The association of polypoid growth pattern with lymph node involvement in endometrioid type endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Background: Tumor size is an independent predictor of lymph node metastasis and survival in the endometrioid type endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC). However, some of the ECs tend to grow towards the cavity in the polypoid pattern, which can reach very large sizes. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association of growing in the polypoid pattern of the tumor with the proportion of lymph node metastasis and extrauterine tumor spread. Methods: Four hundred seven patients were analyzed retrospectively. The effect of tumor size, tumor growing pattern, myometrial invasion, grade, and lymphovascular space invasion on the lymph node metastasis and extrauterine tumor spread were investigated. Statistical analysis consisted of unpaired t-tests for parametric data and Mann Whitney-U test for non-parametric data, whereas the Chi-square test for categorical variables. Logistic Regression, Cox Regression and multivariate analysis were used to estimate the risk predictors. Results: No association was found between the growing in polypoid pattern and lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05). In the analysis of endometrioid type EC patients who had myometrial invasion less than ½ as a subgroup, no association was found between the growing pattern and lymph node metastasis and extrauterine disease. Tumor size was found to be a statistically significant predictor of lymph node metastasis and extrauterine disease (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Lymphovascular space invasion, grade, and myometrial invasion are associated with a higher proportion of lymph node metastasis. The polypoid growth pattern of the tumor does not correlate with any histopathological parameters.

Is microcystic, elongated, and fragmented pattern of myometrial invasion in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma associated with survival?

BACKGROUND: Microcystic, elongated, and fragmented (MELF) pattern is one of the myometrial invasion patterns in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC), and it has been associated with poor prognostic parameters, especially lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) and lymph node metastasis (LNM). This study aims to represent the frequency of MELF pattern in EEC and the relationship between MELF pattern with clinicopathological parameters, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we examined 233 patients with EEC diagnoses with the result of a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy between 2009 and 2014. The association of MELF pattern with risk factors such as stage, recurrence, and survival was analysed statistically with the comparison of MELF positive and negative cases. RESULTS: MELF pattern was seen in 21.8% of all cases (51/233) and 23% of grade 1-2 cases (50/217). The MELF pattern showed a significant difference among patients when they were compared according to advanced age (≥60) (p = 0.022), LVSI (p = 0.021), deep myometrial invasion (p < 0.01), LNM (p = 0.027), and advanced FIGO stage (p = 0.043). MELF pattern was a predictive factor of LNM in univariate logistic regression analysis but did not show significance in multivariate analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that MELF positive cases had reduced OS (66.7% vs 79.7% p = 0.003) and DFS (66.7% vs 77.5% p = 0.017) rates. In the univariate analyses, MELF pattern was an independent prognostic factor on OS and DFS along with other parameters, while it was not observed to maintain this effect in the multivariate analyses. DISCUSSION: This study is one of the largest series examining the relationship between MELF pattern of myometrial invasion and survival, and our results represented that the MELF pattern is associated with the worse clinical outcome since it is associated with lymphovascular space invasion, deep myometrial invasion, lymph node metastasis, and reduced overall survival and disease-free survival rates. Although the presence of MELF pattern is not reported in routine practice, it may be used as an indicator that will help predict a worse outcome.

The impact of uterine adenomyosis on the histopathological risk factors and survival in patients with endometrial adenocarcinoma.

