Towards disentangling the classification of freshwater fish trypanosomes.

Currently, new species of freshwater fish trypanosomes, which are economically important parasites, are being described based on subjectively selected features, i.e., their cell morphology and the host species. We have performed detailed phylogenetic and haplotype diversity analyses of all 18S rRNA genes available for freshwater fish trypanosomes, including the newly obtained sequences of Trypanosoma carassii and Trypanosoma danilewskyi. Based on a sequence similarity of 99.5%, we divide these trypanosomes into 15 operational taxonomic units, and propose three nominal scenarios for distinguishing T. carassii and other aquatic trypanosomes. We find evidences for the existence of a low number of freshwater fish trypanosomes, with T. carassii having the widest geographic and host ranges. Our analyses support the existence of an umbrella complex composed of T. carassii and two sister species. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00191-0.

COVID-19 and influenza infections mediate distinct pulmonary cellular and transcriptomic changes.

SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause persistent respiratory sequelae. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that sub-lethally infected K18-human ACE2 mice show patchy pneumonia associated with histiocytic inflammation and collagen deposition at 21 and 45 days post infection (DPI). Transcriptomic analyses revealed that compared to influenza-infected mice, SARS-CoV-2-infected mice had reduced interferon-gamma/alpha responses at 4 DPI and failed to induce keratin 5 (Krt5) at 6 DPI in lung, a marker of nascent pulmonary progenitor cells. Histologically, influenza- but not SARS-CoV-2-infected mice showed extensive Krt5+ "pods" structure co-stained with stem cell markers Trp63/NGFR proliferated in the pulmonary consolidation area at both 7 and 14 DPI, with regression at 21 DPI. These Krt5+ "pods" structures were not observed in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected humans or nonhuman primates. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection fails to induce nascent Krt5+ cell proliferation in consolidated regions, leading to incomplete repair of the injured lung.

Apoptotic signaling clears engineered Salmonella in an organ-specific manner.

Pyroptosis and apoptosis are two forms of regulated cell death that can defend against intracellular infection. When a cell fails to complete pyroptosis, backup pathways will initiate apoptosis. Here, we investigated the utility of apoptosis compared to pyroptosis in defense against an intracellular bacterial infection. We previously engineered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to persistently express flagellin, and thereby activate NLRC4 during systemic infection in mice. The resulting pyroptosis clears this flagellin-engineered strain. We now show that infection of caspase-1 or gasdermin D deficient macrophages by this flagellin-engineered S. Typhimurium induces apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, we engineered S. Typhimurium to translocate the pro-apoptotic BH3 domain of BID, which also triggers apoptosis in macrophages in vitro. During mouse infection, the apoptotic pathway successfully cleared these engineered S. Typhimurium from the intestinal niche but failed to clear the bacteria from the myeloid niche in the spleen or lymph nodes. In contrast, the pyroptotic pathway was beneficial in defense of both niches. To clear an infection, cells may have specific tasks that they must complete before they die; different modes of cell death could initiate these 'bucket lists' in either convergent or divergent ways.

Although alive and healthy cells are essential for survival, in certain circumstances ­ such as when a cell becomes infected ­ it is beneficial for cells to deliberately die through a process known as regulated cell death. There are several types of regulated cell death, each with distinct pathways and mechanisms. However, if the initial pathway is blocked, cells can use an alternative one, suggesting that they can compensate for one other. Two forms of regulated cell death ­ named pyroptosis and apoptosis ­ can be used by infected cells to limit the spread of pathogens. However, it was not clear if these two forms or additional 'back-up' apoptosis pathways ­ which are induced when pyroptosis fails ­ are equally efficient at clearing infections and how they might vary in different cell types. To address this, Abele et al. investigated cell death in live mice infected with the bacterium Salmonella. Different organs in which the bacterium infects distinct cell types were examined. Experiments showed that pyroptosis could eliminate bacteria from both intestinal cells as well as immune cells found throughout the body, called macrophages. In contrast, apoptosis was only able to clear infection from intestinal cells. The findings can be explained by prior studies showing both apoptosis and pyroptosis lead to the same outcome in intestinal cells ­ dead cells are expelled from the body through a process called extrusion to maintain the barrier function of the intestine. However, in macrophages, the different pathways lead to different outcomes, indicating they are not entirely interchangeable. Overall, the findings of Abele et al. underscore the complexity of cellular responses to infection and the nuanced roles of different cell death pathways. This provides further evidence that cells might have specific tasks they need to complete before death in order to effectively clear an infection. These tasks may differ depending on cell type and the form of regulated cell death, and may not be equally efficient at clearing an infection.

