Integrating high-throughput phenotypic profiling and transcriptomic analyses to predict the hepatosteatosis effects induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a large compound class (n > 12,000) that is extensively present in food, drinking water, and aquatic environments. Reduced serum triglycerides and hepatosteatosis appear to be the common phenotypes for different PFAS chemicals. However, the hepatosteatosis potential of most PFAS chemicals remains largely unknown. This study aims to investigate PFAS-induced hepatosteatosis using in vitro high-throughput phenotype profiling (HTPP) and high-throughput transcriptomic (HTTr) data. We quantified the in vitro hepatosteatosis effects and mitochondrial damage using high-content imaging, curated the transcriptomic data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and then calculated the point of departure (POD) values for HTPP phenotypes or HTTr transcripts, using the Bayesian benchmark dose modeling approach. Our results indicated that PFAS compounds with fully saturated C-F bonds, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing functional groups, and a fluorinated carbon chain length greater than 8 have the potential to produce biological effects consistent with hepatosteatosis. PFAS primarily induced hepatosteatosis via disturbance in lipid transport and storage. The potency rankings of PFAS compounds are highly concordant among in vitro HTPP, HTTr, and in vivo hepatosteatosis phenotypes (ρ = 0.60-0.73). In conclusion, integrating the information from in vitro HTPP and HTTr analyses can accurately project in vivo hepatosteatosis effects induced by PFAS compounds.

Anomalous behavior recognition of underwater creatures using lite 3D full-convolution network.

Global warming and pollution could lead to the destruction of marine habitats and loss of species. The anomalous behavior of underwater creatures can be used as a biometer for assessing the health status of our ocean. Advances in behavior recognition have been driven by the active application of deep learning methods, yet many of them render superior accuracy at the cost of high computational complexity and slow inference. This paper presents a real-time anomalous behavior recognition approach that incorporates a lightweight deep learning model (Lite3D), object detection, and multitarget tracking. Lite3D is characterized in threefold: (1) image frames contain only regions of interest (ROI) generated by an object detector; (2) no fully connected layers are needed, the prediction head itself is a flatten layer of 1 × [Formula: see text] @ 1× 1, [Formula: see text]= number of categories; (3) all the convolution kernels are 3D, except the first layer degenerated to 2D. Through the tracking, a sequence of ROI-only frames is subjected to 3D convolutions for stacked feature extraction. Compared to other 3D models, Lite3D is 50 times smaller in size and 57 times lighter in terms of trainable parameters and can achieve 99% of F1-score. Lite3D is ideal for mounting on ROV or AUV to perform real-time edge computing.

Efficacy of Blue LED Phototherapy on Sleep Quality and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: People with dementia often experience behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which are a major cause of caregiver burden and institutionalization. Therefore, we conducted a double-blind, parallel-group randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of blue-enriched light therapy for BPSD in institutionalized older adults with dementia. METHODS: Participants were enrolled and randomly allocated into blue-enriched light therapy (N = 30) or the conventional light group (N = 30) for 60 min in 10 weeks with five sessions per week. The primary outcome was sleep quality measured by actigraphy and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The secondary outcome was overall BPSD severity (Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory [CMAI] and Neuropsychiatric Inventory [NPI-NH]). The outcome indicators were assessed at baseline, mid-test, immediate posttest, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. The effects of the blue-enriched light therapy were examined by the generalized estimating equation model. RESULTS: Blue-enriched light therapy revealed significant differences in the objective sleep parameters (sleep efficiency: ß = 5.81, Waldχ2 = 32.60, CI: 3.82; 7.80; sleep latency: ß = -19.82, Waldχ2 = 38.38, CI:-26.09; -13.55), subjective sleep quality (PSQI: ß = -2.07, Waldχ2 = 45.94, CI: -2.66; -1.47), and overall BPSD severity (CMAI: ß = -0.90, Waldχ2 = 14.38, CI: -1.37; -0.44) (NPI-NH: ß = -1.67, Waldχ2 = 30.61, CI: -2.26; -1.08) compared to conventional phototherapy immediate posttest, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. Furthermore, the effects for sleep efficiency and sleep latency lasted for up to 6 months. In the subscale analysis, the differences of the behavioral symptoms changed significantly between the groups in physical/nonaggressive (CI: -1.01; -0.26) and verbal/nonaggressive (CI: -0.97; -0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Blue-enriched light therapy is a feasible low-cost intervention that could be integrated as a comprehensive therapy program for BPSD among older adults with dementia.