A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients diagnosed with endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC) during a 9-year period to investigate the impact of co-existing adenomyosis on patients with EC. Group A included women with EC and adenomyosis and Group B EC cases without the presence of adenomyosis. Group A was more likely to have early-stage disease, tumours without deep myometrial invasion, low-grade tumours and tumours with negative lymphovascular space invasion when compared to Group B (p = 0.012, p = 0.004, p < 0.001, p = 0.02). There were no statistically significant difference between Group A and Group B for lymph node metastasis (p = 0.064). There was no significant relation between the adenomyosis and survival outcomes in the multivariant analysis (p = 0.437). As a conclusion, patients with adenomyosis were more likely to accompany good histopathologic prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis showed no significant effect of adenomyosis on recurrence and survival parameters.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Adenomyosis is one of the most common accompanying benign histopathological findings of type 1 endometrial carcinomas (EC). Adenomyosis comprises some characteristics similar to malignant tumours, such as invasion, abnormal tissue growth and angiogenesis. Despite concerns have arisen due to both their high incidence and similar molecular links, the possible relation between EC and adenomyosis is still not well grounded.What the results of this study add? We presented a 9-year period retrospective cohort of a tertiary referring single centre and evaluated the prognostic effect of adenomyosis in patients with EC as well as the survival outcomes of these patients. The co-occurrence of adenomyosis was more likely to accompany early-stage (stages 1-2) disease, low-grade tumours (grades 1-2) and tumours with negative LVSI in patients with EC. However, multivariate and survival analysis showed no significant effect of adenomyosis on recurrence and survival parameters.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Based on these findings, we suggest that the presence of adenomyosis should not be considered as a prognostic factor in EC. Our results support the overriding opinion about the prognostic value of co-occurrence of adenomyosis and EC. However, further studies exploring the molecular and genomic markers in these two groups are needed to uncover the exact relation of adenomyosis on the prognosis of EC.

Clinicopathological features of mammary Paget's disease: a single-center experience in Turkey

Background/aim: Paget's disease (PD) of the breast is a very rare presentation of breast malignancy, accounting for 1%­3% of all primary breast tumors. We aimed to evaluate and compare the clinicopathological features and clinical outcome of PD accompanied by in situ carcinoma and invasive cancer. Materials and methods: We used the archive of our pathology laboratory retrospectively for age, sex, history of surgery, histopathological findings, treatment modalities, and follow-up information. We used the Kaplan­Meier method for survival analysis. Results: There were 46 female patients diagnosed with PD. In 39 (84.7%) patients, invasive carcinoma accompanied PD, while 7 (15.3%) patients had ductal carcinoma in situ. The median age at diagnosis was 53.5 years. The median follow-up period was 47 months. Of the 39 invasive carcinoma, 10 (25.6%) died during the follow-up period. Invasive ductal carcinoma group had a mean overall survival of rate of 57.8 ± 6.6 months. According to univariate analysis, only the tumor type was found to impact overall survival (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The current study displayed the tumor type as the only parameter affecting overall survival in the invasive carcinoma group. Although it was not statistically significant, breast cancers accompanied by PD were found to be predominantly advanced stage tumors, high grade, hormone receptor negative, and HER2 positive.

Clinicopathological analysis of invasive cribriform carcinoma of the breast, with review of the literature.

Invasive cribriform carcinoma (ICC) is a rare type of a primary breast carcinoma. It is subdivided into two groups as pure and mixed types. There are limited studies comparing the pure and mixed ICC at present. We aim to investigate the clinicopathological, radiological, prognostic features, and survival outcomes of two types with reviewing the published literature. 16 pure ICC and 26 mixed ICC cases were evaluated. The population consisted of 41 female and 1 male patients. The only male patient was a pure ICC case. The median age was for pure and mixed type, 46.5 and 54 years, respectively. All ICCs were ER positive. All ICCs except one mixed ICC, were positive for PR. Only one mixed ICC was accepted HER2 positive (3+). Pure ICCs showed more favorable features than mixed ICCs such as lesser axillary lymph node involvement, lower grade, and proliferation index. Twenty-five patients had one of the following imaging methods; ultrasonography (US), mammography (MG), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Irregular shape, hypoechogenicity, and spiculated margins were the most common US findings. Similarly, irregular shape+spiculated margin is the most common MG findings. The median follow-up time for pure and mixed ICC was 88 and 56.5 months, respectively. One mixed ICC case developed bone metastasis. One death occurred in each group. Reasons of death were unknown. The 5-year OS for both ICC groups was 100%. 10-year OS for pure and mixed ICCs was 100% and 90%, respectively. 5-year DFS was 100% for pure ICC, and 94% for mixed ICC.

