Mild Breakthrough Infection in a Healthcare Professional Working in the Isolation Area of a Hospital Designated for Treating COVID-19 Patients - Shaanxi Province, China, March, 2021.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC?: Healthcare workers are at high risk of acquiring COVID-19 from occupational exposure to COVID-19 virus during their daily medical service work. Excellent infection prevention and control measures and adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential to reduce the risk of hospital-acquired COVID-19. WHAT IS ADDED BY THIS REPORT?: On March 17, 2021, a female healthcare professional who already received both doses of the COVID-19 vaccination and was working in the isolation area of a designated COVID-19 hospital was diagnosed with COVID-19 in Xi'an city. Her exposure likely occurred five days before illness onset when she obtained nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs from the two imported cases that were identified as belonging to the B.1.1.7 lineage, the variant first detected in the United Kingdom. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICES?: Since the healthcare worker had been fully vaccinated and had mild symptomatology, it is considered a mild breakthrough infection. All vaccines are associated with breakthrough infections. In addition to rigorous adherence to infection prevention and control measures, use of adequate PPE, and using good clinical practices, the potential role of chronic upper respiratory infection in acquiring COVID-19 during medical procedures deserves further consideration.

COVID-19 Outbreak Caused by Contaminated Packaging of Imported Cold-Chain Products - Liaoning Province, China, July 2020.

What is known about this topic? Few major outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have occurred in China after major non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccines have been deployed and implemented. However, sporadic outbreaks that had high possibility to be linked to cold chain products were reported in several cities of China.. What is added by this report? In July 2020, a COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Dalian, China. The investigations of this outbreak strongly suggested that the infection source was from COVID-19 virus-contaminated packaging of frozen seafood during inbound unloading personnel contact. What are the implications for public health practice? Virus contaminated paper surfaces could maintain infectivity for at least 17-24 days at -25 ℃. Exposure to COVID-19 virus-contaminated surfaces is a potential route for introducing the virus to a susceptible population. Countries with no domestic transmission of COVID-19 should consider introducing prevention strategies for both inbound travellers and imported goods. Several measures to prevent the introduction of the virus via cold-chain goods can be implemented.

Fetal Exposure to Chinese Famine Increases Obesity Risk in Adulthood.

Fetal exposure to famine may have long-term consequences in adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to explore the association between famine exposure in fetal life (Chinese famine in 1959-1961) and obesity risk in adulthood. A total of 8054 subjects (3422 male, 4632 female) were recruited from the cross-sectional 2010-2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey (CNNHS). The subjects born in 1960 and 1961 were selected as the exposed group, while the subjects born in 1963 were selected as the unexposed group. Multiple linear or logistic regression was performed to examine the association between fetal exposure to famine and risk of obesity (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), obesity, central obesity) adjusting for gender, education level, economic status, physical exercise, sedentary time, smoking, drinking, the intake of livestock and poultry and the intake of cereal and beans. Compared with the unexposed group, WC increased by 0.52 cm after adjusting the covariates (p = 0.021) and females in the exposed group had a significantly higher prevalence of central obesity with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.15 (1.01,1.31) after adjusting the confounders (p = 0.030). WC increased by 0.71 cm, 1.21 cm after adjusting the covariates compared with the unexposed group among the total subjects and the female subjects in urban areas (p = 0.021, p = 0.001). The female subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity and central obesity, with ORs of 1.34 (1.04,1.71) (p = 0.022), 1.28 (1.07,1.53) (p = 0.008) respectively. Our results suggest that fetal exposure to the Chinese famine increased obesity risk in adulthood, and the association was stronger in female and urban subjects.

Temporal Trends and Recent Correlates in Sedentary Behaviors among Chinese Adults from 2002 to 2010-2012.

