Comparative evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of different oral antiseptics: A primary culture study.

BACKGROUND: Dental plaque is a major oral health problem with severe consequences. Oral antiseptics provide important means for controlling dental plaque formation and are widely used by the public. However, some of these antiseptics have been shown to have side effects on oral tissues. AIM: In this study, we aimed to investigate the time and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of various antiseptics on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). METHODS: HGF cells were obtained using primary culture techniques. The effects of various doses of 5 antiseptics containing Chlorhexidine-Gluconate (CHX), CHX with Benzydamine-Hydrochloride (Benzydamine-HCl), Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I), Benzydamine-HCl and Essential-Oil on HGFs were analyzed by using 2,3-bis (2-metoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide cell viability assay after 30, 60, and 180 s of exposure. Results: Cell viability analyses showed that cell death increased in an application time and dose-dependent manner. There was a statistically significant difference in the effects of each antiseptic on live-cell densities compared to the control group and each other (P < 0.001). Antiseptic containing 0.2% CHX showed the highest cytotoxicity on cells. The remaining viable cell density after administration of 0.2% CHX at a dose of 12.5% for 30 s is 35.19%. The high cytotoxic effect of 0.2% CHX was followed by 0.12% CHX with 0.15% Benzydamine-HCl, PVP-I and 0.15% Benzydamine-HCl groups. The lowest cytotoxic effect was observed for the Essential-Oil containing antiseptic solution. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that these five antiseptic agents have variable effects on in vitro HGF proliferation. The doses and administration times of antiseptics should be controlled carefully during dental applications.

Antimicrobial activity and volatile constituent analysis of three commercial herbal toothpastes containing Aloe vera L. and Fragaria vesca L. extracts.

AIMS: This work was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of three different commercial herbal (Aloe vera L. and Fragaria vesca L. extracts) toothpastes [LR Aloe vera (HTP1), ESI Aloe fresh (HTP2) and ROCS Teens (HTP3)] against two microorganisms that cause tooth infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An agar disk diffusion method was used to test the antimicrobial activity of three herbal gel toothpastes in the amount of 100 µL against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. In the second part of the work, the volatile organic compounds of three different commercial herbal toothpastes (HTP1-3) were determined by solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-flame ionization detection (SPME/GC-MS-FID). RESULTS: The sensitivity of the tested herbal toothpastes toward each microorganism was expressed as the mean of the clear zone within the range of 6-16 mm diameters. HTP1 and HTP2 were found to be more effective against both bacteria compared with HTP3. Oxygenated monoterpenes (99.34%, 91.44%, and 83.48%) were the most abundant groups in the SPME of HTP1-3, respectively. Menthol (25.41%, 35.82%, and 31.15%) and anethole (52.01%, 23.62%, and 38.79%) were the major compounds identified in the SPME analysis of HTP1-3, respectively. Carvone was found only in HTP3 (0.49%) in a small quantity. CONCLUSION: The commercial herbal toothpastes could have advantages in decreasing bacterial accumulation on teeth with protection of the oral cavity.

Antimicrobial activity and a comparative essential oil analysis of Centaurea pulcherrima Willd. var. pulcherrima extracted by hydrodistillation and microwave distillation.

The essential oils of Centaurea pulcherrima Willd. var. pulcherrima (Asteraceae) were isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) and a microwave distillation (MD), than characterised by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 58 and 57 compounds were identified, constituting over 93.7%, and 91.6% of volatile oil composition of C. pulcherrima var. pulcherrima, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were shown to be the main group of constituents (HD: 42.4% versus MD: 51.5%). The major component of the oils of C. pulcherrima var. pulcherrima was germacrene D (HD, 17.8% versus MD, 23.2%). The antimicrobial activity of the isolated essential oils of the plant was also investigated, and they showed good antibacterial activity against to tested gram-positive bacteria, especially to M. smegmatis and a yeast-like fungus C. albicans.

Triterpenes from Campanula lactiflora.

One new triterpene compound, 3beta-acetoxylup-20(30)-en-29-al and two known 3-acetylptiloepoxide and 3beta-acetoxylup-20(29)-ene were isolated for the first time from the leaves of Campanula lactiflora and their structures were deduced by high field 1D and 2D 400 MHz NMR, EI-MS and (+) LC-MS/MS spectra.

Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of di-tert-butylated sterically hindered Schiff bases and their phenoxyl radicals.

