Surgical approach to the treatment of pituicytoma. Report of five cases and a literature review.

Background: Pituicytoma (PTs) is a rare tumor of the sella and suprasellar region, derived from the pituicytes of the neurohypophysis, having distinct histological characteristics of glial neoplasms. We reported, the clinical data, neuroimaging studies, surgical approaches and pathology in five patients with PTs and also, we reviewed the literature. Methods: Retrospective chart from five consecutive patients with PTs treated at one University Hospital from 2016 to 2021 were reviewed. In addition, we conducted a search in PubMed/Medline databases using the term "Pituicytoma". Data regarding age, gender, pathological findings, and treatment modality applied were extracted. Results: All patients were female, aged 29-63, complaining of headaches, visual loss and field defects, dizziness and normal or abnormal levels of circulating pituitary hormones. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed in all patients a sellar and suprasellar mass, which was removed through an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach. Our third patient had a subtotal resection followed by close observation. Histopathology showed a glial non-infiltrative tumors with spindle cells, and a final diagnosis of pituicytoma was made. After surgery, visual field defects in all patients were normalized, and in two patients normal levels of plasma hormones were restored. After a mean of three years follow-up, the patients were managed post-operatively through close clinical observation and serial MRI. None of the patients had recurrence of the disease. Conclusion: PTs is a rare glial tumor of the sellar and suprasellar region that arises from neurohypophyseal pituicytes. Disease control may be achieved by total excision.

Risk Factors Related to Transient Diabetes Insipidus Development Following Transsphenoidal Pituitary Adenoma Resection: A Multicentric Study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and find risk factors associated with developing transient diabetes insipidus (DI) using a multicenter case series after trans-sphenoidal surgery. METHODS: Medical records of patients who underwent trans-sphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma resection between 2010 and 2021 at 3 different neurosurgical centers by 4 experienced neurosurgeons were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into 2 groups (DI group or control group). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors associated with postoperative DI. Univariate logistic regression was performed to identify variables of interest. Covariates with a P value <0.05 were incorporated into multivariate logistic regression models to identify independently associated risk factors for DI. All statistical tests were conducted using RStudio. RESULTS: A total of 344 patients were included; 68% were women, the mean age was 46.5 years, and nonfunctioning adenomas were the most frequent (171, 49.7%). The mean tumor size was 20.3 mm. Covariates associated with postoperative DI were age, female gender, and gross total resection. The multivariable model showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 0.97, CI 0.95-0.99, P = 0.017) and female gender (OR 2.92, CI 1.50-6.03, P = 0.002) remained significant predictors of DI development. Gross total resection was no longer a significant predictor of DI in the multivariable model (OR 1.86, CI 0.99-3.71, P = 0.063), suggesting that this variable may be confounded by other factors. CONCLUSIONS: The independent risk factors for the development of transient DI were female and young patients.

¿Cuál fue el impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en neurocirugía? Análisis retrospectivo de 434 casos / What was the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurosurgery? Retrospective analysis of 434 cases

Introducción: En 2020 se implementó globalmente una reducción de procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos "electivos" con el objetivo de redirigir recursos para la atención del creciente influjo de pacientes con COVID-19. Existe actualmente poca evidencia respecto al impacto que el COVID-19 y las reestructuraciones en la práctica tuvieron sobre los resultados en los pacientes neuroquirúrgicos. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados relacionados con las complicaciones postoperatorias, estado funcional de egreso, tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria (TMH) y días de hospitalización, entre pacientes operados antes y después del "aislamiento social, preventivo y obligatorio" (ASPO) por la pandemia por COVID-19 en un servicio de neurocirugía. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico y retrospectivo en el Servicio de Neurocirugía de nuestra institución en el período de dos años. Las variables fueron comparadas entre dos grupos de pacientes, grupo "PREPANDEMIA" y grupo "PANDEMIA" Resultados: Existió una disminución del 43% en el total de cirugías en 2020 respecto al año previo. Se observó diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en los antecedentes oncológicos (14,91% vs. 22,44%, p 0,049), obesidad (34,2% vs 38,5%, p 0,023) y tabaquismo (6,2% vs 25,3%, p<0,001) complicaciones clínicas postoperatorias (13,09% vs 32,29%, p<0,000), estadía hospitalaria (p 0,04) y TMH (5,26% vs 12,1% p 0,021). Conclusión: La comparación de los resultados quirúrgicos evidenció un aumento significativo de las complicaciones clínicas, de la tasa de mortalidad hospitalaria postoperatoria y de la cantidad de días de hospitalización, sin diferencias significativas en el estado funcional al alta hospitalaria en los pacientes tratados durante la pandemia, respecto al año previo