Highly Robust Adaptive Sliding Mode Trajectory Tracking Control of Autonomous Vehicles.

Autonomous driving technology has not yet been widely adopted, in part due to the challenge of achieving high-accuracy trajectory tracking in complex and hazardous driving scenarios. To this end, we proposed an adaptive sliding mode controller optimized by an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Based on the improved PSO, we also proposed an enhanced grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm to optimize the controller. Taking the expected trajectory and vehicle speed as inputs, the proposed control scheme calculates the tracking error based on an expanded vector field guidance law and obtains the control values, including the vehicle's orientation angle and velocity on the basis of sliding mode control (SMC). To improve PSO, we proposed a three-stage update function for the inertial weight and a dynamic update law for the learning rates to avoid the local optimum dilemma. For the improvement in GWO, we were inspired by PSO and added speed and memory mechanisms to the GWO algorithm. Using the improved optimization algorithm, the control performance was successfully optimized. Moreover, Lyapunov's approach is adopted to prove the stability of the proposed control schemes. Finally, the simulation shows that the proposed control scheme is able to provide more precise response, faster convergence, and better robustness in comparison with the other widely used controllers.

Lymph Nodes With Increased IgG4-positive Plasma Cells and Patterns Suspicious for IgG4-related Disease: Can Lymph Nodes Be the Only Site of Disease?

Lymphadenopathy with increased immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 + plasma cells can be a nonspecific finding or a manifestation of immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). It remains unclear whether there are characteristic pathologic features of IgG4-RD involving lymph nodes, or if IgG4-RD lymphadenopathy can occur without other manifestations of IgG4-RD. In this study, we assessed 55 lymph node biopsy specimens (44 men and 11 women with a mean age of 55 y) with increased IgG4 + plasma cells that had 1 of the 6 well-described pathologic patterns. We also correlated these findings with IgG4 serum levels and followed these patients for 7 to 108 months (mean, 34.9 mo) for the occurrence of extranodal IgG4-RD. We further compared lymphadenopathy in patients who developed other manifestations of IgG4-RD (RD + , n=20, 36%) versus those who did not (RD - , n=35, 64%). We found that there were only minor significant differences between 2 groups, including frequency of receiving treatment (RD + , 90% vs. RD - , 60%, P =0.021) and higher serum levels of C-reactive protein (>8 mg/L, RD + , 53% vs. RD - , 13%, P =0.007). Other differences were either borderline or not significant, including mean age (RD + , 59.8 y vs. RD - , 51.9 y, P =0.097), male-to-female ratio (RD + , 16:4 vs. RD - , 28:7, P =1), constitutional symptoms (RD + , 25% vs. RD - , 9%, P =0.096), multiple enlarged lymph nodes (RD + , 45% vs. RD - , 26%, P =0.143), good response to therapy (RD + , 94% vs. RD - , 94%, P =1); higher serum IgG4 levels (>280 mg/dL, RD + , 75% vs. RD - , 51%, P =0.086), anemia (RD + , 45% vs. RD - , 43%, P =0.877), leukopenia (RD + , 0% vs. RD - , 3%, P =0.446), thrombocytopenia (RD + , 10% vs. RD - , 6%, P =0.556), positivity for antinuclear antibody (RD + , 24% vs. RD - , 29%, P =0.688), elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (>225 U/L, RD + , 0% vs. RD - , 20%, P =0.064), elevated serum IgE level (>100 IU/mL, RD + , 75% vs. RD - , 92%, P =0.238), and hypergammaglobulinemia (RD + , 90% vs. RD - , 86%, P =0.754). There were also no differences in morphologic patterns ( P =0.466), IgG4 + cell location ( P =0.104), eosinophil counts (RD + , 10.3±11.3 vs. RD - , 13.4±17.5, P =0.496), Epstein-Barr virus positivity (RD + , 35% vs. RD - , 60%, P =0.074), and Epstein-Barr virus-positive cell location ( P =0.351). Our findings suggest that there are minimal differences between stringently defined IgG4-RD lymphadenopathy with versus without other manifestations of IgG4-RD. These findings also suggest the existence of IgG4-RD lymphadenopathy as the sole presentation of IgG4-RD.

Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Smart Sensing Applications.

The Special Issue "Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Smart Sensing Applications" focused on the publication of advanced signal processing methods by means of state-of-the-art machine learning technologies for smart sensing applications [...].

Summary of the best evidence for the energy and protein intake targets and calculation in critically ill patients / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To evaluate and summarize the best evidence of energy and protein intake targets and calculation in adult critically ill patients, and to provide evidence-based basis for critical nutrition management.Methods:Evidence related to energy and protein intake targets and calculation of adult critically ill patients, including guideline, expert consensus, systematic review and evidence summary, were systematically searched in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane Library, UpToDate, BMJ Best Practice, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), Web of Science, SinoMed, Medive, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, VIP database, Guidelines International Network (GIN), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO), and Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) from January 2012 to June 2022. Two researchers independently evaluated the quality of the included literatures using the JBI Evidence-based Health Care Center evaluation tool and the Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Research and Evaluation Ⅱ (AGREE Ⅱ), extracted and summarized the best evidence for the nutritional intake goal and calculation of adult critically ill patients, and described the evidence.Results:A total of 18 literatures were included, including 5 clinical guidelines, 8 expert consensus, 3 systematic reviews and 2 evidence summaries. After literature quality evaluation, 18 articles were all enrolled. The evidence was summarized from the four aspects, including energy target calculation method, dose body weight, energy and protein intake target, and calculation method, 24 pieces of the best evidence were finally formed.Conclusions:The best evidence of energy and protein intake targets and calculation for critically ill patients was summarized based on evidence-based. Clinical medical staff can choose indirect calorimetry to calculate energy goals when equipment is available. Patient's height, body weight should be recorded accurately, dose body weight can be determined by body mass index (BMI). Meanwhile, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) loss, fat-free body weight, simple formulas and other methods should be used to continuously evaluate and adjust protein intake targets, to achieve the purpose of optimizing intensive nutrition support.

A review of patients with dysphagia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion / 中国实用护理杂志

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is one of the classic procedures for the treatment of cervical spondylosis, and dysphagia is a common perioperative complication of this procedure, which affects patients′ recovery to different degrees. This paper summarizes and analyzes the perioperative assessment and interventions in the care of patients with dysphagia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, aiming to improve clinical nursing staff′s attention to dysphagia in patients after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, and provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of high-risk groups.

Construction and analysis of a predictive model for chemotherapy response of patients with colorectal cancer based on tissue chip technology / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To explore the prediction model of tissue chip technology for the chemotherapy response of patients with colorectal cancer.Methods:217 patients with colorectal cancer who had received standardized chemotherapy in the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University from Jan. 2017 to Dec. 2019 were prospectively selected. The patients were randomly divided into training set (152 cases) and test set (65 cases) according to the ratio of 7:3, and were followed up for 6 months. The clinical data of the patients in the training set were compared, the expression levels of Ang-2, caspase-3 and CD147 in the patients were analyzed by tissue microarray technology, and the related factors affecting the responsiveness of colorectal cancer chemotherapy were analyzed by the Logistic regression model. R software was used based on the training set. A nomogram prediction model was built and model performance on the test set was evaluated.Results:One case was excluded from the training center, and 151 cases were finally included, including 93 cases in the chemotherapy response group and 58 cases in the chemotherapy response group. The tumor diameter, serum carcinoembryonic antigen, caspase3, Ang2 expression level, and the proportion of clinical stage IV in the poor chemotherapy group were significantly higher than those in the good chemotherapy group (all P<0.05) ; Logistic regression showed tumor diameter ( OR=2.394), serum carcinoembryonic antigen ( OR=1.878), caspase-3 ( OR=4.261), Ang-2 expression level ( OR=5.457), and clinical stage IV ( OR=5.954) were independent risk factors for adverse drug reactions in patients with colorectal cancer (all P<0.05). The consistency index (C-index) for predicting the factors related to adverse chemotherapy reactions in patients with colorectal cancer was 0.915. External verification showed that the sensitivity was 86.96%, the specificity was 92.50%, and the accuracy was 90.48% (42/65) . Conclusion:The expression levels of Ang-2 and caspase-3 are correlated with the responsiveness of colorectal cancer to chemotherapy, and can be used as predictive indicators to evaluate the responsiveness of colorectal cancer to chemotherapy.

