HDL-C (OR 1.69), hyperglycemia (OR 1.66) except hypertriglyceridemia were all significantly related to stroke (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: (1) MS and hypertension were an independent risk factor for the development of stroke in Chinese adults. (2) Though there was no clinical features of insulin resistance in i-HTN group, it was observed that the i-HTN and non-HTN/MS had equal contribution to stroke. The risk of stroke will be further increased if hypertension included in the MS.

[Anticoagulation treatment in real-life practice of patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in Beijing city].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the anticoagulation treatment in real-life practice for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) in Beijing. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 583 patients with nonvalvular AFF, 327 males and 256 females, aged 40 - 93, selected randomly from 8 general hospitals (n = 375, 64.3%) and 7 community health service centers (n = 208, 35.7%) located in the 8 districts in Beijing city, mainly from the out-patient departments (n = 437, 75%). RESULTS: 110 of the 583 patients (18.9%) were prescribed warfarin in which the percentage of international normalized ratio (INR) range (2.0 - 3.0) was 39.1% (n = 43). 68.2% of them had taken warfarin for less than one year. Another 33 patients (5.7%) had ever taken warfarin. 346 patients (59.3%) took aspirin of which 85.7% were exposed to the dose of 76 - 150 mg/d, and no one was administered the dose of 325 mg/d. 18.9% of the 583 patients had not received any anticoagulation or antiplatelet drugs. 78.6% of patients had never got the advice about taking warfarin from their doctors, and over 75% of the patients lacked in knowledge about the necessity of anticoagulation treatment for AF patients. The prevalence of stroke in the total 583 patients was 22.8%, 22.0% in those receiving warfarin treatment, 24.3% in those receiving aspirin treatment, and 21.3% in those receiving neither anticoagulation treatment nor antiplatelet treatment, without significant differences among them (chi(2) = 1.09, P = 0.58). CONCLUSION: The percentage of taking anticoagulation treatment in real-life practice pf the AF patients in Beijing is lower than that of taking antiplatelet treatment. The period of anticoagulation treatment is short and the effect is not good. The percentage of taking aspirin is too high in the high risk patients of stroke, but the dose of aspirin is on the low side. Doctors' advice and knowledge related to anticoagulation treatment of the patients are important factors influencing the anticoagulation treatment.

[Analysis on hypertension control and follow up among elderly patients with hypertension in communities].

OBJECTIVE: To study hypertension control, follow up and the factors associated with the rate of hypertension control. METHODS: Through a community-based study, the routine data were collected through a community hypertension managing software for one year. RESULTS: There were 3375 hypertension patients above 60 years old recruited in the information system. In the baseline, the rate of blood pressure control was 63.5%, and arranging intervals up to 6 months was 66.9%. Hypertension control rate for the baseline, the third month and the sixth month was 61.8%, 62.4% and 61.6%, respectively (chi2 = 0.16, P = 0.69). Among hypertensives whose blood pressure was stabilized in baseline, hypertension control rates for the third month and the sixth month was 72.9.8% and 72.1%, respectively (chi2 = 0.26, P = 0.61). Blood pressure stabilized over 6 months in comparing with others, and the proportion for regular taking medication was 96.2% and 97.7% (chi2 = 3.58, P = 0.06). The proportion for physical activity, less salt intake, weight control was significantly higher in the patients whose blood pressure control well over 6 month. CONCLUSION: Rate of blood pressure control among elderly patient with hypertension who frequently consults the doctor in the community is high. Ineffectiveness in systolic and diabetes control is the important factor, which decreases the rate of blood pressure. Physical activity, less salt intake, and weight control are of help to hypertension control. For those, the blood pressure are stabilized, a follow up with 3 to 6 months interval is appropriate.

[Survey on the prevalence of hypertension in different ethnic groups in China in 2002].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure level in different ethnic groups in Chinese population. METHODS: Data are presented for 67700 men and 84983 women aged more than 15 years old from National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2002. RESULTS: After being adjusted by age using Chinese population in 1964, the highest prevalence of hypertension in the male were. Tibetan (25.6%) and Manchu (23.1%). The Miao (9.2%) and Tujia (11.1%) ethnics have the lowest prevalence of hypertension. Also prevalence rate of hypertension in female in Tibetan (24.0%) and Manchu (18.7%) were the highest, and the lowest were Miao (6.1%) and Zhuang (8.3%) ethnics. The prevalence rate of hypertension in most ethnics were increased compared with that of 1991, except that of the male in Mongolian and female in Miao ethnics. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of hypertension and blood pressure level were different among ethnics. The prevalence rate of hypertension in almost all ethnics were increased during past ten years.

