CD32 Expression by CD4+ T and CD8+ T Lymphocytes Is Increased in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

FcγR is expressed by many immune cells and plays an important role in the immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. CD32 belongs to the FcγR family. This study aimed to observe changes in CD32 expression by CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes in chronic HBV infection patients and evaluate the clinical utility of CD4+ T and CD8+ T CD32 expression to assess the severity of liver injury in chronic HBV-infected patients. A total of 68 chronic HBV patients and 40 healthy individuals were recruited, and the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD32 expression on CD4+ T, CD8+ T lymphocytes was measured using flow cytometry and the CD4+ T, CD8+ T CD32 index was calculated. The reactivity of the healthy individual lymphocytes to mixed patients' plasma containing HBV was observed. Finally, the correlation between CD4+ T, CD8+ T lymphocytes CD32 MFI and liver function indicator levels was analyzed. The CD4+ T, CD8+ T CD32 MFI and index were significantly elevated in HBV patient groups than in normal control group (p < 0.001, for all). Furthermore, the CD32 MFI of healthy persons' CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes were remarkably increased when stimulated with mixed patients' plasma containing high HBV copies (p < 0.001; P < 0.001). More importantly, in HBV patients, there was a significant positive correlation between CD4+ T, CD8+ T CD32 MFI and the level of serum aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the increased expression of CD32 on CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes might be potential promising biomarkers for the severity of liver function impairment in chronic HBV patients.

The role of MAPK/NF-κB-associated microglial activation in T-2 toxin-induced mouse learning and memory impairment.

T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin with multiple toxic effects and has emerged as an important food pollutant. Microglia play a significant role in the toxicity of various neurotoxins. However, whether they participate in the neurotoxicity of T-2 toxin has not been reported. To clarify this point, an in vivo mouse model of T-2 toxin (4 mg/kg) poisoning was established. The results of Morris water maze and open-field showed that T-2 toxin induced learning and memory impairment and locomotor inhibition. Meanwhile, T-2 toxin induced microglial activation, while inhibiting microglia activation by minocycline (50 mg/kg) suppressed the toxic effect of the T-2 toxin. To further unveil the potential mechanisms involved in T-2 toxin-induced microglial activation, an in vitro model of T-2 toxin (0, 2.5, 5, 10 ng/mL) poisoning was established using BV-2 cells. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed lots of differentially expressed genes related to MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Western blotting results further confirmed that T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) induced the activation of MAPKs and their downstream NF-κB. Moreover, the addition of inhibitors of NF-κB and MAPKs reversed the microglial activation induced by T-2 toxin. Overall, microglial activation may contribute a considerable role in T-2 toxin-induced behavioral abnormalities, which could be MAPK/NF-κB pathway dependent.

Association between short-term ambient nitrogen dioxide and type 2 diabetes outpatient visits: A large hospital-based study.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as a non-communicable disease imposes heavy disease burdens on society. Limited studies have been conducted to assess the effects of short-term air pollution exposure on T2DM, especially in Asian regions. Our research aimed to determine the association between short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and outpatient visits for T2DM in Chongqing, the largest city in western China, based on the data collected from November 28, 2013 to December 31, 2019. A generalized additive model (GAM) was applied, and stratified analyses were performed to investigate the potential modifying effects by age, gender, and season. Meanwhile, the disease burden was revealed from attributable risk. Positive associations between short-term NO2 and daily T2DM outpatient visits were observed. The strongest association was observed at lag 04, with per 10 µg/m3 increase of NO2 corresponded to increased T2DM outpatient visits at 1.57% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48%, 2.65%]. Stronger associations were presented in middle-aged group (35-64 years old), male group, and cool seasons (October to March). Moreover, there were 1.553% (8664.535 cases) of T2DM outpatient visits attributable to NO2. Middle-aged adults, males, and patients who visited in cool seasons suffered heavier burdens. Conclusively, short-term exposure to NO2 was associated with increased outpatient visits for T2DM. Attention should be paid to the impact of NO2 on the burden of T2DM, especially for those vulnerable groups.

