Determinants of post-disclosure violence among women living with HIV in sero-discordant unions in Kumasi, Ghana: a cross-sectional study.

Violence against women is a global challenge with negative health outcomes. Women living with HIV (WLHIV) in sero-discordant unions are at risk of violence after disclosure of their status. This study assesses the risk factors for post-disclosure violence (PDV) against WLHIV in discordant unions in Kumasi, Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 129 consented WLHIV in discordant relationships in a tertiary facility from May to October 2017. Questionnaire data on socio-demographics and experience of PDV from partners were confidentially obtained. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the independent associations of variables with PDV. PDV was experienced by 19.4% (n = 25) respondents; psychological violence was commonest (80%, n = 20). Women who experienced PDV were more likely to have had a forced first sexual intercourse (43.8% vs 15.9%; aOR 4.1, 95%CI: 1.4-12.4, p = 0.013), be financially independent of their spouses (42.9% vs 12.9%; aOR 0.2, 95%CI: 0.08-0.51, p = 0.001), had partners who interfered with their intake of antiretroviral therapy (50.0% vs 16.5%; aOR 5.1, 95%CI: 1.16-21.99, p = 0.031) or were in a polygamous relationship (63.0% vs 11.8%; aOR 12.8, 95%CI: 4.27-38.32, p < 0.001). The findings from this study indicate an urgent need for the integration of screening for partner violence (especially among WLHIV in discordant unions) and provision of the needed support into national HIV guidelines in Ghana.

Developing and implementing an interventional bundle to reduce mortality from gastroschisis in low-resource settings.

Background: Gastroschisis is associated with less than 4% mortality in high-income countries and over 90% mortality in many tertiary paediatric surgery centres across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The aim of this trial is to develop, implement and prospectively evaluate an interventional bundle to reduce mortality from gastroschisis in seven tertiary paediatric surgery centres across SSA. Methods: A hybrid type-2 effectiveness-implementation, pre-post study design will be utilised. Using current literature an evidence-based, low-technology interventional bundle has been developed. A systematic review, qualitative study and Delphi process will provide further evidence to optimise the interventional bundle and implementation strategy. The interventional bundle has core components, which will remain consistent across all sites, and adaptable components, which will be determined through in-country co-development meetings. Pre- and post-intervention data will be collected on clinical, service delivery and implementation outcomes for 2-years at each site. The primary clinical outcome will be all-cause, in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes include the occurrence of a major complication, length of hospital stay and time to full enteral feeds. Service delivery outcomes include time to hospital and primary intervention, and adherence to the pre-hospital and in-hospital protocols.  Implementation outcomes are acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, coverage, cost and sustainability. Pre- and post-intervention clinical outcomes will be compared using Chi-squared analysis, unpaired t-test and/or Mann-Whitney U test. Time-series analysis will be undertaken using Statistical Process Control to identify significant trends and shifts in outcome overtime. Multivariate logistic regression analysis will be used to identify clinical and implementation factors affecting outcome with adjustment for confounders. Outcome: This will be the first multi-centre interventional study to our knowledge aimed at reducing mortality from gastroschisis in low-resource settings. If successful, detailed evaluation of both the clinical and implementation components of the study will allow sustainability in the study sites and further scale-up. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03724214.

A 6-year retrospective review of histopathological pattern of surgical biopsies in children with refractory constipation in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Children with chronic constipation dating to infancy frequently undergo rectal biopsy in order to rule out Hirschsprung's disease (HD) which is a common cause of this sort of presentation. Few publications have however focused on the documentation of the proportion of such patients who truly had histopathological findings confirming the disease. In this preliminary work, we aim to present the histopathological findings of children who had rectal biopsies in our centre from 2009 to 2014. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was undertaken to review the histopathology reports of all rectal biopsies submitted to the Department of Pathology of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, from 2009 to 2014 on account of refractory constipation and suspected HD. Patient's biodata, clinical signs and symptoms were extracted from the request form. RESULTS: Eighty-eight cases were seen during the study period with male to female ratio 2.8:1 and age range 6 months to 10 years. The modal age range is 24-36 months. Seventy-six of the specimens were adequate for histopathological assessment with 64 cases confirmed as HD while 12 cases were normal. Out of the confirmed cases, 3 cases showed absence of ganglion cells but no hypertrophy of nerve fibres. CONCLUSION: This preliminary work reveals that HD is rarely confirmed by biopsy in early infancy in our setting due to late presentation although the epidemiology of the disease is similar to that reported elsewhere.

Malformations: A 5-year review of the presentation and management in a Teaching Hospital in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are congenital defects affecting the distal gastrointestinal tract and anus with frequent fistulous connections to the genitourinary system. The spectrum of the disease is considerably wide, and thus, an individualised approach to its management is required. There are few recent publications about the burden of this malformation in Africa and the outcome of surgical intervention. We present our experiences with the management of ARM, peculiar challenges and the outcome at a tertiary hospital catering for the Northern and Central parts of Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective folder review of children with ARM at the Paediatric Surgical Unit of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana, from 2011 to 2015. The data extracted included diagnosis, associated features, initial and definitive surgical treatment and post-operative complications. RESULTS: Of the 53 records that were conclusively retrieved, the sex ratio was 1:1. The median age of presentation was 4.5 days (neonates), 4.5 months (infants) and 1.6 years (older children). There were 12 (44%) rectoperineal and 18 (69%) rectovestibular fistulas, representing the most common types of ARM in boys and girls, respectively. Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty and abdominoperineal pull-through were the corrective procedures performed. The overall complication rate was <10%. CONCLUSION: Our patients generally presented later than their Western counterparts, making a single-stage correction rare. The types of ARM documented in our study suggest the existence of a geographical variation.

Schwannoma extending from the umbilical region to the mid-thigh, compressing the major vessels of the right leg: A case report and review of the literature.

Schwannomas are benign, usually encapsulated, nerve sheath tumours derived from Schwann cells. They commonly arise from the cranial nerves as acoustic schwannomas and are extremely rare in the pelvis and retroperitoneal area (<0.5% of reported cases) unless they are combined with Von Recklinghausen disease (type 1 neurofibromatosis). We report the case of a 23-year-old woman with a mass extending from the umbilical region in the abdomen to the upper two-thirds of the thigh. As this tumour is so rare, and in order to ensure optimal treatment and survival for our patient, a computed tomography-guided biopsy was performed before en bloc tumour excision. Because of the possibility of malignancy, complete excision of the mass was performed, with pelvic blunt dissection. Histological examination showed a benign neoplasm, originating from the cells of peripheral nerve sheaths; the diagnosis was a schwannoma. Abdominal schwannomas are rare neoplasms that can be misdiagnosed. Laparoscopy is a safe and efficient option for approaching benign pelvic tumours and may offer the advantage of better visualisation of structures owing to the magnification in laparoscopic view, especially in narrow anatomical spaces. However, in our case laparoscopy was not considered owing to the size and anatomical location of the tumour.