Gastrointestinal/genitourinary adverse event after intensity modulated versus three-dimensional primary radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in the world. The potential benefits of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) over three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) for PCa primary radiation therapy treatment have not yet been clarified. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to assess whether IMRT could improve clinical outcomes in comparison with 3D-CRT in patients diagnosed with PCa. Materials and methods: Relevant studies were identified through searching related databases till December, 2022. Hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as pooled statistics for all analyses. Results: The incidence of grade 2 or worse acute adverse gastrointestinal (GI) event was analyzed and the pooled data revealed a clear decreasing trend in the IMRT compared with 3D-CRT (RR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.45-0.84, p=0.002). IMRT slightly increased the grade ≥ 2 acute genitourinary (GU) adverse event in comparison with the 3D-CRT (RR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.02-1.19, p=0.015). The IMRT and the 3D-CRT of patients showed no substantial differences in grade ≥ 2 late GI adverse event (RR =0.62, 95% CI: 0.36-1.09, p=0.1). In those included studies, there was no significant difference between IMRT and 3D-CRT in grade 2-4 late GU adverse event (RR =1.08, 95% CI: 0.77-1.51, p=0.65). There was a significant difference in biochemical control favoring IMRT (RR =1.13, 95% CI: 1.05-1.22, p=0.002). IMRT showed modest increase in biochemical control in comparison with 3D-CRT. Conclusion: In general, based on the above results, IMRT should be considered as a better choice for the treatment of PCa. More randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the subset of patients diagnosed with PCa.

NRF2 transcriptionally regulates Caspase-11 expression to activate HMGB1 release by Autophagy-deficient hepatocytes.

Injury or stress can induce intracellular translocation and release of nuclear HMGB1, a DAMP molecule known to participate in inflammation and other pathological processes. Active release of HMGB1 from stimulated macrophages can be mediated by inflammasomes, which cleave Gasdermin D to form pores on cytoplasmic membranes. We previously had shown that active release of HMGB1 from autophagy deficient hepatocytes also depended on the inflammasome but how the inflammasome was activated was not known. Here we report that persistent activation of transcription factor NRF2 under the autophagy deficient condition led to transcriptional upregulation of Caspase-11 expression, which could then activate the CASPASE-1inflammasome. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) and luciferase-based reporter assays, we show that NRF2 directly binds to the Caspase-11 promoter and transcriptionally increase the expression of Caspase-11. Genetic deletion of Caspase-11 in autophagy-deficient livers represses the release of HMGB1 and its pathological consequence, ductular cell proliferation. Consistently, deletion of NLRP3, which can activate CASPASE-1 mediated inflammasomes under other types of signals, did not prevent HMGB1 release and ductular cell proliferation in autophagy deficient livers. Surprisingly, while cleavage of GASDEMIN D occurred in autophagy-deficient livers its deletion did not prevent the HMGB1 release, suggesting that CASPASE-11-mediated inflammasome activation may also engage in a different mechanism for HMGB1 release by the autophagy deficient hepatocytes. Collectively, this work reveals the novel role of NRF2 in transcriptional upregulation of Caspase-11 and in inflammasome activation to promote active release of HMGB via a non-Gasdermin D mediated avenue.

Ability of high fat diet to induce liver pathology correlates with the level of linoleic acid and Vitamin E in the diet.

Increased uptake of fat, such as through the ingestion of high fat diet (HFD), can lead to fatty liver diseases and metabolic syndrome. It is not clear whether certain fatty acids may be more pathogenic than others to the liver. Linoleic acid (LA) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid in the Western diet and its excessive consumption can lead to increased lipid peroxidation. We hypothesized that a high level of LA in HFD will contribute significantly to the hepatic steatosis and injury, whereas vitamin E (VIT-E) may reverse the effects from LA by inhibiting lipid peroxidation. To test this hypothesis, we fed mice with the following diets for 20 weeks: a standard low-fat diet (CHOW), HFD with a low level of LA (LOW-LA, 1% of energy from LA), HFD with a high level of LA (HI-LA, 8% of energy from LA), or HI-LA diet with VIT-E supplement (HI-LA + VIT-E). We found that the HI-LA diet resulted in more body weight gain, larger adipocyte area, and higher serum levels of triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) relative to the CHOW and LOW-LA diets. In mice fed with the HI-LA diet, severer hepatic steatosis was seen with higher levels of hepatic TG and FFA. Expression of genes related to lipid metabolism was altered in the liver by HI-LA diet, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1). Liver injury, inflammation and fibrotic response were all enhanced in mice fed with the HI-LA diet when compared with the LOW-LA diet. Notably, addition of VIT-E supplement, which restores the proper VIT-E/PUFA ratio, significantly reduced the detrimental effects of the high level of LA. Taken together, our results suggest that a high level of LA and a low ratio of VIT-E/PUFA in HFD can contribute significantly to metabolic abnormalities and hepatic injury.