Does cervicovaginal cytology have a role in the diagnosis and surveillance of endometrial adenocarcinoma?

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of cervicovaginal cytology in diagnoses and surveillance of the patients with endometrial carcinoma (EC). METHODS: Patients who underwent EC surgery that included a follow-up were reviewed retrospectively. The cohort was limited to the patients who had an available cervical cytology result within 12 months before the primary surgery took place. The glandular abnormalities were classified in the following subclassifications: "atypical glandular cells" (AGC)-not otherwise specified (NOS), AGC-favor neoplasia, endocervical AIS, and adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: A total of 411 patients were eligible for the study. The cervical cytology was found to be normal and recorded as negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy in 368 (89.5%) patients. In 43 (10.5%) patients, cervical cytology was interpreted as: AGC-NOS (n = 11), AGC-FN (n = 7), adenocarcinoma (n = 20), malignant epithelial tumor (n = 3), and squamous carcinoma (n = 2). During the follow-up, recurrence was observed in 53 (12.9%) patients. Among six isolated vaginal cuff recurrences, two of the cases presented with malignant cytology, and the additional four cases were suspected during clinical examination. Among women with recurrence (n = 53), there were malignant cytological findings in four of the patients. In the whole population (n = 411), there were four other abnormal cytological findings detected within the surveillance. These four cytology results were nonmalignant and no recurrence was identified. CONCLUSION: There is no significant clinical advantage of cervicovaginal cytology testing before diagnosis or during the surveillance of EC.

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor in a postmenopausal woman: A case report and review of the literature in the postmenopausal group.

Epithelioid trophoblastic tumor is a rare gestational trophoblastic neoplasm arising from the intermediate trophoblasts. Although usually seen in the reproductive period, it may be encountered during the postmenopausal period. A 56-year-old woman who had given her last birth 21 years ago presented to the hospital with a complaint of postmenopausal bleeding. She had a history of eight live pregnancies and had been in menopause for 4 years. With the help of typical histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings, a diagnosis of "epithelioid trophoblastic tumor" was made. The diagnosis was made at an advanced age and the case had extraordinary features such as high mitotic activity and Ki-67 proliferation index (70%). Gestational trophoblastic neoplasms are rare causes of postmenopausal bleeding which may cause differential diagnosis problem. They should be kept in mind even if the patient age does not comply with because of the differences in treatment.

Androgen Receptor Expression in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Breast: A Subset of Seven Cases.

OBJECTIVE: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is an uncommon salivary type of breast carcinoma. It is a triple negative breast carcinoma with a basal-like phenotype that behaves in an indolent manner. Herein, we aimed to document clinicopathologic findings and hormone receptor status of ACC in the breast diagnosed in our institution during an eleven-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical data of cases diagnosed as adenoid cystic carcinoma in the breast between January 2006 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed from hospital data base. Paraffin blocks of seven cases were retrieved from the archive of Pathology Department and androgen receptor (AR) immunohistochemistry was applied to each case. RESULTS: All of the cases diagnosed as ACC were females with a mean age 56.2. Solid growth pattern was present in two cases. P63 was constantly expressed in the whole group, and at least one additional myoepithelial marker (calponin, caldesmon, etc.) was co-expressed in tumors. While weak estrogen receptor expression was detected only in one patient, AR was strikingly expressed in majority (%85.7) of the tumors. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, our series is the first to report such high levels of AR expression. This new finding, in turn, suggests considering hormonal therapy as an option in the management of ACC of the breast.

High expression of mesothelin in advanced serous ovarian cancer is associated with poor prognosis.