Morphological classification and clinical significance of the coracoid process based on CT three-dimensional reconstruction / 解剖学报

Objective To provide anatomical basis for clinical treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation by studying the morphology of coracoid process of human scapula. Methods A total of 500 patients with shoulder injury were selected from the Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Southwest Medical University in Sichuan Province, and 300 patients were selected as subjects, including 159 cases of right shoulder and 141 cases of left shoulder. CT scan images and 3D reconstruction results of scapula of the subjects were collected. The basic morphological characteristics of coracoid process CT images of the subjects were observed, and the relevant parameters were measured, including the longest horizontal distance of the coracoid process tip and the thickness of the midpoint (cd, pp’), the distance from the upper part of the coracoid process scapula to the base and the thickness of the midpoint (mn, kk’). The distance from the apex of the coracoid process to the base of the coracoid process (ab), the longest horizontal distance of the recursion part of the coracoid process (ef), the distance of as (point s was the intersection of point a perpendicular to mn), the distance of hj (point h and j were the intersection of the base of the coracoid process and the recursion part respectively), and ik (point i was the intersection of point k perpendicular to mn and the coracoid process retraction). Results According to the morphological characteristics of coracoid process, they were divided into five types, including peanut 29. 7%; Short rod type accounted for 27. 4%; Melon seed type accounted for 12. 6%; Rod type accounted for 17. 0%; Wedge type accounted for 13. 3%. Through data comparison, it was found that the distance ef and distance hj on the left were larger than those on the right, P<0. 05. All types had statistical difference in comparison distance cd, P<0. 05. The melon seed type showed statistical differences with peanut type, wedge type, long stick type and short stick type in thickness pp’, distance ab and as of point p, P<0. 05. In the comparison of point K thickness kk’, there was statistical difference between melon seed type and other four types, P<0. 05. In the distance ab comparison, there was statistical difference between the short bar type and the other four types, P < 0. 05. Conclusion The study on the morphology of coracoid process can provide anatomical basis for clinical reconstruction of coracoid ligament to treat acromioclavicular joint dislocation.

A 94-year-old patient with severe burns: a case report / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#Burns often happen unexpectedly and have the potential to cause death, lifelong disfigurement and dysfunction.[1] According to the depth of the burn wound and extent of affected burned body surface area, burns are classified as mild or severe. Mild burns usually refer to burns that encompass less than 10% of the total body surface area (TBSA), mainly superficial burns. Severe burns are defined as TBSA >10% in elderly patients, TBSA>20% in adults, and TBSA>30% in children.[2] Burn injuries, particularly severe burns, are accompanied by an immune and inflammatory response, metabolic changes and distributive shock that can be challenging to manage and can lead to multiple organ failure.[3] Therefore, burn care providers face many challenges, including acute and critical care management, long-term care, and rehabilitation. Here, we report a 94-year-old patient with severe burns who recovered well and was discharged from the hospital in a wheelchair.

Survey on the current situation and influencing factors of humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To investigate the humanistic care consciousness and ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City. Methods: In June 2021, a total of 345 outpatient and emergency nurses from 6 tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City were selected as the survey objects by random number table method. The humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses was investigated. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the related factors influencing the humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses. Results: The total score of humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in Zhengzhou tertiary Grade A hospital was (194.18±30.53). The scores of humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses with different gender, age, educational background, professional title, length of service, night shift frequency, marital status, children's status, employment patterns and average monthly household income were significantly different (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that education background, length of service, professional title and night shift frequency were independent influencing factors for outpatient and emergency nurses' humanistic care ability (β=0.243, 0.139, 0.163, -0.126, P<0.05) . Conclusion: At present, the humanistic care ability of outpatient and emergency nurses in tertiary Grade A hospitals in Zhengzhou City is still low. Education, length of service, professional title and night shift frequency are independent influencing factors affecting the humanistic care ability of nurses.

