Preparation of a high-performance conductive lignocellulose hydrogel by directly using non-detoxified bisulfite-pretreated corncob.

Biomass-based hydrogels have become a research hotspot because of their better biocompatibility. However, the preparation of biomass hydrogels is complicated, and they often need to be modified by introducing other substances. In this study, corncob pretreated with bisulfite (125-185 °C) was used as a raw material to prepare lignocellulose hydrogels. The results showed that directly using the pretreated sample without the washing step lowered the total hydrogel costs while preserving the lignosulfonate (LS) produced during pretreatment. The best tensile (54.1 kPa) and compressive (177.7 kPa) stresses were obtained for the hydrogel prepared from non-detoxified pretreated corncob at 165 °C (NCH-165). The sulfonic acid groups in LS could enhance the interaction between plant cellulose, thus improving its mechanical properties. The capacitor assembled from NCH-165 achieved an energy density of 236.1 Wh/kg at a power density of 499.7 W/kg and a high coulombic efficiency of more than 99 % after 2000 charge/discharge cycles. In conclusion, the present study simplifies the pathway for the preparation of flexible, conductive, and anti-freezing hydrogels by directly utilizing a non-detoxified bisulfite-pretreated corncob.

A designed ZrOCl2/ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent for efficient lignocellulose valorization.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) hold great potential in biorefining because they can efficiently deconstruct the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulose. In particular, inorganic salts with Lewis acids have been proven to be effective at cleaving lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Herein, a Zr-based DES system composed of metal chloride hydrate (ZrOCl2·8H2O) and ethylene glycol (EG) was designed and used for poplar powder pretreatment. Zr4+-based salts provide sufficient acidity for lignocellulose depolymerization. The acidity of the DES was analysed by the Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameter, and the results demonstrated that the acidity can be regulated by the DES composition. Under the optimum conditions (ZrOCl2·8H2O:EG molar ratio of 1:2), the DES pretreatment removes nearly 100 % hemicellulose and 94.7 % lignin. The recovered lignin exhibited a low polydispersity of 1.7. The cellulose residues deliver an efficiency of 94.4 % upon enzymatic digestion. Moreover, the DES can be easily recovered with high yield and purity, and the recycled DES still maintains high delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiencies. The proposed DES pretreatment technology is promising for biomass valorization.

Significance of metastatic lymph nodes ratio in overall survival for patients with resected nonsmall cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The tumor, node and metastasis stage is widely applied to classify lung cancer and is the foundation of clinical decisions. However, increasing studies have pointed out that this staging system is not precise enough for the N status. In this study, we aim to build a convenient survival prediction model that incorporates the current items of lymph node status. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study and collected the data from resectable nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (IA-IIIB) patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2006-2015). The x-tile program was applied to calculate the optimal threshold of metastatic lymph node ratio (MLNR). Then, independent prognostic factors were determined by multivariable Cox regression analysis and enrolled to build a nomogram model. The calibration curve as well as the Concordance Index (C-index) were selected to evaluate the nomogram. Finally, patients were grouped based on their specified risk points and divided into three risk levels. The prognostic value of MLNR and examined lymph node numbers (ELNs) were presented in subgroups. RESULTS TOTALLY,: 40853 NSCLC patients after surgery were finally enrolled and analyzed. Age, metastatic lymph node ratio, histology type, adjuvant treatment and American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th T stage were deemed as independent prognostic parameters after multivariable Cox regression analysis. A nomogram was built using those variables, and its efficiency in predicting patients' survival was better than the conventional American Joint Committee on Cancer stage system after evaluation. Our new model has a significantly higher concordance Index (C-index) (training set, 0.683 v 0.641, respectively; P < 0.01; testing set, 0.676 v 0.638, respectively; P < 0.05). Similarly, the calibration curve shows the nomogram was in better accordance with the actual observations in both cohorts. Then, after risk stratification, we found that MLNR is more reliable than ELNs in predicting overall survival. CONCLUSION: We developed a nomogram model for NSCLC patients after surgery. This novel and useful tool outperforms the widely used tumor, node and metastasis staging system and could benefit clinicians in treatment options and cancer control.