PURPOSE: Mesothelin is a cell surface glycoprotein which is highly expressed in various types of epithelial cancers. Its expression level is associated with poor prognosis in many cancer types. The aim this study was to evaluate the association of the level of mesothelin expression with clinicopathological characteristics and its prognostic significance in patients with advanced serous ovarian cancer (SOC). METHODS: Tissue blocks from a total 42 patients with advanced SOC treated at the medical oncology clinic of Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital between 2006 and 2013 were evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for mesothelin was performed. Clinical characteristics, optimal or suboptimal operation, response to platinum-based chemotherapy, and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS: The cut-off value of 45 for mesothelin H-score determined by ROC analysis predicted survival with 86% sensitivity and 75% specificity (p=0.020). We found a notable negative correlation between mesothelin H-score and OS (r = -0.570, p=0.0001). The median OS was 67 months (95%CI, 36.114 to 97.886) in the low-staining mesothelin H-score group and 27 months (95%CI, 22.238 to 31.762) in the high-staining mesothelin H-score group (p=0.002). Univariate analysis showed that the clinical stage IV disease (p=0.023), platinum chemoresistance (p=0.001), higher mesothelin H-score (p=0.002), and suboptimal surgery (p=0.024) were associated with worse OS. In the multivariate Cox regression model, mesothelin H-score (B=1.15, 95%CI=1.016 to 9.850, p=0.047) and the status of platinum sensitivity (B=-.916, 95%CI=.185 to -.864, p=0.020 were statistically significant predictors for OS. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that high mesothelin H-scores were significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with advanced SOC.

Comparison of the volumetric and radiomics findings of 18F-FDG PET/CT images with immunohistochemical prognostic factors in local/locally advanced breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the change in volumetric and radiomics parameters of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) PET/computed tomography (CT) imaging in local/locally advanced cancer patients according to immunohistochemical findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 72 patients who were diagnosed with local/locally advanced breast cancer and then examined by F-FDG PET/CT for staging were included in this study. Immunohistochemical prognostic factors [estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2), p53 mutation, Ki-67 proliferation index] and histological grades were determined. Standardized uptake value (SUV)-based, volume-based, and radiomics findings were obtained from F-FDG PET/CT images. RESULTS: In cases of ER and PR negativity, Her-2 positivity, presence of the p53 mutation, and Ki-67 index of at least 20% patients, total volumetric parameters were significantly higher in paired comparisons. The results of the ER-negative group were significantly higher than those of ER-positive patients in GLRLM_GLNU, GLRLM_RLNU, GLZLM_GLNU, and GLZLM_ZLNU comparisons. In grade 3 patients, mean SUV, maximum SUV, and GLRLM_LRHGE values were higher than those of grade 2 patients. SUV and volumetric parameters were significantly higher in patients with Ki-67 index of at least 20% than those with less than 20%. Maximum SUV, breast tumor lesion glycolysis values, and entropy in nuclear polymorphism in the 3+ patient group were found to be higher compared with the 2+ patient group. Moreover, patients with mitosis 3+ had significantly higher breast metabolic tumor volume, breast tumor lesion glycolysis, and kurtosis values than the 1+ group. CONCLUSION: ER negativity, triple negativity, high tumor grade, and high nuclear polymorphism were associated with tumor heterogeneity. With respect to ER negativity, PR negativity, high tumor grade, high mitosis number, high Ki-67 index, Her-2 positivity, and the presence of p53 mutation, an increased tumor load were observed. In addition to immunohistochemical parameters, the use of radiomics data is believed to contribute to breast cancer management.

Oncocytic and tall columnar type papillary thyroid carcinoma arising on a mature cystic teratoma: A case report and literature review.

Mature cystic teratoma (MCT) is the most common germ cell ovarian tumour, which accounts for 15-20% of all ovarian neoplasms. The frequency of MCT cases undergoing malignant transformation ranges from 0.17% to 2%. Our aim for presenting this case is to contribute to formation of an algorithm in the literature for the treatment and follow-up of MCT undergoing malignant transformation. A 38-year-old female patient presented to the emergency service with acute abdomen. The patient underwent salpingo-oophorectomy due to a prediagnosis of ovarian torsion with a dermoid cyst. Postoperative pathological examination reported oncocytic and tall columnar type papillary thyroid carcinoma arising on a mature cystic teratoma. During the follow up no local recurrences or metastases were identified in one-year. The rarity of MCT cases undergoing papillary type thyroid carcinoma transformation hinders the establishment of an algorithm for treatment and follow-up in literature.

