Description of Roseibium sediminicola sp. nov. Isolated from Sediment of a Tidal Flat on the Yellow Sea Coast.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile, flagellated bacterial strain, designated as CAU 1639T, was isolated from the tidal flat sediment on the Yellow Sea in the Republic of Korea. Growth of the isolate was observed at 20-37 °C, at pH 5.0-10.5 and with 0-7% (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G + C content was 60.8%. Phylogenetic analysis, grounded on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, revealed that strain CAU 1639T was closely related to species within the genus Roseibium. It shared the highest similarity with Roseibium album CECT 5095T, followed by Roseibium aggregatum IAM 12614T and Roseibium salinum Cs25T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity ranging from 98.0-98.4%. It was observed that the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values ranged between 72.5-79.5 and 20.0-22.9%, respectively. The polyphasic taxonomic analysis reveals that strain CAU 1639T represents a novel species in the genus Roseibium with the proposed name Roseibium sediminicola sp. nov. The type strain is CAU 1639T (= KCTC 82430T = MCCC 1K06081T).

WRN exonuclease imparts high fidelity on translesion synthesis by Y family DNA polymerases.

Purified translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerases (Pols) replicate through DNA lesions with a low fidelity; however, TLS operates in a predominantly error-free manner in normal human cells. To explain this incongruity, here we determine whether Y family Pols, which play an eminent role in replication through a diversity of DNA lesions, are incorporated into a multiprotein ensemble and whether the intrinsically high error rate of the TLS Pol is ameliorated by the components in the ensemble. To this end, we provide evidence for an indispensable role of Werner syndrome protein (WRN) and WRN-interacting protein 1 (WRNIP1) in Rev1-dependent TLS by Y family Polη, Polι, or Polκ and show that WRN, WRNIP1, and Rev1 assemble together with Y family Pols in response to DNA damage. Importantly, we identify a crucial role of WRN's 3' → 5' exonuclease activity in imparting high fidelity on TLS by Y family Pols in human cells, as the Y family Pols that accomplish TLS in an error-free manner manifest high mutagenicity in the absence of WRN's exonuclease function. Thus, by enforcing high fidelity on TLS Pols, TLS mechanisms have been adapted to safeguard against genome instability and tumorigenesis.

Description of Mycolicibacterium arenosum sp. nov. Isolated from Coastal Sand on the Yellow Sea Coast.

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium was isolated from coastal sand samples from Incheon in the Republic of Korea and designated as strain CAU 1645T. The optimum conditions for growth were observed at 30 °C in growth media containing 1% (w/v) NaCl at pH 9.0. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-9 and the major fatty acids were C16:0, C17:1 w7c, and summed feature 7. Similarly, the 16S rRNA gene sequence exhibited the highest similarity with Mycolicibacterium bacteremicum DSM 45578T and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum JCM 6365T, both of which exhibited similarity rates of 97.2%. The genomic DNA G+C content was 68.2%. The whole genome of strain CAU 1645T was obtained and annotated with annotation using RAST server. The pan-genome analysis was determined using Prokka, Roary, and Phandango. In the pan-genome analysis, the strain CAU 1645T shared 40 core genes with closely related Mycolicibacterium species, including the AcpM gene, the meromycolate extension acyl carrier protein involved in forming impermeable cell walls in mycobacteria. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Mycolicibacterium, for which we propose the name Mycolicibacterium arenosum sp. nov. The type strain is CAU 1645T (= KCTC 49724T = MCCC 1K07087T).