Classification and applications of nanomaterials in vitro diagnosis.

With the rapid development of clinical diagnosis and treatment, many traditional and conventional in vitro diagnosis technologies are unable to meet the demands of clinical medicine development. In this situation, nanomaterials are rapidly developing and widely used in the field of in vitro diagnosis. Nanomaterials have distinct size-dependent physical or chemical properties, and their optical, magnetic, electrical, thermal, and biological properties can be modulated at the nanoscale by changing their size, shape, chemical composition, and surface functional groups, particularly because they have a larger specific surface area than macromaterials. They provide an amount of space to modify different molecules on their surface, allowing them to detect small substances, nucleic acids, proteins, and microorganisms. Combining nanomaterials with in vitro diagnosis is expected to result in lower detection limits, higher sensitivity, and stronger selectivity. In this review, we will discuss the classfication and properties of some common nanomaterials, as well as their applications in protein, nucleic acids, and other aspect detection and analysis for in vitro diagnosis, especially on aging-related nanodiagnostics. Finally, it is summarized with guidelines for in vitro diagnosis.

Metal-Organic Framework Templated Z-Scheme ZnIn2S4/Bi2S3 Hierarchical Heterojunction for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production from Wastewater.

Metal-organic framework derived materials received a lot of attention due to their significant benefits in photocatalytic reactions. In this work, a Z-scheme ZnIn2S4/Bi2S3 hierarchical heterojunction is first developed by a one-pot method using CAU-17 as a template. The specific preparation method endows an intimate interface contact between these two monomers, and CAU-17-derived Bi2S3 possesses a high surface area and porosity, resulting in an efficient charge separation and O2 capture. Thus, for photocatalytic H2O2 production from the O2 reduction reaction, the ZnIn2S4/Bi2S3 heterojunction can achieve an H2O2 yield of 995 µmol L-1 in pure water and ambient air under visible light, 4.5 and 4 times that of ZnIn2S4 and Bi2S3, respectively. In addition, in tetracycline solution, ZnIn2S4/Bi2S3 can degrade tetracycline with a degradation rate of 95% by photocatalysis, and at the same time, a final H2O2 production yield of 1223 µmol L-1 is reached. Similarly, high yields of H2O2 are also obtained from wastewater containing o-nitrophenol, acid golden yellow, or acid red, and these pollutants are effectively degraded. This work reveals the potential of metal-organic framework-derived materials in photocatalysis, as well as provides insights into H2O2 green synthesis and wastewater treatment.

Microbial Disruptions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comparative Analysis.

Objective: The fecal microbiota was studied in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the characteristics of gut microbiota were compared among patients with different subtypes and stages of IBD, aiming to identify the gut microbiota associated with IBD. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 41 IBD patients (18 patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] and 23 patients with Crohn's disease [CD]) in the Department of Gastroenterology of East China Hospital, Fudan University between January 2021 and January 2022. In addition, fecal samples were collected from 20 healthy volunteers. The fecal microbiota was subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analysis. Results: There was significant difference in the fecal microbiota between IBD patients and controls. The abundance and diversity of fecal microbiota in the IBD patients were significantly lower than in controls. The relative abundance of Subdoligranulum, Ruminococcus, Anaerostipes and Lachnospira was reduced markedly in the IBD patients. As compared to controls, the relative abundance of Streptococcus increased dramatically in the UC patients. The relative abundance of Lachnoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Cloacibacillus and Erysipelatoclostridium significantly increased in the CD patients. As compared to CD patients, the relative abundance of Alistipes was reduced markedly in the UC patients; the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Roseburia and Haemophilus was reduced dramatically in the CD patients. In addition, significant difference was also noted in the fecal microflora between patients with active IBD and those with IBD in remission period. In active IBD patients, the relative abundance of Roseburia, Coprococcus and Ruminiclostridium was reduced significantly. Conclusion: There is intestinal microbiota imbalance in IBD patients, and the abundance of Roseburia, Coprococcus and Ruminiclostridium is reduced significantly in the active period of IBD, which may be related to the active IBD.