Evidence suggests that more time spent in sedentary behaviors (SB) increases health risk independent of physical activities. Trends in SB among adults have not been fully described in China, and the sociodemographic correlates of SB have not been systematically evaluated either. This study examined the temporal trends of SB among 184,257 adults (2002: n = 52,697, 2010-2012: n = 131,560) using data from the China National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002 and 2010-2012, and analyzed the recent correlates of SB in Chinese adults. Overall, an increase (+0.29 h/d) was seen in total SB across the survey years, and there was a slight increase (+0.14 h/d) in leisure time SB and a decrease (-0.39 h/d) in occupational SB. From 2002 to 2012, the proportion of Chinese adults whose total SB time over 4 h/d increased from 35.4% to 43.0%, and the proportion of leisure SB time over 3 h/d increased from 42.0% to 48.0%, and the proportion of occupational SB time over 4 h/d decreased from 63.4% to 53.0%. Male, urban areas, employed, unmarried, and with higher educational and family economic level were all positively associated with high sedentary time (HST) in 2010-2012. These trends and correlates are important for health policy in China and other countries that are facing similar challenges.

Risk Factors for Depression in Empty Nesters: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Coastal City of Zhejiang Province and China.

The elderly are susceptible to depression, especially empty nesters. This study investigated the risk factors associated with depression in empty nesters. The participants were selected via multi-stage random cluster sampling. Depression symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale. The questionnaire surveyed demographic characteristics, underlying diseases, behaviors and lifestyles, negative life experiences, social support, self-care ability, etc. Chronic health conditions, such as being overweight/obese, smoking cessation, cancer, and chronic pain, as well as negative life experiences, such as the death of a loved one and financial loss, increased the risk of depression in empty nesters. In addition, the incapability of performing self-care also increased the risk of depression in empty nesters. The prevalence of depression in empty nesters was high. Being overweight/obese, cancer, chronic pain, smoking cessation, the death of a loved one, financial loss, and the incapability to deliver self-care were risk factors for depression in empty nesters. It is recommended that comprehensive measures be taken to enhance health interventions for this population, including encouraging a proper diet and physical activity for weight control, providing psychological counseling after negative life experiences, and teaching correct methods of smoking cessation.

Effects of variants of 50 genes on diabetes risk among the Chinese population born in the early 1960s.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies have identified loci that significantly increase diabetes risk. This study explored the genetic susceptibility in relation to diabetes risk in adulthood among a Chinese population born in the early 1960s. METHODS: In all, 2129 subjects (833 males, 1296 females) were selected from the cross-sectional 2010 to 2012 China National Nutrition and Health Survey. Fifty diabetes-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Two diabetes genetic risk scores (GRSs) based on the 50 diabetes-predisposing variants were developed to examine the association of these SNPs with diabetes risk. RESULTS: Associations were found between diabetes risk and SNPs in the MTNR1B (rs10830963), KLHDC5 (rs10842994), GRK5 (rs10886471), cyclindependentkinase 5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1 (rs10946398), adaptorrelated protein complex 3 subunit sigma 2 (rs2028299), diacylglycerol kinase beta/transmembrane protein 195 (rs2191349), SREBF chaperone (rs4858889), ankyrin1 (rs516946), RAS guanyl releasing protein 1 (rs7403531), and zinc finger AN1-type containing 3 (rs9470794) genes. As a continuous variable, with a 1-point increase in the GRS or weighted (w) GRS, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) increased 0.045 and 0.044 mM, respectively (P < 0.001 for both), after adjusting for confounders. Both GRS and wGRS showed an association with diabetes, with a multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.09 (1.00-1.19) and 1.12 (1.03-1.22), respectively, among all subjects. No significant associations were found between the GRS or wGRS and impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest the association of 10 SNPs and the GRS or wGRS with diabetes risk. Genetic susceptibility to diabetes may synergistically affect the risk of diabetes in adulthood.

Evaluation of Reliability of the Recomputed Nutrient Intake Data in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study.