Constructions and advances of animal models of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection / 中华预防医学杂志

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium with complex pathogenesis and drug resistance mechanisms. It has high morbidity and mortality and can cause acute and chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals, with lung infections, wound infections, and bloodstream infections being the most common. The animal infection model of P. aeruginosa is of great value for in-depth research on the pathogenicity, drug resistance, and therapeutic measures of P. aeruginosa by simulating the pathways of human bacterial infections. This article firstly summarizes the selection, anesthesia, and disposal of experimental animals in the construction of animal models of P. aeruginosa infection, and then reviews the methods of construction, model evaluation, and applications of animal models of P. aeruginosa pulmonary infection, wound infection, and bloodstream infection, in order to provide a reference for scientific research related to P. aeruginosa infectious diseases.

Research on Wind Power Short-Term Forecasting Method Based on Temporal Convolutional Neural Network and Variational Modal Decomposition.

Wind energy reserves are large worldwide, but their randomness and volatility hinder wind power development. To promote the utilization of wind energy and improve the accuracy of wind power prediction, we comprehensively consider the influence of wind farm environmental factors and historical power on wind power generation. This paper presents a short-term wind power prediction model based on time convolution neural network (TCN) and variational mode decomposition (VMD). First, due to the non-smooth characteristics of the wind farm environmental data, this paper uses VMD to decompose the data of each environmental variable to reduce the influence of the random noise of the data on the prediction model. Then, the modal components with rich feature information are extracted according to the Pearson correlation coefficient and Maximal information coefficient (MIC) between each modal component and the power. Thirdly, a prediction model based on TCN is trained according to the preferred modal components and historical power data to achieve accurate short-term wind power prediction. In this paper, the model is trained and tested with a public wind power dataset provided by the Spanish Power Company. The simulation results show that the model has higher prediction accuracy, with MAPE and R2 are 2.79% and 0.9985, respectively. Compared with the conventional long short-term neural network (LSTM) model, the model in this paper has good prediction accuracy and robustness.

Antigenic Cross-Reactivity Between SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD and Its Receptor ACE2.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging virus responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 binds to the human cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain in the S1 subunit of the spike protein (S1-RBD). The serum levels of autoantibodies against ACE2 are significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 than in controls and are associated with disease severity. However, the mechanisms through which these anti-ACE2 antibodies are induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection are unclear. In this study, we confirmed the increase in antibodies against ACE2 in patients with COVID-19 and found a positive correlation between the amounts of antibodies against ACE2 and S1-RBD. Moreover, antibody binding to ACE2 was significantly decreased in the sera of some COVID-19 patients after preadsorption of the sera with S1-RBD, which indicated that antibodies against S1-RBD can cross-react with ACE2. To confirm this possibility, two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs 127 and 150) which could bind to both S1-RBD and ACE2 were isolated from S1-RBD-immunized mice. Measurement of the binding affinities by Biacore showed these two mAbs bind to ACE2 much weaker than binding to S1-RBD. Epitope mapping using synthetic overlapping peptides and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) revealed that the amino acid residues P463, F464, E465, R466, D467 and E471 of S1-RBD are critical for the recognition by mAbs 127 and 150. In addition, Western blotting analysis showed that these mAbs could recognize ACE2 only in native but not denatured form, indicating the ACE2 epitopes recognized by these mAbs were conformation-dependent. The protein-protein interaction between ACE2 and the higher affinity mAb 127 was analyzed by HDX-MS and visualized by negative-stain transmission electron microscopy imaging combined with antigen-antibody docking. Together, our results suggest that ACE2-cross-reactive anti-S1-RBD antibodies can be induced during SARS-CoV-2 infection due to potential antigenic cross-reactivity between S1-RBD and its receptor ACE2.