Intramolecular Quaternary Carbon Nitride Homojunction for Enhanced Visible Light Hydrogen Production.

In this work, an intramolecular carbon nitride (CN)-based quaternary homojunction functionalized with pyridine rings is prepared via an in situ alkali-assisted copolymerization strategy of bulk CN and 2-aminopyridine for efficient visible light hydrogen generation. In the obtained structure, triazine-based CN (TCN), heptazine-based CN (HCN), pyridine unit incorporated TCN, and pyridine ring inserted HCN constitute a special multicomponent system and form a built-in electric field between the crystalline semiconductors by the arrangement of energy band levels. The electron-withdrawing function of the conjugated heterocycle can trigger the skeleton delocalization and edge induction effect. Highly accelerated photoelectron-hole transfer rates via multi-stepwise charge migration pathways are achieved by the synergistic effect of the functional group modification and molecular quaternary homojunction. Under the addition of 5 mg 2-aminopyridine, the resulting homojunction framework exhibits a significantly improved hydrogen evolution rate of 6.64 mmol g-1 h-1 with an apparent quantum efficiency of 12.27% at 420 nm. Further, the catalyst verifies its potential commercial value since it can produce hydrogen from various real water environments. This study provides a reliable way for the rational design and fabrication of intramolecular multi-homojunction to obtain high-efficient photocatalytic reactions.

Cellulose-reinforced highly stretchable and adhesive eutectogels as efficient sensors.

A cellulose-reinforced eutectogel was constructed by deep eutectic solvent (DES) and cotton linter cellulose. Cellulose was dispersed in the ternary DES consisting of acrylic acid, choline chloride and AlCl3·6H2O. The photoinitiator was then introduced into the system to in situ polymerize acrylic acid monomer to form transparent and ionic conductive eutectogels while keeping all the DES. The crosslinks formed by Al3+ induced ionic bonds and reversible links formed by hydrogen bonds give the eutectogels high stretchability (3200 ± 200 % tensile strain), self-adhesive (52.1 kPa to glass), self-healing and good mechanical strength (670 kPa). The eutectogels were assembled into sensors and epidermal patch electrodes that demonstrated high quality human motion sensing and physiological signal detection (electrocardiogram and electromyography). This work provides a facile way to design flexible electronics for sensing.

Self-Healing and Wide Temperature-Tolerant Cellulose-Based Eutectogels for Reversible Humidity Detection.

A kind of ionic conductive gel (also named eutectogel) is developed from an inorganic salt (ZnCl2)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES). The ternary DES consists of ZnCl2, acrylic acid, and water, and cotton linter cellulose is introduced into the DES system to tailor its mechanical and conductive properties. Enabled by the extensive hydrogen bonds and ion-dipole interactions, the obtained eutectogel displays superior ionic conductivity (0.33 S/m), high stretchability (up to 2050%), large tensile strength (1.82 MPa), and wide temperature tolerance (-40 to 60 °C). In particular, the water-induced coordination interactions can tune the strength of hydrogen/ionic bonds in the eutectogels, imparting them with appealing humidity sensing ability in complex and extreme conditions.

The protective effect of teprenone in TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis rats by modulating the gut microbiota and reducing inflammatory response.

OBJECTIVE: Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic and refractory nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease, affects millions of patients worldwide and increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Teprenone is an acylic polyisoprenoid that exerts anti-inflammatory properties in rat models of peptic ulcer disease. This in vitro and in vivo study was designed to investigate the effects of teprenone on UC and to explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2 cells) serve as the in vitro experimental model. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/mL) was employed to stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1ß, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), MyD88 expression, and NF-κB activation. A trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced chronic UC rat model was employed for the in vivo assay. RESULTS: Pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation by LPS in Caco-2 cells was inhibited by teprenone at 40 µg/mL through the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Teprenone attenuated TNBS-induced UC, decreased myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, induced TLR4 expression and NF-κB activation, and increased glutathione and zonula occludens-1 level in the rat colonic tissue. Moreover, Fusobacterium, Escherichia coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis elevation, and Mogibacterium timidum decline in UC rats were inhibited by teprenone. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, the protective effects of teprenone for UC may be related to its ability to modulate the gut microbiota and reduce the inflammatory response.