Apoptotic signaling clears engineered Salmonella in an organ-specific manner.

Pyroptosis and apoptosis are two forms of regulated cell death that can defend against intracellular infection. Although pyroptosis and apoptosis have distinct signaling pathways, when a cell fails to complete pyroptosis, backup pathways will initiate apoptosis. Here, we investigated the utility of apoptosis compared to pyroptosis in defense against an intracellular bacterial infection. We previously engineered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to persistently express flagellin, and thereby activate NLRC4 during systemic infection in mice. The resulting pyroptosis clears this flagellin-engineered strain. We now show that infection of caspase-1 or gasdermin D deficient macrophages by this flagellin-engineered S. Typhimurium induces apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, we also now engineer S. Typhimurium to translocate the pro-apoptotic BH3 domain of BID, which also triggers apoptosis in macrophages in vitro. In both engineered strains, apoptosis occurred somewhat slower than pyroptosis. During mouse infection, the apoptotic pathway successfully cleared these engineered S. Typhimurium from the intestinal niche, but failed to clear the bacteria in the myeloid niche in the spleen or lymph nodes. In contrast, the pyroptotic pathway was beneficial in defense of both niches. In order to clear an infection, distinct cell types may have specific tasks that they must complete before they die. In some cells, either apoptotic or pyroptotic signaling may initiate the same tasks, whereas in other cell types these modes of cell death may lead to different tasks that may not be identical in defense against infection. We recently suggested that such diverse tasks can be considered as different cellular 'bucket lists' to be accomplished before a cell dies.

Impaired hepatic autophagy exacerbates hepatotoxin induced liver injury.

Hepatotoxins activate the hepatic survival pathway, but it is unclear whether impaired survival pathways contribute to liver injury caused by hepatotoxins. We investigated the role of hepatic autophagy, a cellular survival pathway, in cholestatic liver injury driven by a hepatotoxin. Here we demonstrate that hepatotoxin contained DDC diet impaired autophagic flux, resulting in the accumulation of p62-Ub-intrahyaline bodies (IHBs) but not the Mallory Denk-Bodies (MDBs). An impaired autophagic flux was associated with a deregulated hepatic protein-chaperonin system and significant decline in Rab family proteins. Additionally, p62-Ub-IHB accumulation activated the NRF2 pathway rather than the proteostasis-related ER stress signaling pathway and suppressed the FXR nuclear receptor. Moreover, we demonstrate that heterozygous deletion of Atg7, a key autophagy gene, aggravated the IHB accumulation and cholestatic liver injury. Conclusion: Impaired autophagy exacerbates hepatotoxin-induced cholestatic liver injury. The promotion of autophagy may represent a new therapeutic approach for hepatotoxin-induced liver damage.

Tubular cells produce FGF2 via autophagy after acute kidney injury leading to fibroblast activation and renal fibrosis.

