DOSE TO RADIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGISTS FROM INDUCED RADIONUCLIDES IN CARBON ION RADIOTHERAPY.

Radioactive nuclides are induced in irradiation devices and patients during high-energy photon and ion beam radiotherapies. These nuclides potentially become sources of exposure to radiation workers. Radiological technologists (RTs) are often required to enter an irradiation room and approach activated devices and patients. In this study, annual doses to RTs working in a carbon ion radiotherapy facility were estimated based on measurements with the Si-semiconductor personal dosemeter. In addition, the time decay of dose around a patient couch after irradiation was obtained by phantom experiments. The annual Hp(10) values for passive and scanned beams were estimated to be 61 and 2 µSv, respectively, when assuming the number of treatments in 2013. These are much lower than the ICRP recommended dose limit for radiation workers. The time-series data of dose to RTs during their work and the time decay of the dose should be helpful for reducing their dose further.

Measurement of neutron ambient dose equivalent in carbon-ion radiotherapy with an active scanned delivery system.

In ion beam radiotherapy, secondary neutrons contribute to an undesired dose outside the target volume, and consequently the increase of secondary cancer risk is a growing concern. In this study, neutron ambient dose equivalents in carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) with an active beam delivery system were measured with a rem meter, WENDI-II, at National Institute of Radiological Sciences. When the same irradiation target was assumed, the measured neutron dose with an active beam was at most ∼15 % of that with a passive beam. This percentage became smaller as larger distances from the iso-centre. Also, when using an active beam delivery system, the neutron dose per treatment dose in CIRT was comparable with that in proton radiotherapy. Finally, it was experimentally demonstrated that the use of an active scanned beam in CIRT can greatly reduce the secondary neutron dose.

Carbon-ion radiotherapy: clinical aspects and related dosimetry.

The features of relativistic carbon-ion beams are attractive from the viewpoint of radiotherapy. They exhibit not only a superior physical dose distribution but also an increase in biological efficiency with depth, because energy loss of the beams increases as they penetrate the body. This paper reviews clinical aspects of carbon-beam radiotherapy using the experience at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences. The paper also outlines the dosimetry related to carbon-beam radiotherapy, including absolute dosimetry of the carbon beam, neutron measurements and radiation protection measurements.

Dosimetric evaluation of nuclear interaction models in the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit for carbon-ion radiotherapy.

We tested the ability of two separate nuclear reaction models, the binary cascade and JQMD (Jaeri version of Quantum Molecular Dynamics), to predict the dose distribution in carbon-ion radiotherapy. This was done by use of a realistic simulation of the experimental irradiation of a water target. Comparison with measurement shows that the binary cascade model does a good job reproducing the spread-out Bragg peak in depth-dose distributions in water irradiated with a 290 MeV/u (per nucleon) beam. However, it significantly overestimates the peak dose for a 400 MeV/u beam. JQMD underestimates the overall dose because of a tendency to break a nucleus into lower-Z fragments than does the binary cascade model. As far as shape of the dose distribution is concerned, JQMD shows fairly good agreement with measurement for both beam energies of 290 and 400 MeV/u, which favors JQMD over the binary cascade model for the calculation of the relative dose distribution in treatment planning.

Arrangement of high-energy neutron irradiation field and shielding experiment using 4 m concrete at KENS.

An irradiation field of high-energy neutrons produced in the forward direction from a thick tungsten target bombarded by 500 MeV protons was arranged at the KENS spallation neutron source facility. In this facility, shielding experiment was performed with an ordinary concrete shield of 4 m thickness assembled in the irradiation room, 2.5 m downstream from the target centre. Activation detectors of bismuth, aluminium, indium and gold were inserted into eight slots inside the shield and attenuations of neutron reaction rates were obtained by measurements of gamma-rays from the activation detectors. A MARS14 Monte Carlo simulation was also performed down to thermal energy, and comparisons between the calculations and measurements show agreements within a factor of 3. This neutron field is useful for studies of shielding, activation and radiation damage of materials for high-energy neutrons, and experimental data are useful to check the accuracies of the transmission and activation calculation codes.

Benchmark experiments for cyclotron-based neutron source for BNCT.

In the previous study, we found the feasibility of a cyclotron-based BNCT using the Ta(p,n) neutrons at 90 degrees bombarded by 50 MeV protons, and the iron, AlF(3), Al and (6)LiF moderators by simulations using the MCNPX code. In order to validate the simulations to realize the cyclotron-based BNCT, we measured the epithermal neutron energy spectrum passing through the moderators with our new spectrometer consisting of a (3)He gas counter covered with a silicon rubber loaded with (nat)B and polyethylene moderator and the depth distribution of the reaction rates of (197)Au(n,gamma)(198)Au in an acrylic phantom set behind the rear surface of the moderators. The measured results were compared with the calculations using the MCNPX code. We obtained the good agreement between the calculations and measurements within approximately 10% for the neutron energy spectra and within approximately 20% for the depth distribution of the reaction rates of (197)Au(n,gamma)(198)Au in the phantom. The comparison clarified a good accuracy of the calculation of the neutron energy spectrum passing through the moderator and the thermalization in a phantom. These experimental results will be a good benchmark data to evaluate the accuracy of the calculation code.

Shielding experiment of heavy-ion produced neutrons using a tissue-equivalent proportional counter.

A shielding experiment was performed at the HIMAC (Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba), of National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), to measure neutron dose using a spherical TEPC (tissue-equivalent proportional counter) of 12.55 cm inner diameter. Neutrons are produced from a 5 cm thick stopping length Cu target bombarded by 400 MeV/nucleon C6+ ions and penetrate concrete or iron shields of various thicknesses at 0 degree to the beam direction. From this shielding experiment. y-distribution, mean lineal energy, absorbed dose, dose equivalent and mean-quality factor were obtained behind the shield as a function of shield thickness. The neutron dose attenuation lengths were also obtained as 126 g cm(-2) for concrete and 211 g cm(-2) for iron. The measured results were compared with the calculated results using the MARS Monte Carlo code.