Cellulose-based bi-layer hydrogel evaporator with a low evaporation enthalpy for efficient solar desalination.

Interfacial evaporation through hydrogel-based evaporators is emerging as a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for drinkable water production. Herein, a specially designed bi-layer hydrogel evaporator was fabricated and used for efficient solar water desalination. With cotton linter as cellulose precursor, it was dispersed in a highly concentrated ZnCl2 (65 %) solution, and cross-linked by epichlorohydrin to prepare cellulose composite hydrogel. After removing inorganic salts by salt-leaching, polyaniline (PANi) with broadband and wide-range light absorption was then integrated into the top surface of hydrogel through in situ polymerization to construct a bi-layer evaporator. As a solar evaporator, the water could be evaporated with a low-energy demand, and the heat from the sunlight could be confined at the interface to achieve efficient water evaporation. Therefore, the hydrogel evaporator demonstrates an optimal water evaporation rate of 3.02 kg m-2 h-1 and photothermal conversion efficiency of 89.09 % under 1 sun (1 kW m-2) irradiation. This work provides new possibilities for efficient solar water purification systems with assured water quality.

Dual Heterojunction of Etched MIL-68(In)-NH2 Supported Heptazine-/Triazine-Based Carbon Nitride for Improved Visible-Light Nitrogen Reduction.

This work reports a dual heterojunction of etched MIL-68(In)-NH2 (MN) supported heptazine-/triazine-based carbon nitride (HTCN) via a facile hydrothermal process for photocatalytic ammonia (NH3 ) synthesis. By applying the hydrothermal treatment, MN microrods are chemically etched into hollow microtubes, and HTCN with nanorod array structures are simultaneously tightly anchored on the outside surface of the microtubes. With the addition of 9 wt% HTCN, the resulting dual heterojunction presents an enhanced photocatalytic ammonia yield rate of 5.57 mm gcat -1 h-1 with an apparent quantum efficiency of 10.89% at 420 nm. Moreover, stable ammonia generation using seawater, tap water, lake water, and turbid water in the absence of sacrificial reagents verifies the potential of the dual-heterojunction composites as a commercially viable photosystem. The obtained one-dimensional (1D) microtubes and coating of HTCN confers this unique composite with extended visible-light harvesting and accelerated charge carrier migration via a multi-stepwise charge transfer pathway. This work provides a new strategy for optimizing nitrogen (N2 )-into-ammonia conversion efficiency by designing novel dual-heterojunction catalysts.

Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) via an Etching and Regrowth Method for CO2 Cycloaddition Reaction.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) bearing rich accessible Lewis acidic/basic active sites and hierarchical pores are favorable to catalyze the cycloaddition of CO2 and epoxides with high yields of the target product under mild conditions. In this context, a facile etching and regrowth method is developed here to convert unstable leaf-like zinc-based ZIF-L to one kind of bimetallic ZIF (namely, ZnFe-ZIF) with a rough surface, a porous and accessible three-dimensional structure, and abundant Lewis acidic sites. Owing to the high Fe-doping content functioning as rich Lewis acidic sites and the high CO2 adsorbing capability together with the structural advantages to favor the mass diffusion, the yield of target cyclic carbonate can be up to >99% for the cycloaddition of CO2 and epichlorohydrin by ZnFe-ZIF at 6 h under mild conditions (0.1 MPa and 80 °C) with the selectivity of 100%. More importantly, unlike ZIF-L, which is unstable in the reaction system, the synthesized ZnFe-ZIF displays a satisfactory chemical stability without a loss in catalytic activities after five recycling runs as well as good substrate tolerance, making ZnFe-ZIF a potential high-performance catalyst for CO2 conversion.