Introduction: In 2020, it has been recommended to reduce elective neurosurgeries, with the aim of redirecting healthcare resources to the crescent incoming of COVID patients. There is currently little evidence regarding the impact that COVID-19 and restructuring in practice had on outcomes in neurosurgical patients. Objective: To compare the outcomes related to postoperative complications, performance status at discharge, the hospital mortality rate (HMR), and length of hospital stay (LoS), among patients operated before and after "social, preventive and compulsory isolation" (ASPO) due to the COVID-19 pandemic in a neurosurgery department. Materials and Methods: An observational, analytical, and retrospective study was carried out in the Neurosurgery Department of our institution over a period of two years. The variables were compared between two groups of patients, the "PREPANDEMIA" group and the "PANDEMIC" group. Results: There was a 43% reduction in the total procedures in 2020 compared to the previous year. Significant differences were observed between both groups in oncological history (14.91% vs. 22.44%, p. 0.049), obesity (34.2% vs. 38.5%, p. 0.023), tabaquism (6.2% vs. 25.3%, p <0.001), postoperative clinical complications (13.09% vs 32.29%, p <0.000), LoS (p 0.04) and HMR (5.26% vs 12.1% p 0.021). Conclusion: The comparison of surgical outcomes showed a significant increase in clinical complications, in the HMR and the LoS, without significant differences in the performance status at hospital discharge, in patients treated during the pandemic compared to the previous year.

Approach to the Superior Ophthalmic Vein for Endovascular Treatment of Cavernous Dural Fistula.

The cavernous sinus area is the second most common location for intracranial dural fistulas. Although these spontaneous dural cavernous fistulas are self-limited, a sizeable number of patients will develop progressive vision loss, diplopia, or intractable glaucoma, which warrant interventional therapy.1,2 We present the case of a 54-year-old male with hypertension and type 2 diabetes, who presented with a red right eye associated with progressive exophthalmos, ophthalmoparesis, and deterioration of visual acuity. The angiotomography showed the exophthalmos with an ingurgitated superior ophthalmic vein, with early filling in the arterial phase. A digital angiography was made, and a diagnosis of dural cavernous fistula, Barrow type D was made.3 Considering several transvenous approaches, alternatives included inferior petrosal sinus, access through the superior ophthalmic vein, and an open approach.4 In this particular case the inferior petrosal sinus was not present, so we tried to catheterize through the facial vein and also puncture the ophthalmic vein. Both procedures were unsuccessful. We decided to perform, then, an open approach with the oculoplastic surgery team (Video 1). Through an eyelid dissection, we localized the superior ophthalmic vein and then canalized it by direct visualization.5 With this approach, we were able to perform the cavernous sinus packing with coils and achieved a complete occlusion of the fistula. We reproduced the direct approach to the superior ophthalmic vein in a cadaveric specimen and schematized it step by step with 3-dimensional photographs.6.

A Novel Low-Cost Exoscopy Station for Training Neurosurgeons and Neurosurgery Trainees.

BACKGROUND: The loss of stereopsis and the need for markedly enhanced hand-eye coordination are obstacles to overcome when performing exoscopic procedures, but both should improve with training. Our objectives were to describe an exoscopy training station and to compare time and performance of a given microsurgical technique among neurosurgery residents and junior neurosurgeons. METHODS: We designed a low-cost exoscopy training station featuring a notebook computer, a webcam, and a light-emitting diode source. Surgeons and surgical trainees with no experience in exoscopy were enrolled and divided into 2 groups (trainees and controls). Performance and time in suture placement were evaluated by a skilled observer in both groups at baseline and 3 days later. Between evaluations, trainees completed an exoscopy training module. RESULTS: There were 22 participants divided equally into 2 groups. At baseline, trainees had a greater percentage of proper sutures than controls (58% vs. 35%), but they were also slower (32 minutes vs. 25 minutes). On final evaluation, not only were trainees approximately 14 minutes faster than at baseline (P = 0,03), but also their successful suture rate had increased by 18% (final rate 76%, P = 0.02). Moreover, controls were faster compared with baseline by 6 minutes (P = 0.003), but their percentage of successful sutures did not increase (final rate 38%, P = 0.49). The change from baseline to final evaluation favored trainees for both outcomes (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Using the exoscopy training station, the trainees were able to improve their time and performance of exoscopy compared with the controls.