Prognostic significance of androgen receptor expression in HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and HER2-positive breast cancer are more aggressive than other subtypes of breast cancer. Due to the limited number of treatment alternatives and the absence of target receptors in TNBC, and because of progression in the HER2-positive group despite targeted treatments, new treatment targets and therapeutic combinations are required. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the prognostic importance of immunohistochemical androgen receptor (AR) expression in HER2-positive breast cancer and TNBC subtypes. AR nuclear staining density was evaluated immunohistochemically. A total of 111 operated patients with breast cancer were included in the study; 44 (39.6%) belonged to the HER2-positive breast cancer subgroup and 67 (60.4%) belonged to the TNBC subgroup. AR expression was 34.3% and 79.5% in TNBC and HER2-positive groups, respectively. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 76% and 58% for the group with an AR-expression > 7.5% and AR-expression < 7.5%, respectively, in the TNBC subgroup (p = 0.042). In the HER2-positive patient group, the subgroups characterised by an AR-expression > 7.5% and AR-expression < 7.5% had 5-year OS rates of 57.6% and 63.5%, respectively (p = 0.91). Including the assessment of AR expression in the routine pathological examination will contribute to our understanding of the relevance of AR in the biology and prognosis of breast cancer.

Dedifferentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma; clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of five cases

Objective: Dedifferentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma is a recently defined uterine tumor composed of low-grade endometrioid adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. Herein, we present clinicopathologic, morphologic, and immunohistochemical features of 5 cases of dedifferentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Material and Methods: All cases which were diagnosed as mixed endometrial adenocarcinoma (endometrioid+undifferentiated carcinoma) or dedifferentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma between January 2008 and December 2014 were retrieved from the archives of our institution's pathology department. Results: The median age of the patients was 58 years. Polypoid growth pattern was seen in 3 patients and 2 were diagnosed at advanced stage. All patients received either external radiotherapy, brachytherapy, chemotherapy or an appropriate combination according to the stage. Only one patient died of the disease. Microscopically, there was a sharp demarcation between the two tumor components. The undifferentiated carcinoma component was composed of diffuse sheets of monomorphic cells lacking any differentiation. Focal pleomorphism and rhabdoid features were also noted. The undifferentiated carcinoma component was variably positive for PAX-8, cytokeratin, EMA, estrogen receptor, and neuroendocrine markers. Conclusion: Misdiagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma in dedifferentiated endometrioid adenocarcinoma as grade 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma is not uncommon. The recognition of morphologic and immunohistochemical features of this newly described entity is crucial because it alters treatment and prognosis.

An efficient biomarker panel for diagnosis of breast cancer using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer that affects women worldwide. Early detection of BC is important to improve survival rates and decrease mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate serum biomarkers using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) to distinguish patients with BC from the healthy population and patients with benign breast diseases (BBDs). A total of 62 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, as confirmed by histopathology, and 47 non-cancerous individuals (NCIs) [16 healthy controls (HCs) and 31 patients with BBD] were enrolled in the present study. Serum protein profiles were determined by SELDI-TOF-MS using an immobilized metal affinity capture array. Serum from patients with BC were compared with that from the HC group using univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. A total of 118 clusters were generated from the individual serum. Univariate analysis revealed that 5 peaks were significantly downregulated (m/z 1,452, 2,670, 3,972, 5,354 and 5,523; P<0.001) and 4 were upregulated (m/z 6,850, 7,926, 8,115 and 8,143; P<0.001) in patients with BC compared with the HC group. A comparison of patients with BC and patients with BBD revealed an additional 9 protein peaks. Among these, 3 peaks (m/z 3,972, 5,336 and 11,185) were significantly downregulated and 6 peaks (m/z 4,062, 4,071, 4,609, 6,850, 8,115 and 8,133) were significantly upregulated. A total of 3 peaks [mass-to-change ratio (m/z) 3,972, 6,850 and 8,115 (BC2)] were common in both sets. The results of the present study suggest that a 4 protein peak set [m/z 3,972, 6,850 and 8,115 (BC2) and 8,949 (BC3)] could be used to distinguish patients with BC from NCI.