TeaDiseaseNet: multi-scale self-attentive tea disease detection.

Accurate detection of tea diseases is essential for optimizing tea yield and quality, improving production, and minimizing economic losses. In this paper, we introduce TeaDiseaseNet, a novel disease detection method designed to address the challenges in tea disease detection, such as variability in disease scales and dense, obscuring disease patterns. TeaDiseaseNet utilizes a multi-scale self-attention mechanism to enhance disease detection performance. Specifically, it incorporates a CNN-based module for extracting features at multiple scales, effectively capturing localized information such as texture and edges. This approach enables a comprehensive representation of tea images. Additionally, a self-attention module captures global dependencies among pixels, facilitating effective interaction between global information and local features. Furthermore, we integrate a channel attention mechanism, which selectively weighs and combines the multi-scale features, eliminating redundant information and enabling precise localization and recognition of tea disease information across diverse scales and complex backgrounds. Extensive comparative experiments and ablation studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, demonstrating superior detection results in scenarios characterized by complex backgrounds and varying disease scales. The presented method provides valuable insights for intelligent tea disease diagnosis, with significant potential for improving tea disease management and production.

Copper sulfide integrated functional cellulose hydrogel for efficient solar water purification.

Hydrogels are emerging materials for solar steam generation to alleviate water scarcity. Herein, a semiconductor of copper sulfide (CuS) was integrated into cellulose hydrogel to fabricate a solar steam evaporator. Sustainable and low-cost cotton linter (cellulose) was regenerated by NaOH/urea solvent. Epichlorohydrin was added as a cross-linking agent to enhance the mechanical robustness of the composite hydrogel, and CuS crystals were tightly attached to cellulose fibers and uniformly distributed in the hydrogel matrix. Under simulated solar light, a heating zone was established at the top surface of the composite hydrogel, and CuS can efficiently absorb and convert light into heat. The hydrophilic cellulose network affords an adequate water supply and a low water vaporization enthalpy. By tuning the CuS loadings, the optimized evaporation rate and solar-to-vapor efficiency could reach 2.2 kg/m2/h and 87 %, respectively, under 1 sun irradiation. The evaporation rate remained above 2.1 kg/m2/h after 48 h of irradiation. Moreover, the hydrogels (with a CuS loading of 30 wt%) showed a efficiently photocatalytic degradation of 95 % for methylene blue and 92 % for Rhodamine B. Such functional hydrogel evaporator holds great potential for practical water treatment and solar-driven applications.

Intestinal flora in the constipation patients before versus after lactulose intervention.

This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of intestinal flora in patients with chronic functional constipation before and after lactulose intervention. Twenty-nine patients with constipation in the treatment group received oral lactulose (15 mL/d) for a month. Twenty healthy subjects served as controls. Stool specimens were collected before and after lactulose treatment. Fecal bacteria were examined by 16SrRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. After lactulose treatment, most bacteria in the constipation group, including Bifidobacteria, Bacillus cereus, Prevotella, Bacillus, Anaerostipes, Oribacterium, and Mogibacterium increased as compared to those in the healthy control group. Anaerotruncus declined in the healthy control group after lactulose treatment. Our study shows lactulose can increase the abundance of probiotics, optimize the intestinal microenvironment, and alleviate constipation.

Construction of oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO@carbon nanofiber aerogels as a free-standing anode for superior lithium storage.

The development of next-generation high-capacity freestanding materials as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significant potential. Here, oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO (Ov-ZnO) deposited on carbonized bacterial cellulose (CBC) aerogels is developed via in-situ uniformly growing ZIF-8-NH2 particles on CBC aerogels, followed by the hydrazine reduction and pyrolysis. The CBC serves as a free-standing skeleton to disperse and support ZIF-8-NH2 derived ZnO while the introduction of oxygen vacancies can effectively promote the internal ion/electron transfer. As a result, the obtained free-standing aerogels (Ov-ZnO@CBC) displays a reversible capacity of 710 mAh g-1 at 1 A g-1 after 1000 cycles, which is superior to ZnO@CBC without hydrazine reduction treatment. Furthermore, the assembled Li free-standing full cell using the Ov-ZnO@CBC composite as the anode and BC@LiFePO4 (BC@LFP) as the cathode exhibits an outstanding cycling performance of 150 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g-1, displaying satisfactory lithium-ion storage capability. It is noteworthy that both Ov-ZnO@CBC and BC@LFP are obtained in the form of a free-standing aerogel. This work offers a strategy to prepare high-capacity and long-cycle self-supporting aerogel-based electrodes for flexible LIBs.