A series of sterically hindered N-arylsalicylaldimines (SAs) previously prepared from substituted salicylaldehydes (X-Sal, where X = H, Cl, Br, NO2, OH, OCH3) and 2,6-di-t-butyl-1-hydroxyaniline (LxH) and 2,5-di-t-butylaniline (Lx'H) were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, UV-Vis and electrochemical methods. The electronic spectra (ES) (X = OH, OCH3) in alcoholic solvents (MeOH, EtOH, PrOH, iso-PrOH) unlike other solvents exhibit a new absorption band in the region 630-675 nm (epsilon = 19-242 M(-1) cm(-1)), which are not characteristic for other SA known in literature. The ESR studies of primary phenoxyl radicals generated from LxH by their oxidation with PbO2 reveal that some of them with the time are converted to more stable secondary Coppinger's radical. The cyclic voltammograms of LxH and Lx'H except NO2-substituted ones in CH3CN are similar and along with two or three irreversible anodic waves at the potentials ranging from 0.0 to +1.9 V versus Ag/AgCl, also display one or two irreversible reduction waves at potentials -0.6 to +0.5 V. A series of a new SA prepared from 3,5-di-t-butylsalicylaldehyde and mono-substituted anilines (X = H, o-, p-F, Cl, Br, OCH3, p-t-butyl, 5,6-benzo) were characterized by analytical, spectroscopic (IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR), and electrochemical techniques. The ES spectra of o-, p-Cl, p-Br, o-CH3 and 5,6-benzo-substituted SA did not exhibit expected absorptions at 400-500 nm in alcoholic solutions.

Flavone C-glycosides from Scleranthus uncinatus.

Two flavone C-glycosides, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone-8-C-beta-D-xylopyranoside-2"-O-glucoside, 5,7-dihydroxy-3'-methoxy-4'-acetoxyflavone-8-C-beta-D- xylopyranoside-2"-O-glucoside and one known maltol beta-D-glucopyranoside were isolated for the first time from the Scleranthus uncinatus and their structures deduced by high field 1D and 2D 400 MHz NMR and (+) FAB-MS spectra.

Triterpenoid saponin from Primula elatior subsp. meyeri.

A new triterpenoid saponin, protoprimuloside B (2), has been isolated from the roots of Primula elatior subsp. meyeri and its structure deduced as 3beta-O-[[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-3)]-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-protoprimuloside B by means of spectral data, especially NMR (400 MHz), including 1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC, NOESY techniques and (+)FAB-MS spectrum.

A triterpenoid saponin from Cucumaria frondosa.

The structure of a new triterpenoid saponin, frondoside D, isolated from Cucumaria frondosa has been determined principally by high field 1D and 2D NMR and FAB-MS spectrometry. Frondoside D was shown to be 3 beta-[3-O-methyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-O-beta-D- xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-[O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-2)]-O-beta-D- quinovopyranosyl-(1-2)-O-beta-D-4-sulfonatoxylo-pyranosyl]-1 6 beta-acetoxy-23S-hydroxy-holost-7-ene, sodium salt.

A triterpenoid saponin from Cyclamen coum.

A new triterpenoid saponin, coumoside A, has been isolated from the whole plant of Cyclamen coum and the structure of this novel saponin (C58H92O27) has been deduced by NMR methods based on 1H, 13C, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HETCOR, NOESY-NMR experiments and the FAB-mass spectrum. It has the structure 3 beta-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-6)-[alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl- (1-2)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)]-alpha-L -arabinopyranosyl]-16 alpha-hydroxy-30,28 beta-lactone-olean-12-ene and is called coumoside.

Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin from Cyclamen coum.

A new triterpenoid saponin, coumoside B, has been isolated from the whole plant of Cyclamen coum. The structure of the compound 3 (C58H92O27) has been deduced by NMR (400 MHz) methods based on the 1H, 13C, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HETCOR, NOESY-NMR experiments, and FAB-mass spectrum. Compound 3 was shown to have the structure 16 alpha-hydroxy-3 beta-[[[[beta-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-[beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)]- [beta-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- alpha-arabinopyranosyl]-oxy]olean-12-eno-30,28-lactone and is named coumoside B.

Novel sulfated oligosaccharides from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa.

The structures of a novel sulfated saponin, frondoside B (C59H92O31S2M2) [5], and frondecaside (C58H92O63S6M6) [6], a unique hexasulfated decasaccharide, have been deduced by nmr (500 MHz) methods. Based on 1H COSY, relay COSY, NOESY, and 13C-nmr data, frondoside B was shown to have the structure 3 beta-O-(3-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)-O-beta-D-6- sulfonatoglucopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----2)] -O-beta- D-quinovopyranosyl-(1----2)-O-beta-D-4-sulfonatoxylopyranosyl++ +)-holost-7-ene sodium (or potassium) salt. From 1H-COSY, relay COSY, 13C-nmr data, T1 measurements, and comparison with nmr spectra of frondoside B, the structure of frondecaside was established as 3-O-methyl-6-sulfonato-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)-O-beta-D-6- sulfonatoglucopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----2)] -O-beta- D-quinovopyranosyl-(1----2)-O-beta-D-4-sulfonatoxylopyranosyl++ +-(1----1)-3-O- methyl-6-sulfonato-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1----3)-O-beta-D-6- sulfonatoglucopyranosyl-(1----4)-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1----2)] -O-beta- D-quinovopyranosyl-(1----2)-O-beta-D-4-sulfonatoxylopyranoside+ ++ sodium (or potassium) salt.