The nutrient intake dataset is crucial in epidemiological studies. The latest version of the food composition database includes more types of nutrients than previous ones and can be used to obtain data on nutrient intake that could not be estimated before. Usual food consumption data were collected among 910 twins between 1969 and 1973 through dietary history interviews, and then used to calculate intake of eight types of nutrients (energy intake, carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol, total fat, and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids) in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study. We recalculated intakes using the food composition database updated in 2008. Several different statistical methods were used to evaluate the validity and the reliability of the recalculated intake data. Intra-class correlation coefficients between recalculated and original intake values were above 0.99 for all nutrients. R² values for regression models were above 0.90 for all nutrients except polyunsaturated fatty acids (R² = 0.63). In Bland⁻Altman plots, the percentage of scattering points that outlay the mean plus or minus two standard deviations lines was less than 5% for all nutrients. The arithmetic mean percentage of quintile agreement was 78.5% and that of the extreme quintile disagreement was 0.1% for all nutrients between the two datasets. Recalculated nutrient intake data is in strong agreement with the original one, supporting the reliability of the recalculated data. It is also implied that recalculation is a cost-efficient approach to obtain the intake of nutrients unavailable at baseline.

Nutrient Supplement Use among the Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study of the 2010⁻2012 China Nutrition and Health Surveillance.

Nutrient supplements play a key role in managing malnutrition/chronic diseases and are commonly used in the world, but few studies described the prevalence of nutrient supplement use at the national level in China. To our knowledge, this study provides the first detailed investigation of nutrient supplement use in a nationally representative sample of the Chinese population. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of the nutrient supplement use among the Chinese population aged 6 years or older in 2010⁻2012. A stratified multistage cluster sampling method was conducted to recruit participants from 150 surveillance sites. The demographic characteristics and information about nutrient supplement use were collected through an interview-administrative questionnaire. A total of 74,501 children and adults (excluding the pregnant women) were included in the study (mean age, 35.7 years; male, 47.0%, female, 53.5%). Only 0.71% of the participants reported using nutrient supplements in the previous month. Participants aged 6⁻11 years and 60 years and above, female, living in large urban, with higher education level and higher family incomes were more likely to use nutrient supplements than their counterparts (p < 0.05). The prevalence of nutrient supplement use increased with age in Chinese adults. The highest usage among the nutrient supplements was multi-vitamins and minerals with 0.37%. More females used single vitamin, multi-mineral, multi-vitamins and minerals than males (p < 0.05). The nutrient supplement use proportion was highest amongst the participants with a health problem, and the participants who had no idea about their health conditions were the least likely to use the nutrient supplements (p < 0.05). The prevalence of nutrient supplement use was low among the Chinese population in 2010⁻2012. Further research is required to understand the social cognition, usage reasons, dosage and consumption motivation of NS, and the relationships with health effects, to ensure that the nutrient supplements can be appropriately promoted in China.

[Beverage consumption among Chinese adults in 2010-2012].

OBJECTIVE: Analyzing and described the beverage consumption among Chinese adults. METHODS: Using the data from nutrition and health monitoring of Chinese residents in 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method was conducted to determine residents in 150 sites in 31 provinces. The food frequency questionnaire was used to collect the consumption frequency and amount of the carbonated beverage, fresh fruit and vegetable juice, fruit and vegetable juice beverage, lactobacillus beverage, dairy drink mix, coffee and tea beverage. The indicators of beverage consumption were calculated through weighted complex sampling processing by population data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. RESULTS: In 2010-2012 the proportion of drinking beverages ≥ 1 times/day, 1-6 times/week, 1-3 times/month, < 1 times/month and none was 5. 7%( 95% CI 4. 4%-7. 0%), 24. 1%( 95% CI 21. 3%-26. 9%), 19. 5%( 95% CI 17. 0%-22. 1%), 9. 3%( 95% CI 7. 6%-10. 9%), 41. 4%( 95% CI 36. 4%-46. 5%), respectively. The proportion of drinking beverages ≥1 times/week among urban residents, men and18-44 age group was significantly higher than their counter part. The top consumption rate among the surveyed beverages was carbonated beverage with 41. 5%( 95% CI36. 8%-46. 2%). The average annual beverage consumption was 30. 6 L, with the highest consumption on tea beverage( 26. 2 L). CONCLUSION: The beverage consumption rate was high among Chinese adults.