Following acute kidney injury (AKI), renal tubular cells may stimulate fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion leading to interstitial fibrosis, but the paracrine factors and their regulation under this condition remain elusive. Here we identify a macroautophagy/autophagy-dependent FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) production in tubular cells. Upon induction, FGF2 acts as a key paracrine factor to activate fibroblasts for renal fibrosis. After ischemic AKI in mice, autophagy activation persisted for weeks in renal tubular cells. In inducible, renal tubule-specific atg7 (autophagy related 7) knockout (iRT-atg7-KO) mice, autophagy deficiency induced after AKI suppressed the pro-fibrotic phenotype in tubular cells and reduced fibrosis. Among the major cytokines, tubular autophagy deficiency in iRT-atg7-KO mice specifically diminished FGF2. Autophagy inhibition also attenuated FGF2 expression in TGFB1/TGF-ß1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1)-treated renal tubular cells. Consistent with a paracrine action, the culture medium of TGFB1-treated tubular cells stimulated renal fibroblasts, and this effect was suppressed by FGF2 neutralizing antibody and also by fgf2- or atg7-deletion in tubular cells. In human, compared with non-AKI, the renal biopsies from post-AKI patients had higher levels of autophagy and FGF2 in tubular cells, which showed significant correlations with renal fibrosis. These results indicate that persistent autophagy after AKI induces pro-fibrotic phenotype transformation in tubular cells leading to the expression and secretion of FGF2, which activates fibroblasts for renal fibrosis during maladaptive kidney repair.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladnine; ACTA2/α-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB/ß-actin: actin, beta; AKI: acute kidney injury; ATG/Atg: autophagy related; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CCN2/CTGF: cellular communication network factor 2; CDKN2A/p16: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CM: conditioned medium; COL1A1: collagen, type I, alpha 1; COL4A1: collagen, type IV, alpha 1; CQ: chloroquine; ECM: extracellular matrix; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FGF2: fibroblast growth factor 2; FN1: fibronectin 1; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HAVCR1/KIM-1: hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; ISH: in situ hybridization; LTL: lotus tetragonolobus lectin; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PDGFB: platelet derived growth factor, B polypeptide; PPIB/cyclophilin B: peptidylprolyl isomerase B; RT-qPCR: real time-quantitative PCR; SA-GLB1/ß-gal: senescence-associated galactosidase, beta 1; SASP: senescence-associated secretory phenotype; sCr: serum creatinine; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TASCC: TOR-autophagy spatial coupling compartment; TGFB1/TGF-ß1: transforming growth factor, beta 1; VIM: vimentin.

Promotion of diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndromes by BID is associated with gut microbiota.

A growing body of evidence has indicated an expanding functional network of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family proteins beyond regulation of cell death and survival. Here, we examined the role and mechanisms of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (BID), a pro-death BCL-2 family member, in the development of diet-induced metabolic dysfunction. Mice deficient in bid (bid-/- ) were resistant to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and dyslipidemia with an increased insulin sensitivity. Indirect calorimetry analysis indicated that bid deficiency increased metabolic rate and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, suggesting a larger contribution of lipids to overall energy expenditure. While expression of several genes related to lipid accumulation was only increased in wild-type livers, metabolomics analysis revealed a consistent reduction in fatty acids but an increase in certain sugars and Krebs cycle intermediates in bid-/- livers. Gut microbiota (GM) analysis indicated that HFD induced gut dysbiosis with differential patterns in wild-type and in bid-/- mice. Notably, abrogation of GM by antibiotics during HFD feeding eliminated the beneficial effects against obesity and hepatic steatosis conferred by the bid deficiency. Conclusion: These results indicate that the protective role of bid-deficiency against diet-induced metabolic dysfunction interacts with the function of GM.

Use of chemical labeling-assisted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for discovering derivatives of brassinosteroids.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones that are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development as well as environmental adaptation. The discovery of new BR derivatives is beneficial to their biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms research. However, there are few reports on the methods for exploring new BRs, and the existing methods tend to lack coverage. In this work, we established a comprehensive, highly sensitive and selective structure-oriented method for the screening and structural identification of potential BRs in plants using chemical isotope labeling-assisted liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (CL-LC-HRMS). The potential BRs were speculated according to the structural features of the reported BRs, and those speculated BRs containing cis-diol groups were labeled by isotope reagents of 2-methyl-4-phenylaminomethylphenylboronic acid (2-methyl-4-PAMBA) and 2-methyl-4-PAMBA-d5 to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of MS detection. In addition, the fragmentation of 2-methyl-4-PAMBA-labeled BRs via collision-induced dissociation (CID) led to the generation of reporter ions, which contributed to specific screening of potential BRs. In-depth structure of potential BRs was elucidated by analyzing multistage MS (MSn) fragmentation patterns. Using our proposed method, a total of 16 potential BRs were detected from plant samples including 5 new ones, of which one new BR derivative was identified as 2-deoxy-3-epi-6-deoxy-dolichosterone, and this new BR may be involved in the biosynthesis of BRs as precursor of 6-deoxo-dolichosterone. The method developed in this work is promising for screening and identifying new BR derivatives in plants, thereby supplementing the biosynthesis pathway of BRs.