More obvious association between short-term ambient nitrogen dioxide and atrial fibrillation outpatient visits in cool seasons: A hospital-based study in northwestern China.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained heart rhythm disorder associated with high mortality and morbidity. Limited studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and AF attacks. This study aimed to explore the association between short-term ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure and outpatient visits for AF in Xi'an, China. Data on daily AF outpatient visits and air pollutants from 2013 to 2019 (2555 days) were obtained. A time-series approach using over-dispersed Poisson generalized additive model (GAM) was employed, and stratified analyses were performed to investigate the potential modifying effects by season, age, and gender. A total of 8307 outpatient visits for AF were recorded. Increased levels of NO2 were associated with increased AF outpatient visits, and the most significant effect estimates were observed at lag 03: A 10 µg/m3 increase of NO2 at lag 03 was related to an elevation of 5.59% (95% CI: 2.67%, 8.51%) in daily outpatient visits for AF. Stratified analyses showed that there were no gender and age difference in the effect of NO2, while more obvious association was observed in cool seasons (October to March) than in warm seasons (April to September). In summary, short-term ambient NO2 exposure can be positively associated with daily outpatient visits for AF, especially in cool seasons. This work provided novel data that the association between air pollutants and AF can vary by seasons, further supporting that the prevention of cardiovascular health effects should be strengthened in winter.

Elder people can be more susceptible to the association between short-term ambient air pollution and sleep disorder outpatient visits: a time-series study.

Sleep disorders attract increasing concerns. However, the evidence of the association between ambient air pollution and sleep disorders is limited. Therefore, our aim was to determine the association between short-term air pollution exposure and outpatient visits for sleep disorders in Xi'an, the largest city in Northwest China. Baseline outpatient data of daily sleep disorders between 2011 and 2013 were collected. Quasi-Poisson distribution was applied by adjusting the day of the week and weather conditions. A total of 49,282 sleep disorder outpatient visits were recorded. The most significant association between air pollutants and outpatient visits was observed on concurrent day: per 10 µg/m3 increase of NO2, SO2, and PM10 at lag 0 corresponded to increased outpatient sleep disorder visits at 0.22% (95% CI: 0.03%, 0.42%), 1.53% (95% CI: 0.53, 2.53%), and 2.57% (95% CI: 1.33%, 3.82%), respectively. As for gender-specific analysis, there was no statistically significant difference between males and females. The result of season-specific analysis showed no statistically significant difference between warm seasons and cool seasons, either. As for age-specific analysis, obvious associations were observed in 20-40 age group (NO2) and > 40 age group (PM10 and SO2), while no evident association was found for the young age group (< 20 years old). Conclusively, short-term exposure to air pollutants, especially gaseous air pollutants, might increase the risk of sleep disorders, and such association appears to be more obvious in elder people. We provide novel data that there may be age differences in the relationship between short-term air pollution exposure and sleep disorders.

Loss of diurnal behavioral rhythms and impaired lipid metabolism in growing pigs with mistimed feeding.