Tianweitania aestuarii sp. nov., isolated from a coastal dune, reclassification of Corticibacterium populi as Tianweitania populi comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Tianweitania.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and coccoid or ovoid bacterial strain, BSSL-BM11T, was isolated from sand of coastal dunes along the Yellow Sea of the Korean peninsula. Strain BSSL-BM11T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the up-to-date bacterial core gene set and average amino acid identity (AAI) showed that strain BSSL-BM11T forms a cluster with the type strains of Tianweitania sediminis and Corticibacterium populi. Strain BSSL-BM11T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.3 and 98.0 % to the type strains of T. sediminis and C. populi, respectively, and less than 96.4 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain BSSL-BM11T and the type strains of T. sediminis and C. populi were 77.0-84.8 % and 20.0-28.1 %, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene similarity, AAI, ANI and dDDH values between T. sediminis Z8T and C. populi KCTC 42249T were 98.0, 77.4, 76.7 and 20.1 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain BSSL-BM11T from genomic sequence data was 61.3 mol%. Strain BSSL-BM11T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c, C16 : 0 and cyclo C19 : 0 ω8c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain BSSL-BM11T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on the polyphasic data, it is proposed that C, populi be reclassified as a member of the genus Tianweitania. Phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain BSSL-BM11T is separated from T. sediminis and C. populi. On the basis of the data presented here, strain BSSL-BM11T (=KACC 21634T=NBRC 114503T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Tianweitania, for which the name Tianweitania aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed.

Screening of lactic acid bacteria with anti-adipogenic effect and potential probiotic properties from grains.

A total of 187 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from four types of grains collected in South Korea. The bacterial strains were assigned as members of Levilactobacillus brevis, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactococcus taiwanensis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, and Weissella paramesenteroides based on the closest similarity using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The strains belonging to the same species were analyzed using RAPD-PCR, and one or two among strains showing the same band pattern were selected. Finally, 25 representative strains were selected for further functional study. Inhibitory effects of lipid accumulation were observed in the strains tested. Pediococcus pentosaceus K28, Levilactobacillus brevis RP21 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RP12 significantly reduced lipid accumulation and did not show cytotoxicity in C3H10T1/2 cells at treatment of 1-200 µg/mL. The three LAB strains decreased significantly expression of six adipogenic marker genes, PPARγ, C/EBPα, CD36, LPL, FAS and ACC, in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes. The three strains survived under strong acidity and bile salt conditions. The three strains showed adhesion to Caco-2 cells similar to a reference strain LGG. The resistance of the three strains to several antibiotics was also assessed. Strains RP12 and K28 were confirmed not to produce harmful enzymes based on API ZYM kit results. Based on these results, strains K28, RP21 and RP12 isolated from grains had the ability to inhibit adipogenesis in adipocytes and potentially be useful as probiotics.

Gracilimonas sediminicola sp. nov., a moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from seaweed sediment collected in the East Sea, Republic of Korea.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated as strain CAU 1638T, was isolated from seaweed sediment collected in the Republic of Korea. The cells of strain CAU 1638T grew at 25-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-7.0 (optimum, pH 6.5) and in the presence of 0-10% NaCl (optimum, 2 %). The cells were positive for catalase and oxidase and did not hydrolyse starch and casein. Strain CAU 1638T was most closely related to Gracilimonas amylolytica KCTC 52885T (97.7 %), followed by Gracilimonas halophila KCTC 52042T (97.4 %), Gracilimonas rosea KCCM 90206T (97.2 %), Gracilimonas tropica KCCM 90063T and Gracilimonas mengyeensis DSM 21985T (97.1 %), as revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. MK-7 was the major isoprenoid quinone, and iso-C15  : 0 and C15  : 1 ω6c were the major fatty acids. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified lipids, two unidentified glycolipids and three unidentified phospholipids. The G+C content of the genome was 44.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CAU 1638T and the reference strains were 73.1-73.9 % and 18.9-21.5  %, respectively. Based on its phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features, strain CAU 1638T represents a novel species of the genus Gracilimonas, for which the name Gracilimonas sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1638T (=KCTC 82454T=MCCC 1K06087T).