Discovery of an autophagy inducer J3 to lower mutant huntingtin and alleviate Huntington's disease-related phenotype.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by aggregation of the mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein encoded from extra tracts of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the HTT gene. mHTT proteins are neurotoxic to render the death of neurons and a series of disease-associated phenotypes. The mHTT is degraded through autophagy pathway and ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). This study identified a small molecule, J3, as an autophagy inducer by high-content screening. The results revealed that J3 could inhibit mTOR, thus promoting autophagic flux and long-lived protein degradation. Further, J3 selectively lowered the soluble and insoluble mHTT but not wild type HTT levels in cell models. The HdhQ140 mice showed reduced HD-associated activity and loss of motor functions. However, administration of J3 showed increased activity and a slight improvement in the motor function in the open-field test, balance beam test, and rotarod tests. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that J3 decreased T-HTT and misfolded protein levels in the striatum and increased the levels of the medium spiny neuron marker DARPP-32. In addition, J3 showed good permeability across the brain-blood barrier efficiently, suggesting that J3 was a promising candidate for the treatment of HD.

Prognostic Value of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis.

This study aimed to quantitatively identify the prognostic and clinicopathological value of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through a meta-analysis. The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library were thoroughly searched from inception to December 14, 2021. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the prognostic value of GNRI. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95%CIs were combined to estimate the clinicopathological significance of the GNRI in NSCLC. Seven studies with 2,023 patients were included in the meta-analysis. A low GNRI score was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.65-2.44, p < 0.001) and worse progression-free survival (PFS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR = 1.81, 95%CI = 1.48-2.22, p < 0.001) in NSCLC. Furthermore, a low GNRI score was significantly associated with the histological type of non-adenocarcinoma (OR= 1.55, 95%CI = 1.19-2.03, p = 0.001) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) ≥2 (OR= 2.81, 95%CI= 1.49-5.32, p = 0.001). A low GNRI score is a significant and effective prognostic marker for poor survival outcomes in patients with NSCLC. In addition, low GNRI score was correlated with higher ECOG PS scores.

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Pathogenesis.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells in the form of exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. They can be taken up by neighboring cells, and their contents can have functional impact on the cells that engulf them. As the mediators of intercellular communication, EVs can play important roles in both physiological and pathologic contexts. In addition, early detection of EVs in different body fluids may offer a sensitive diagnostic tool for certain diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, targeting specific EVs may also become a promising therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the latest findings of EVs in the field of liver research, with a focus on the different contents of the EVs and their impact on liver function and on the development of inflammation, fibrosis, and tumor in the liver. The goal of this review is to provide a succinct account of the various molecules that can mediate the function of EVs so the readers may apply this knowledge to their own research.

Insights from a high-fat diet fed mouse model with a humanized liver.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder worldwide and is increasing at an alarming rate. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The use of animal models remains a vital aspect for investigating the molecular mechanisms contributing to metabolic dysregulation and facilitating novel drug target identification. However, some differences exist between mouse and human hepatocyte physiology. Recently, chimeric mice with human liver have been generated, representing a step forward in the development of animal models relevant to human disease. Here we explored the feasibility of using one of these models (cDNA-uPA/SCID) to recapitulate obesity, insulin resistance and NAFLD upon feeding a Western-style diet. Furthermore, given the importance of a proper control diet, we first evaluated whether there are differences between feeding a purified ingredient control diet that matches the composition of the high-fat diet and feeding a grain-based chow diet. We show that mice fed chow have a higher food intake and fed glucose levels than mice that received a low-fat purified ingredient diet, suggesting that the last one represents a better control diet. Upon feeding a high-fat or matched ingredient control diet for 12 weeks, cDNA-uPA/SCID chimeric mice developed extensive macrovesicular steatosis, a feature previously associated with reduced growth hormone action. However, mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity and remained glucose tolerant. Genetic background is fundamental for the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Our data suggests that using a background that favors the development of these traits, such as C57BL/6, may be necessary to establish a humanized mouse model of NAFLD exhibiting the metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity.