The misalignment of eating time and the endogenous circadian rhythm impairs the body's ability to maintain homeostasis. Although it is well established that children and growing animals differ from adults in their energy metabolism and behavioral patterns, little is known about how mistimed feeding disturbs the diurnal rhythms of behavior and metabolism in children and growing diurnal animals. In this study, growing pigs (diurnal animal) were randomly assigned to the daytime-restricted feeding (DRF) and nighttime-restricted feeding (NRF) groups for 5 weeks. Compared with observations in the DRF group, NRF disrupted the diurnal rhythm of behavior and clock genes and lowered the serum ghrelin, dopamine, and serotonin levels during the daytime and nighttime. Microbiome analysis results suggested that NRF altered the diurnal rhythm and composition of the gut microbiota, and increased log-ratios of Catenibacterium:Butyrivibrio and Streptococcus:Butyrivibrio. Based on the serum proteome, the results further revealed that rhythmic and upregulated proteins in NRF were mainly involved in oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, immunity, and cancer biological pathways. Serum physiological indicators further confirmed that NRF decreased the concentration of melatonin and fibroblast growth factor 21 during the daytime and nighttime, increased the diurnal amplitude and concentrations of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and total cholesterol, and increased the apolipoprotein B/ApoA1 ratio, which is a marker of metabolic syndrome. Taken together, this study is the first to reveal that mistimed feeding disrupts the behavioral rhythms of growing pigs, reprograms gut microbiota composition, reduces the serum levels of hormones associated with fighting depression and anxiety, and increases the risk of lipid metabolic dysregulation.

Association between short-term ambient air pollution and outpatient visits of anxiety: A hospital-based study in northwestern China.

Anxiety, a common and devastating mental disorder, has raised widespread interests. The impacts of air pollution on physical health are well known, whereas few studies have explored the association of atmospheric pollution, especially short-term air pollution exposure, with the risk of anxiety disorders. In addition, there are increasing concerns in emerging evidence supporting a possible etiological link. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the relationship between short-term exposure to atmospheric pollutants and anxiety outpatient visits in Xi'an, a city of northwestern China and a metropolis with relatively heavy air pollution. We collected the data of both daily outpatient visits and daily air pollution (SO2, NO2, and PM10) between January 1, 2010 and January 31, 2016 (2222 days). To clarify the association between short-term ambient atmospheric pollution exposure and anxiety outpatient visits, an over-dispersed Poisson generalized additive model was applied by adjusting the day of the week and weather conditions (including temperature, humidity, sunlight hours, and rainfalls). Positive association between gaseous air pollutants (SO2 and NO2) and anxiety daily outpatient visits was observed. Moreover, the largest estimated values of both SO2 and NO2 were evidence at lag 03 (4-day moving average lag), with 10 µg/m3 increase corresponded to the increase of outpatient anxiety visits at 4.11% (95% CI: 2.15%, 6.06%) for SO2 and 3.97% (95% CI: 1.90%, 6.06%) for NO2. However, there was no differences in susceptibility to air pollutants between different genders as well as different ages. Taken together, short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants, especially gaseous air pollutants (NO2 and SO2), can be related to higher risk of anxiety outpatient visits.

Association between short-term ambient air pollution exposure and depression outpatient visits in cold seasons: a time-series analysis in northwestern China.

Depression is known to be one of the most common mental disorders raising global concerns. However, evidence regarding the association between short-term air pollution exposure and risk of development of depression is limited. The aim of this was to assess the relationship between short-term ambient air pollution exposure and depression in outpatient visits in Xi'an, a northwestern Chinese metropolis. Data for air pollutants including particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels from October 1, 2010 to December 31, 2013 and number of daily depression outpatient visits (92,387 in total) were collected. A time-series quasi-Poisson regression model was adopted to determine the association between short-term air pollutant concentrations and frequency of outpatient visits for depression with different lag models. Consequently, 10 µg/m3 increase of SO2 and NO2 levels corresponded to significant elevation in number of outpatient-visits for depression on concurrent days (lag 0), and this relationship appeared stronger in cool seasons (October to March). However, the association of PM10 was only significant in males aged 30-50 at lag 0. Evidence indicated that short-term exposure to ambient air pollutants especially in cool seasons might be associated with increased risk of outpatient visits for depression.

Prolonged melatonin treatment promote testicular recovery by enhancing RAC1-mediated apoptotic cell clearance and cell junction-dependent spermatogensis after heat stress.