In-situ synthesis of floating ZnIn2S4/cellulose foam for facile photocatalysis.

The delicate design of photocatalyst monoliths is of great significance for the practical applications of artificial photocatalysis. An in-situ synthesis to prepare ZnIn2S4/cellulose foam was developed. Cellulose is dispersed in a highly concentrated ZnCl2 aqueous solution to prepare Zn2+/cellulose foam. Zn2+ ions are pre-anchored by hydrogen bonds on cellulose and become in-situ sites for synthesizing ultra-thin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets. This synthesis method makes ZnIn2S4 nanosheets and cellulose tightly bound and prevents ZnIn2S4 nanosheets from stacking in multiple layers. As a proof of concept, the prepared ZnIn2S4/cellulose foam exhibits a favorable performance for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) under visible light. By adjusting the concentration of zinc ions, the optimal ZnIn2S4/cellulose foam is capable to completely reduce Cr(VI) in 2 h and the photocatalytic activities show no decrease after 4 cycles. This work could inspire people to build floating cellulose-based photocatalysts via in-situ synthesis.

Facile fabrication of strong and conductive cellulose hydrogels with wide temperature tolerance for flexible sensors.

Cellulose-based ionic conductive hydrogels (ICHs) have found extensive applications in flexible electronics and multifunctional sensors. However, simultaneous realization of sufficient conductivity, superior mechanical property and extreme environment tolerance for ICHs remains to be a huge challenge. In this work, a facile one-pot approach was developed to fabricate ICHs by directly dissolving cotton linter cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in a concentrated ZnCl2 solution. By regulating the content of PVA in ICHs, the optimal hydrogel (Gel-5) exhibits a tensile strength of 0.30 MPa, a compressive strength of 2.05 MPa and a conductivity of 8.16 S m-1. Moreover, the resulting dual-network ICHs present high transparency, good thermal reversibility and desirable ionic conductivity. Due to the high concentration of inorganic salts in the porous dual-network structure, the ICH presents good anti-drying and anti-freezing (as low as -90 °C) properties. Such hydrogel can be assembled into multi-functional sensors for human motion and temperature monitoring, and they demonstrate durable sensitivity, cycling stability in a wide operating temperature. This work will shed light on the design of cellulose-based hydrogels with good ionic conductivity and mechanical performance under extreme conditions.

Photochemical Synthesis of Porous Triazine-/Heptazine-Based Carbon Nitride Homojunction for Efficient Overall Water Splitting.

Porous triazine-/heptazine-based carbon nitride (THCN) homojunction with chloride (Cl) doping was synthesized by a simple, one-step photochemical synthesis route for efficient visible-light-driven overall water splitting. The phase ratio of triazine-based carbon nitride (TCN) and heptazine-based carbon nitride (HCN), texture and morphology of the THCN isotype junction were finely tuned by varying ultraviolet irradiation time and washing solvents. After washing with acetonitrile, the resulting porous THCN nanosheets with 48 h irradiation contain 21 wt % TCN and 79 wt % HCN units and reveal a significantly improved photocatalytic performance with H2 and O2 production rates up to 7.9 and 4.2 µmol h-1 , respectively, about 3.8 times higher than that of THCN prepared by 36 h illumination. The dual-phase interaction, holey structure, and Cl dopants favor the exposure of active sites, extended visible-light harvesting, accelerated charge transfer, and enhanced photoreduction ability, thereby improving photocatalytic activity.