Senescence Connects Autophagy Deficiency to Inflammation and Tumor Progression in the Liver.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cellular senescence frequently is present in injured livers. The induction mechanism and the pathologic role are not always clear. We aimed to understand the dynamics of senescence induction and progression, and the mechanism responsible for the pathology using a mouse model that disables the essential process of autophagy. METHODS: Mice deficient in key autophagy genes Atg7 or Atg5 in the liver were used. Senescence was measured using established cellular and molecular signatures. The mechanistic roles of nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NRF2), forkhead box K1, and C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) were assessed using mouse genetic models. Liver functions, pathology, and tumor development were measured using biochemical and histologic approaches. RESULTS: Inducible deletion of Atg7 rapidly up-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors independently of injury and induced senescence-associated ß-galactosidase activities and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Sustained activation of NRF2 was the major factor causing senescence by mediating oxidative DNA damage and up-regulating C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, a key component of autophagy-related SASP, via the NRF2-forkhead box K1 axis. Senescence was responsible for hepatic inflammation through CCR2-mediated recruitment of CD11b+ monocytes and CD3+ T cells. The CCR2-mediated process in turn enhanced senescence and SASP by up-regulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and chemokines. Thus, senescence and inflammation can mutually augment each other, forming an amplification loop for both events. The CCR2-mediated process also modulated liver injury and tumor progression at the later stage of autophagy deficiency-related pathology. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide the insight that hepatic senescence can occur early in the disease process, triggers inflammation and is enhanced by inflammation, and has long-term effects on liver injury and tumor progression.

Ultrasensitive Determination of Sugar Phosphates in Trace Samples by Stable Isotope Chemical Labeling Combined with RPLC-MS.

Sugar phosphates are important metabolic intermediates in organisms and play a vital role in energy and central carbon metabolism. Profiling of sugar phosphates is of great significance but full of challenges due to their high structural similarity and low sensitivities in liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS). In this study, we developed a novel stable isotope chemical labeling combined with the reversed-phase (RP)LC-MS method for ultrasensitive determination of sugar phosphates at the single-cell level. By chemical derivatization with 2-(diazo-methyl)-N-methyl-N-phenyl-benzamide (2-DMBA) and d5-2-DMBA, sugar phosphate isomers can obtain better separation and identification, and the detection sensitivities of sugar phosphates increased by 3.5-147 folds. The obtained limits of detection of sugar phosphates ranged from 5 to 16 pg/mL. Using this method, we achieved ultrasensitive and accurate quantification of 12 sugar phosphates in different trace biological samples. Benefiting from the improved separation and detection sensitivity, we successfully quantified five sugar phosphates (d-glucose 1-phosphate, d-mannose 6-phosphate, d-fructose 6-phosphate, d-glucose 6-phosphate, and seduheptulose 7-phosphate) in a single protoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Neonatal Autopsy Tissues and Placenta.

Severe coronavirus disease in neonates is rare. We analyzed clinical, laboratory, and autopsy findings from a neonate in the United States who was delivered at 25 weeks of gestation and died 4 days after birth; the mother had asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and preeclampsia. We observed severe diffuse alveolar damage and localized SARS-CoV-2 by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy of the lungs of the neonate. We localized SARS-CoV-2 RNA in neonatal heart and liver vascular endothelium by using in situ hybridization and detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in neonatal and placental tissues by using reverse transcription PCR. Subgenomic reverse transcription PCR suggested viral replication in lung/airway, heart, and liver. These findings indicate that in utero SARS-CoV-2 transmission contributed to this neonatal death.

Prevalence of Vertebral artery anomaly in upper cervical and its surgical implications: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The presence vertebral artery (VA) abnormalities in the upper cervical may be a potential cause of catastrophic complication in the posterior approach of the upper cervical spine surgery. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the real incidence of the V3 segment anomaly in patients who need upper cervical surgery, and tried to find out the risk factors of V3 segment anomaly to evaluate the necessary of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for upper cervical surgery. METHOD: This systematic review was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Retrospective studies and reports of case series involving human subjects with data on anomalies of vertebral artery in upper cervical spine were included. Data on the prevalence of persistent first intersegmental artery (PIA), fenestration of the VA (FA), posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) were extracted. RESULTS: A total of 16 articles involving 5927 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The total incidence of V3 segment anomaly in the patients with bony abnormalities was 25.9% (74/286): PIA was 17.5%, FA was 6.6% and PICA was 1.8%. The total incidence of V3 segment anomaly in the patients without bony abnormalities was 2.7% (152/5671): PIA was 1.76%, FA was 0.4% and PICA was 0.5%. The total incidence of V3 segment anomaly in Asian population without bony abnormalities was 5.8%, while in European and American population was 0.8 and 0.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with bone abnormalities are high risk factor for VA abnormalities, CTA is of paramount importance to evaluate the variant VA anatomy. However, regarding to the low incidence of V3 variation in normal population, we do not recommend preoperative CT angiography as mandatory part of preoperative.