INTRODUCTION: A decline in semen quality caused by global warming and torrid working conditions is a major cause of human male infertility, and heat stress-induced decreases in male reproductive ability results in economic losses in livestock husbandry. Increasing evidence suggests that melatonin exerts protective effects on stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in germ cells. However, few studies have assessed the effects of melatonin on testicular recovery during post-heat stress and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: In vivo studies using 8-week-old male CD-1 mice revealed that melatonin pretreatment (50 mg/kg for 5 days) did not alleviate heat stress-induced germ cell loss and disrupted testicular histomorphology, however, long-term melatonin administration after heat stress accelerated germ cell apoptosis, spermatogenic cell regeneration, and testicular weight recovery. In vitro studies demonstrated that melatonin enhanced RAC1 activity, resulting in increased phagocytosis of apoptotic germ cells by Sertoli cells. In addition, melatonin restored gap junctions and tight junctions after heat stress, thereby promoting hollow seminiferous tubule filling. DISCUSSION: Long-term melatonin administration accelerated testicular recovery after heat stress by enhancing the phagocytotic activity of Sertoli cells and the regeneration of spermatogenic cells. This finding suggests that melatonin is a potential therapeutic for heat stress-induced male infertility.

Night-restricted feeding improves locomotor activity rhythm and modulates nutrient utilization to accelerate growth in rabbits.

An unfavorable lifestyle disrupts the circadian rhythm, leading to metabolic dysfunction in adult humans and animals. Increasing evidence suggests that night-restricted feeding (NRF) can effectively prevent ectopic fat deposition caused by circadian rhythm disruption, and reduce the risk of metabolic diseases. However, previous studies have mainly focused on the prevention of obesity in adults by regulating dietary patterns, whereas limited attention has been paid to the effect of NRF on metabolism during growth and development. Here, we used weaning rabbits as models and found that NRF increased body weight gain without increasing feed intake, and promoted insulin-mediated protein synthesis through the mTOR/S6K pathway and muscle formation by upregulating MYOG. NRF improved the circadian clock, promoted PDH-regulated glycolysis and CPT1B-regulated fatty-acid ß-oxidation, and reduced fat content in the serum and muscles. In addition, NRF-induced body temperature oscillation might be partly responsible for the improvement in the circadian clock and insulin sensitivity. Time-restricted feeding could be used as a nondrug intervention to prevent obesity and accelerate growth in adolescents.

Unexpected association between increased levels of ambient carbon monoxide and reduced daily outpatient visits for vaginitis: A hospital-based study.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a well-known "toxic gas". It represents a toxic inhalation hazard at high concentration and is commonly found in polluted air. However, a series of recent studies have suggested that low concentration of CO can also produce protective functions. This study was performed to investigate the association between ambient CO exposure and vaginitis outpatient visits. Daily baseline outpatient data of vaginitis from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015 were obtained from Xi'an, a heavily-polluted metropolis in China. The over-dispersed Poisson generalized additive model was applied to discover the relations between short-term ambient CO exposure and the number of vaginitis outpatient visits by adjusting day of the week and weather conditions. A total of 16,825 outpatient hospital visits for vaginitis were recorded. The mean daily concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) was well below Chinese and WHO guidelines. During the study period, increased levels of ambient CO was associated with reduced outpatient-visits through concurrent to lag 5 days, and the most significant association was evidenced at lag 05. A 0.1 mg/m3 increase in daily average CO at lag 05 corresponded to -1.25% (95%CI: -1.85%, -0.65%) change in outpatient-visits for vaginitis. Moreover, the association was more significant in those women aged 20-29 years. After adjustment for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2, and O3, the negative associations of CO with vaginitis kept significant, suggesting relative stability of effect estimates. In summary, this is the first evidence that increased ambient CO exposure can be related to reduced daily outpatient visits for vaginitis. The results of our study may not only help to establish more comprehensive understanding of the health effects of ambient air on vaginitis and other gynecological diseases, but also provide a clue to new potential interventions.

Association between air pollution and menstrual disorder outpatient visits: A time-series analysis.