Integration of Deep Learning Network and Robot Arm System for Rim Defect Inspection Application.

Automated inspection has proven to be the most effective approach to maintaining quality in industrial-scale manufacturing. This study employed the eye-in-hand architecture in conjunction with deep learning and convolutional neural networks to automate the detection of defects in forged aluminum rims for electric vehicles. RobotStudio software was used to simulate the environment and path trajectory for a camera installed on an ABB robot arm to capture 3D images of the rims. Four types of surface defects were examined: (1) dirt spots, (2) paint stains, (3) scratches, and (4) dents. Generative adversarial network (GAN) and deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGAN) were used to generate additional images to expand the depth of the training dataset. We also developed a graphical user interface and software system to mark patterns associated with defects in the images. The defect detection algorithm based on YOLO algorithms made it possible to obtain results more quickly and with higher mean average precision (mAP) than that of existing methods. Experiment results demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed system. Our developed system has been shown to be a helpful rim defective detection system for industrial applications.

Magnesium-L-threonate exhibited a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress damage in HT22 cells and Alzheimer's disease mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress results in the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggers hippocampal neuronal damage as well as occupies a key role in the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). A recent study confirmed that magnesium had an inhibitory effect against oxidative stress-related malondialdehyde in vitro. However, whether Magnesium-L-threonate (MgT) is capable of suppressing oxidative stress damage in amyloid ß (Aß)25-35-treated HT22 cells and the AD mouse model still remains to be investigated. AIM: To explore the neuroprotective effect of MgT against oxidative stress injury in vitro and in vivo, and investigate the mechanism. METHODS: Aß25-35-induced HT22 cells were preconditioned with MgT for 12 h. APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice were orally administered with MgT daily for 3 mo. After MgT treatment, the viability of Aß25-35-treated HT22 cells was determined via conducting cell counting kit-8 test and the cognition of APP/PS1 mice was measured through the Morris Water Maze. Flow cytometry experiments were applied to assess the ROS levels of HT22 cells and measure the apoptosis rate of HT22 cells or hippocampal neurons. Expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4, Aß1-42 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway proteins was quantified by Western blot. RESULTS: In vitro data confirmed that Aß25-35-induced HT22 cells had a significantly lower cell viability, higher ROS level and higher apoptosis rates compared with those of control cells (all P < 0.001). MgT prevented the Aß25-35-triggered oxidative stress damage by elevating viability and decreasing ROS formation and apoptosis of HT22 cells (all P < 0.001). APP/PS1 mice exhibited worse cognitive performance and higher apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons than wild-type (WT) mice (all P < 0.01). Meanwhile, significant higher expression of Aß1-42 and NOX4 proteins was detected in APP/PS1 mice than those of WT mice (both P < 0.01). MgT also ameliorated the cognitive deficit, suppressed the apoptosis of hippocampal neuron and downregulated the expression of Aß1-42 and NOX4 proteins in APP/PS1 mouse (all P < 0.05). Moreover, MgT intervention significantly downregulated HIF-1α and Bax, upregulated Bcl-2 and activated the PI3K/Akt pathway both in vitro and in vivo (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MgT exhibits neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in Aß25-35-treated HT22 cells and APP/PS1 mice.

Atomistic insights into highly active reconstructed edges of monolayer 2H-WSe2 photocatalyst.

Ascertaining the function of in-plane intrinsic defects and edge atoms is necessary for developing efficient low-dimensional photocatalysts. We report the wireless photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 over reconstructed edge atoms of monolayer 2H-WSe2 artificial leaves. Our first-principles calculations demonstrate that reconstructed and imperfect edge configurations enable CO2 binding to form linear and bent molecules. Experimental results show that the solar-to-fuel quantum efficiency is a reciprocal function of the flake size. It also indicates that the consumed electron rate per edge atom is two orders of magnitude larger than the in-plane intrinsic defects. Further, nanoscale redox mapping at the monolayer WSe2-liquid interface confirms that the edge is the most preferred region for charge transfer. Our results pave the way for designing a new class of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides with reconstructed edges as a non-precious co-catalyst for wired or wireless hydrogen evolution or CO2 reduction reactions.