The prognostic significance of cyclin D1 expression in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among women. While receptor-targeted therapies are used for other subtypes due to the presence of such receptors, studies are still continuing on receptor expression in order to identify new therapeutic targets as the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks a target receptor and its prognosis is worse than the other subtypes. Cyclin D1 (CycD1) is a cell cycle regulator protein. It is stated that its overexpression plays a role in carcinogenesis. With the present study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical expression of CycD1 in patients with TNBC. METHODS: The study included 56 operated patients with TNBC who were diagnosed between 2006 and 2011 at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pathology. In tumor paraffin-embedded sections, CycD1 was immunohistochemically (IHC) studied. Demographic and survival data of the patients were obtained from the Department of Medical Oncology follow-up files. ROC curve analysis was used to calculate the cutoff value for CycD1 staining density. Patients were divided into two groups using 11.5 cutoff value for the expression of CycD1, obtained by ROC analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was utilized for survival analyses, and log rank test for comparisons between the two groups. RESULTS: Of the patients, 62.5% had CycD1 expression (37.5% had not). In the whole group, the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 51%, and the 5-year overall survival (OS) was 65%. No difference in DFS between the two groups was noticed (p=0.37). The 5-year DFS was 47% in the group with CycD1 expression below 11.5, while it was 57% in the group above the 11.5 value. The difference in OS between the groups was statistically significant (p=0.044). The 5-year OS was 55% in the group with a CycD1 expression below 11.5, while it was 79% in the group above the 11.5 value (p=0.044). CONCLUSION: OS differed significantly between the high and low-CycD1 expression. It was also demonstrated that CycD1 may have prognostic significance in TNBC. Further studies with larger populations are required to confirm the prognostic significance of CycD1.

Deep obturator lymph node dissection in gynaecological cancer patients: Is it feasible and useful?

Our aim was to investigate the feasibility and outcomes of deep obturator lymph node (DOLN) dissection in gynaecological cancer patients. A prospective study included 62 patients with a diagnosis of ovarian, endometrial or cervical cancer who underwent surgery. In the study group, 36 patients underwent obturator lymph node dissection above and under the obturator nerve, while 26 control group patients underwent routine obturator lymph node dissection above the obturator nerve. Groups were compared with respect to dissected lymph node count, intraoperative characteristics and early postoperative complications. Total lymph node count in the DOLN dissected group was greater than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups, regarding postoperative complications and intraoperative characteristics. The total number of lymph nodes dissected by using DOLN dissection increased without an increase in intra- and postoperative complications in gynaecological cancer patients.

Inhibition of Radiation-Induced Oxidative Damage in the Lung Tissue: May Acetylsalicylic Acid Have a Positive Role?

The lung is relatively sensitive to irradiation. It is shown that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) might reduce oxidative injury and that it has a place in protection from cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential radioprotective effects of ASA. Whole-body irradiation (6 Gy, single dose) was applied to the rats. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the lung tissue were measured. Control (C), Radiation (R), Radiation + ASA (R + ASA; received irradiation and 25 mg/kg of ASA intraperitoneally (i.p.)), and Radiation + Amifostine (R + WR-2721; received irradiation and 200 mg/kg of WR-2721 i.p.) groups were used. The MPO levels decreased statistically significantly in the group administered ASA. Histopathologically, a radioprotective effect of ASA was more evident in the R + ASA group. ASA is an agent which has not been used as a radioprotector in the clinic yet, and it is worth supporting with more advanced studies.

How to approach phyllodes tumors of the breast?