Menstrual disorders are common diseases among reproductive-aged women with increasing concerns. Until now, there have been limited studies about the association between menstrual disorders and air pollution. This study aimed to investigate the association between short-term (concurrent day and within 1 week prior) ambient air pollution exposure and menstrual disorder outpatient visits in Xi'an, a metropolis in northwestern China. Daily baseline outpatient data of menstrual disorders from January 1, 2010 to February 18, 2016 (2239 days) were obtained. An over-dispersed Poisson generalized additive model was applied to discover the relationship between short-term air pollution exposure and the number of menstrual disorder outpatient visits by adjusting the day of the week and weather conditions. A total of 51,893 outpatient visits for menstrual disorders were recorded. A 10 µg/m3 increase of PM10 and NO2 concentrations corresponded to 0.236% (95% Cl: 0.075%, 0.397%) and 2.173% (95% Cl: 0.990%, 3.357%) elevations in outpatient-visits for menstrual disorders at lag 7 and lag 01 (concurrent day and previous 1 day), respectively. The association was more significant in young females (18-29 years) and there was no obvious association observed between SO2 and menstrual disorder outpatient visits. This is the first evidence that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution can be associated with an increased risk of menstrual disorder attacks. The results of our study may help to establish more comprehensive understanding of the health effects of ambient air pollution on menstrual disorders and other reproductive diseases.

The association between short-term ambient air pollution and daily outpatient visits for schizophrenia: A hospital-based study.

Schizophrenia is a devastating neuropsychiatric disorder with increasing concern. Limited studies have been conducted to assess the relationship between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and schizophrenia attacks. This study aimed to investigate the associations between short-term air pollution exposure and schizophrenia outpatient visits based on a time-series study performed in China. Daily data of schizophrenia outpatient admissions and air pollution from 1 October 2010 to 31 December 2013 were collected in Xi'an, a heavily-polluted city in China. We utilized a time-series Poisson regression model to examine the associations between short-term air pollution and schizophrenia outpatient visits with different lag days. A total of 34,865 outpatient-visits for schizophrenia were identified. A 10 µg/m3 increase of PM10, SO2, and NO2 concentrations corresponded to 0.289% (95% Cl: 0.118%, 0.460%), 1.374% (95% Cl: 0.723%, 2.025%), and 1.881% (95% Cl: 0.957%, 2.805%) elevation in outpatient-visits for schizophrenia at lag 0, and the associations appeared to be stronger, although not statistically significantly, in females and in middle and older age adults (40 and over). The most significant associations were observed on the concurrent day in different lag models. In conclusion, short-term exposure to ambient air pollution (PM10, SO2, and NO2) can be associated with increased risk of daily outpatient visits for schizophrenia, which may contribute to the further understanding of the potential adverse effects of air pollution in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