[Relationship between physical activity and metabolic syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between physical activity and metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling was conducted in 132 sampling 218,920 residents, aged 44.3 +/- 15.3 (15 - 96), in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of the mainland China according to the program of the National Nutrition and Health Survey. Questionnaire survey, interview, physical examination, measurement of biochemical indices, and dietary investigation were done. Information of physical activity and measurement of fasting glucose and/or glucose 2 hours after meal, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were obtained in 50,494 participants. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Chinese Medical Association's definition. The intensity of physical activity was divided into 3 categories according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of US/American College of Sports Medicine criteria. RESULTS: 50,495 subjects, 23,932 males (47.4%) and 26,562 females (52.6%), were diagnosed as with MS. The MS incidence of those with high intensity of physical activity was lower by 60% in comparison with those with low intensity of physical activity (odds ratio 0.60, 95% CI: 0.362 - 0.443) adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol intake. The risk of MS in those with moderate intensity of physical activity of 151 - 300 minutes/week was slightly decreased compared to those with moderate intensity of physical activity of 90 - 150 minutes/week, (odds ratio 0.935, 95% CI: 0.685 - 1.277), however, the risk of MS in those with the moderate intensity of physical activity over 300 minutes/week increased slightly (OR = 1.269, 95% CI: 0.923 - 1.745). The risk of MS in those with low-level physical activity of 301 - 420 minutes/week was lower by 35% in comparison with those with the low-level physical activity of 90 - 150 minutes/week (95% CI: 0.451 - 0.933), however, the risk of MS in those with the low-level physical activity over 420 minutes/week was 0.871, not significantly different from that of the subjects with the low-level physical activity of other intensity (odd ratio = 0.871, 95% CI: 0.643 - 1.181). The risk of MS of those with the vigorous physical activity odds rations for having MS of vigorous activity over 150 minutes/week was 0.757, lower by 25% in comparison with those with the vigorous physical activity of 10 - 60 minutes/week (95% CI: 0.603 - 0.951), adjusted for sex, age, smoking, alcohol intake and BMI. CONCLUSION: MS risk can be decreased by low level physical activity of 300 - 420 minutes/week, moderate physical activity of 90 - 300 minutes/week and vigorous physical activity of over 150 minutes/week.

[Relationship between metabolic syndrome and stroke in Chinese people].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between metabolic syndrome and stroke in Chinese people. METHODS: Data were presented for 23080 men and 25553 women aged more than 15 years old from National Nutrition and Health Survey, 2002. Metabolic syndrome definition was recommended by the CDS. RESULTS: The metabolic syndrome was significantly related with stroke( OR = 5.998,95% C14.799 - 7.496) in univariate logistic analysis, after being adjusted for age, sex, area, education, physical activity smoking and drinking, the relationship still exists between the metabolic syndrome and stroke( OR = 3.114,95 % CI ,2.432 - 3.987) . Among the component conditions, hypertension was the most leading factor associated with stroke. And individual with more components has more possibility to be affiliated with stroke (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with stroke in Chinese people, the metabolic syndrome and its' components should be prevented to avoid the prevalence of stroke in Chinese.

[A description on the Chinese national nutrition and health survey in 2002].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the status of nutrition and health related indices in the Chinese population. METHODS: A stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. The survey was done in 2002, including data gathered from questionnaires, interviews, physical examinations, measurement of biochemical indices, and dietary investigation. RESULTS: Cereals accounted for 48.5% of all the sources of energy in urban and 61.4% in rural populations. Daily mean percentages of calories for total fat were 35.0% in urban and 27.5% in rural areas. The prevalence rates of stunting and underweight were 14.3% and 7.8% respectively in young children under 5-year-old. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency was 9.3% in Chinese children aged 3-12 years old. The total prevalence of anemia was 15.2% in general population of all ages. The prevalence of anemia in young adults was significantly higher in women than in men. The total prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were 17.6% and 5.6%, respectively. The prevalence rates of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia, or low serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol were 18.8%, 2.6%, 2.9%, 11.9%, 7.4% respectively in Chinese adults aged 18 and over. The rates of awareness, treatment, and under control among hypertensives were 30.2%, 24.7%, and 25.0%, respectively. Significant regional and age differences were revealed in the dietary habit and the prevalence of various diseases. The prevalence of diseases associated with malnutrition were higher in rural than in urban areas. In contrast, the prevalence of conditions associated with overconsumption and inappropriate dietary patterns were higher in urban than in rural populations. CONCLUSION: Chinese people were currently suffering from both problems on nutrition related issues and burdens of diseases which were characterized in nutrient deficiencies and overconsumption, malnutrition and noncommunicable conditions associated with overconsumption and inappropriate diet. The difference of nutrition and health status between rural and urban people was also seen.

[Analysis of outpatient hypertension treatment among different grade hospitals in Beijing].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the therapy of hypertensive outpatients among different grade hospitals in Beijing. METHODS: Thirty-nine hospitals including 4 third grade hospitals, 4 second grade hospitals and 31 first grade hospitals in Beijing were selected randomly (by stratified randomization). The grade was accredited according to the hospital accreditation standard issued by Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. RESULTS: The average hypertension control rate (< 140/90 mm Hg, 1 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa) in outpatients was 32.3%. The hypertension control rate in the third grade, second grade, first grade hospitals were 37.7%, 36.9%, and 31.2% respectively. There was no difference in the control rate among the three different grade hospitals (P > 0.05). The frequency to use anti-hypertension drugs including long-acting calcium antagonism, ACEI, beta-receptor blocker in the third grade hospitals was significantly higher than those of the first and second grade hospitals. The rate of examination using ultrasonic cardiogram, CT, Holter and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were significantly higher in the third grade hospitals than that of the first and second grade hospitals. There were significant differences in annual cost of hypertension treatment among three different grade hospitals (P < 0.01), being the highest (1567.5 yuan) in the third grade hospitals, medium (845.4 yuan) in the second grade hospitals, the lowest (651.8 yuan) in the first grade hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Significant difference in the cost of hypertensive treatment among three different grade hospitals exists in Beijing. However, there was no difference in the control rate among them. The overall hypertension control rate is 32.3%, leaving 67.7% uncontrolled. Efforts to increase the hypertension control rate should be made in all hospitals. How to guide and arrange the hypertension patients to consult a suitable hospital is important for rational and economical use of health cost.