OBJECTIVE: Phyllodes tumor of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial breast tumor that comprise 0.3-0.9% of primary breast neoplasms. In this study, we aimed to present clinicopathologic symptoms of our patients along with their treatment modality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinicopathologic properties and treatment modality of 20 phyllodes tumor patients who underwent surgery between January 2008 and January 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Median patient age was 47 years (22-75). Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was applied to 19 patients. Biopsy results were reported as suspicious in four, malignant in three, benign in 11, and as non-diagnostic in one patient. Final histopathology reports revealed two benign, one malignant and one borderline tumor out of the four patients with suspicious findings on fine needle aspiration biopsy; all patients with malignant cytology had malignancy. There were two borderline and nine benign lesions within the benign biopsy group. Sixteen patients underwent segmental mastectomy, four patients underwent mastectomy with/without axillary dissection. The median tumor size was 6 (1-13) cm. Histopathologically, 11 (55%) tumors were benign, 5 (25%) were borderline, and 4 (20%) were malignant. Two of the four patients with malignancy underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and one patient only received chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment. CONCLUSION: Phyllodes tumors are rare, mix-type breast tumors. Due to high rates of local recurrence and potential for malignancy, preoperative diagnosis and accurate management are important.

Comparison between Radiological and Invasive Diagnostic Modalities in Diagnosis of Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cause of deaths of cancer in women. Nowadays, following completion of imaging methods, mainly fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and core biopsy methods have been used for establishing cytopathological diagnosis although discussions regarding superiority continue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Those with a complaint of "mass in breast" along with those diagnosed to have a mass as a result of routine physical examination among all patients applying to our clinic between 01.01.2009 and 31.12.2011 were retrospectively assessed. Totals of 146 and 64 patients with complete radiological observation who had undergone FNAB and core biopsies, respectively, were evaluated. Postoperative pathological results of patients of both groups receiving surgery were also taken into consideration. All results were compared in terms of false positivity/negativity, sensitivity/specifity, surgery types and distribution of postoperative results with regard to diagnoses along with those of malignant/benign masses with regard to quadrants determined. RESULTS: Diagnostic malignancy power of mammographic BIRADS classification was 87.3%. However, the value was 75% in the core biopsy group. Sensitivity and specifity following comparison of FNAB and postoperative pathology results of those receiving surgery were 85.4% and 92.9% while they were 93.5% and 100% in the core biopsy group. Diagnostic malignancy power, calculated by determining AUC in ROC analysis, of FNAB was 89.1% while that of core biopsy was 96.7%. CONCLUSIONS: It was shown that core biopsy is superior to FNAB in terms of sensitivity, specificity and accurate histopathological classification. However; quick, cheap and basic diagnosis by means of FNAB should not be ignored. Sensitivity of FNAB is rather high in experienced hands and furthermore it would be expected to be lower than with core biopsy.

Correlation of endometrial glycodelin expression and pregnancy outcome in cases with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with clomiphene citrate plus metformin: a controlled study.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between clomiphene citrate (CC) plus metformin treatment and endometrial glycodelin expression and to then correlate this relationship with pregnancy outcomes. Material and Methods. A total of 30 patients diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to the Rotterdam criteria constituted our study group. All had been admitted to the gynecology outpatient clinic between June 1, 2011, and January 1, 2012, for infertility treatment. Our control group consisted of 20 patients admitted for routine Pap smear control. They had no history of infertility and were not using contraceptives and they were actively attempting pregnancy. Midluteal progesterone measurement and pipelle endometrial biopsies were performed with both groups. For PCOS patients, metformin treatment was initiated right after the biopsy and CC was added in the second menstrual cycle. Pipelle endometrial biopsies were repeated. Histological dating and immunohistochemistry for glycodelin were performed by a single pathologist who was blinded to the patients' clinical data. Result(s). The posttreatment ovulation rate in the study group was 93.3%. No pregnancies were achieved in either group when glycodelin expression was not present, even in the presence of ovulation. When glycodelin expression was high in PCOS group, the pregnancy rate was 60% and all pregnancies ended in live births. In weak expression group, however, three out of four pregnancies ended as early pregnancy losses. Conclusion(s). Endometrial glycodelin expression is an important predictor of pregnancy outcomes in both PCOS and fertile groups.