[Frequency Distribution Features of Innate-like Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood of Normal Adults].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency distribution features of innate-like lymphocytes (iNKT cells, γΔT cells and B1 cells) in peripheral blood of normal adults. METHODS: The flow cytometry with 6 fluorescence staining was used to detect the percentages of iNKT lymphocytes, γΔT lymphocytes, B1 lymphocytes and adaptive T lymphocyte, B2 lymphocytes in peripheral blood lymphocytes of 50 normal adults. The difference and correlation between these lymphocyte subsets were analyzed by statistical software. RESULTS: The percentage of iNKT cells in peripheral blood of 50 normal adults was 0.18% (0.01%-2.01%), the percentage of γΔT cells was 4.90% (1.45%-20.14%), the percentage of B1 lymphocytes was 1.62% (0.20%-3.77%), the percentage of adaptive T cells was 63.52% (33.20%-83.22%), the percentage of B2 cells was 6.64% (3.07%-13.80%). B1 and B2 were two subsets of B lymphocyte, the percentage of B2 in B lymphocyte was 81.43% (57.90%-94.12%) and more than that of B1 lymphocyte; the percentage of B1 lymphocytes was 17.28% (5.28%-41.13%). In T lymphocyte group the percentage of iNKT cell was 0.32% (0.01%-3.6%), the percentages of γΔT cells and adaptive T cells were 7.55% (3.04%-27.66%) and 91.98% (72.22%-96.86%) respectively. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the percentages of several lymphocyte subsets. There was a positive correlation between iNK T cells and γΔT cells, γΔT cells and adaptive T cells, B1 cells and B2 cells (r=0.39, P=0.0056; r=0.6028, P<0.0001; r=0.4791, P=0.0004). It was also found that the percentage of iNKT cells in female peripheral blood lymphocytes was 0.29% (0.06%-2.01%), and significantly higher than that in male peripheral blood lymphocytes 0.12% (0.01%-1.37%) (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The percentages of γΔT cells, B1 cells and iNKT cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal adults are significantly lower than that of adaptive lymphocytes, and their contents in peripheral blood decrease in turn. There are no sex differences in the percentages of these lymphocyte subsets except iNKT cells.

Rapid and quantitative detection of hepatitis B virus.

Despite availability of a universal vaccine, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a huge impact on public health worldwide. Accurate and timely diagnosis of HBV infection is needed. Rapid developments have been made in the diagnostic and monitoring methods for HBV infection, including serological and molecular assays. In clinical practice, qualitative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing has long served as a diagnostic marker for individuals infected with HBV. More recently, HBsAg level has been used to predict treatment outcome when determined early during treatment or at baseline. However, identification of HBV DNA positive cases that do not have detectable HBsAg has encouraged the application of molecular tests. Hence, combination of quantitative detection of HBV DNA and HBsAg can be used to discriminate patients during the course of HBV infection and to monitor therapy. This article reviews the most commonly used quantitative methods for HBsAg and HBV DNA.

Biosensors for hepatitis B virus detection.

A biosensor is an analytical device used for the detection of analytes, which combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Recently, an increasing number of biosensors have been used in clinical research, for example, the blood glucose biosensor. This review focuses on the current state of biosensor research with respect to efficient, specific and rapid detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV). The biosensors developed based on different techniques, including optical methods (e.g., surface plasmon resonance), acoustic wave technologies (e.g., quartz crystal microbalance), electrochemistry (amperometry, voltammetry and impedance) and novel nanotechnology, are also discussed.

[The Enhanceing effect of IL-12 on phagocytosis and killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by neutrophils in tuberculosis patients].

AIM: To explore the effects of IL-12 on phagocytosis and killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by neutrophils or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in tuberculosis patients. METHODS: The fresh peripheral blood samples from TB patients and healthy adults were incubated with M.tb labeled with FITC, and the percentages of phagocytosis of M.tb by PMNs was measured by flow cytometry (FCM). The fresh peripheral blood samples were incubated with DCFH-DA, and with or without M.tb for different times, the percentage of activation and the ROS production of PMNs were measured by FCM. Whole blood samples were pretreated with IL-12, the changes of phagocytosis, activation and ROS production of PMNs were measured by FCM. RESULTS: The percentages of phagocytosis by PMNs, activation and ROS production of PMNs in both TB patients and healthy adults increased dependent on the time of incubation with M.tb. Only the phagocytosis of M.tb by PMNs at 5 min in TB patients of tuberculosis patients (51.82±6.93)% was obviously higher than that in healthy adults (47.20±4.26)%, (P<0.05). Pretreatment of whole blood with IL-12 before incubation with M.tb, the percentages of phagocytosis, activation and ROS production of PMNs in both TB patients and healthy adults increased in dose dependent manner, but no significant difference was found between both groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the phagocytosis of M.tb and ROS production by PMNs in TB patients were almost the same as that in healthy controls, except for phagocytosis is higher at early stage. Furthermore, IL-12 can enhance the responsiveness to the phagocytosis and ROS production of PMNs.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate fraction from Zanthoxylum armatum in mice.

Zanthoxylum armatum DC. is a traditional Chinese medicine that is prescribed to alleviate pain and treat inflammatory disorders. This species is distributed mainly in the southeast and southwest regions of China. In the present study, we found that ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extract of Z. armatum could significantly decrease acetic acid-induced writhing numbers, and suppress formalin induced licking times in the first phase at the highest dose and in the second phase at all tested doses. This observation revealed that Z. armatum extract possessed powerful antinociceptive activity. The mechanisms of the antinociceptive effect might be mainly involved in the periphery inflammatory analgesic. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction also inhibited xylene-induced ear swelling in a dose-dependent manner in mice. Eight lignans [eudesmin, horsfieldin, fargesin, kobusin, sesamin, asarinin, planispine A, and pinoresinol-di-3,3-dimethylallyl] were identified as major components of the ethyl acetate fraction. Considering related studies reporting the anti-inflammatory activity for the identified lignans, lignan might be responsible for its anti-inflammatory activity. Our results confirm that the traditional use of Z. armatum in the treatment of inflammation and pain is warranted.

[IL-2 stimulated responses of CD3(+) CD56(+) NKT cells in pulmonary tuberculosis patients].

AIM: To observe the activation and proliferation characteristics of IL-2 stimulated CD3(+);CD56(+); NKT cells in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. METHODS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PTB patients and normal subjects were stimulated with IL-2 and cultured for different time points. The CD69 expression on and amount of the CD3(+);CD56(+); NKT cells were detected by multi fluorescence staining and flow cytometry at different time of stimulation and culture. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in percentage of NKT cells between PTB patients and normal healthy controls before culture. When IL-2 was used to stimulate for 0 h, 8 h, 16 h, 40 h and 64 h, the expression of CD69 on NKT cells in normal controls and PTB patients increased significantly, but the CD69 expression level of NKT cells in PTB patients was significantly higher than that in normal persons(P<0.05). In PTB patients group, PBMCs were expanded significantly after stimulated by IL-2, the absolute number of NKT cells increased from (3.44+/-1.20)x10(4); to (323.23+/-75.98) x10(4); (P<0.01), expanded by 108.69+/-59.22 fold, In normal control group the absolute number of NKT cells increased from (5.57+/-5.16)x10(4); to (1475.05+/-868.98)x10(4); (P<0.01), expanded by 246.26+/-134.06 fold, the expanding efficiency in PTB group was significantly lower than that in normal control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: NKT cells in PTB patients present with high activation but low proliferation after stimulated by IL-2.

Interleukin 17-producing gamma delta T cells increased in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.

Although it has been known that gammadelta T cells may play an important role in the immune response to infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the mechanisms by which the gammadelta T cells participate in the innate and/or acquired immunity to tuberculosis (TB) have not been full elucidated. In the present study, 27 patients with active pulmonary TB and 16 healthy donors (HD) were performed. We found that proportion of IL-17-producing cells among lymphocyte was similar between TB patients and HD, whereas the proportions of gammadelta T cells in IL-17-producing cells (59.2%) and IL-17-producing cells in gammadelta T cells (19.4%) in peripheral blood were markedly increased in TB patients when compared to those in HD (43.9% and 7.7%, respectively). In addition, the proportions of IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta T cells in TB patients were obviously lower than that in HD. Upon re-stimulated with M. tb heat-treated antigen (M. tb-HAg) in vitro, fewer IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells were generated from HD and TB patients, whereas IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta T cells were increased in TB patients compared to that in HD. Our findings in TB patients and healthy human were consistent with other murine investigation that the IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells were main source of IL-17 in mouse model of BCG infection, suggesting that gammadelta T cells might be involved in the formation of tubercular granuloma in pulmonary TB patients, but need further identification.