Genomic insight into Algoriphagus limi sp. nov. isolated from a mudflat on the Yellow Sea coast.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, and reddish-orange colored bacterium, designated CAU 1643T, was isolated from a mudflat collected in Ganghwa Island, Republic of Korea. The bacterium was found to grow optimally at 30°C, pH 9.0-9.5, and with 0%-1% (w/v) NaCl. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the bacterium were Algoriphagus kandeliae XY-J91T (97.9%), A. aquimaris F21T (97.1%), A. formosus XAY3209T (97.0%), and A. marincola DSM 16067T (96.2%). The DNA G + C content of the type strain was 40.35 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CAU 1643T and the reference strains were below the threshold value for species demarcation. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and Summed Feature 9. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. The genome showed three putative biosynthetic gene clusters that are responsible for different secondary metabolites. Moreover, CAU 1643T contains 72 genes that encode carbohydrate-active enzymes. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic evidence, strain CAU 1643T represents novel species in the genus Algoriphagus, for which the name A. limi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1643T ( = KCTC 92080T, = MCCC 1K07150T).

Description of Defluviimonas salinarum sp. nov. with the potential of benzene-degradation isolated from saltern in the Yellow Seacoast.

Strain CAU 1641T was isolated from saltern collected in Ganghwa Island, Republic of Korea. The bacterium was an aerobic, Gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, motile, and rod-shaped bacterium. Cell of strain CAU 1641T could grow at 20-40°C and pH 6.0-9.0 with 1.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. Stain CAU 1641T shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Defluviimonas aquaemixtae KCTC 42108T (98.0%), Defluviimonas denitrificans DSM 18921T (97.6%), and Defluviimonas aestuarii KACC 16442T (97.5%). Phylogenetic trees based on the 16S rRNA gene and the core-genome sequences indicated that strain CAU 1641T belonged to genus Defluviimonas. Strain CAU 1641T contained ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the sole respiratory quinone and and summed feature 8 (C18:1ω6c and/or C18:1ω7c) as the predominant fatty acid (86.1%). The pan-genome analysis indicated that the genomes of the strain CAU 1641T and 15 reference strains contain a small core genome. The Average Nucleotide Identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values among strain CAU 1641T and reference strains of the genus Defluviimonas were in the range of 77.6%-78.8% and 21.1-22.1%, respectively. The genome of strain CAU 1641T has several genes of benzene degradation. The genomic G + C content was 66.6%. Based on polyphasic and genomic analyses, strain CAU 1641T represents a novel species of the genus Defluviimonas, for which the name Defluviimonas salinarum sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1641T ( = KCTC 92081T = MCCC 1K07180T).

Roseobacter insulae sp. nov. and Loktanella gaetbuli sp. nov., isolated from tidal flats in the Yellow Sea in Korea.

Two bacterial strains (designated as YSTF-M11T and TSTF-M6T) were isolated from tidal flat sediments of the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea, and taxonomically characterized. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YSTF-M11T clusters with the type strains of Roseobacter species and strain TSTF-M6T clusters with the type strains of Loktanella salsilacus, Loktanella fryxellensis and Loktanella atrilutea. Strains YSTF-M11T and TSTF-M6T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.5-98.9 % and 94.1-97.2 % to the type strains of four Roseobacter species and to the type strains of four Loktanella species, respectively. An UBCG tree based on genomic sequences and a tree based on AAI showed that strains YSTF-M11T and TSTF-M6T form a cluster with the type strains of Roseobacter species and with the type strains of L. salsilacus, L. fryxellensis and L. atrilutea, respectively. The ANI and dDDH values between genomic sequences of strain YSTF-M11T and the type strains of four Roseobacter species and between those of strain TSTF-M6T and the type strains of the three Loktanella species were in ranges of 74.0-75.9 and 18.2-19.7 % and 74.7-75.5 and 18.8-19.3 %, respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strains YSTF-M11T and TSTF-M6T were 60.3 and 61.9 % based on their genomic sequences. Both strains contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. Strains YSTF-M11T and TSTF-M6T were separated from recognized Roseobacter species and L. salsilacus, L. fryxellensis and L. atrilutea, respectively, by their phenotypic properties together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness. Based on data presented in this study, strains YSTF-M11T (=KACC 21642T =NBRC 115155T) and TSTF-M6T (=KACC 21643T =NBRC 115154T) are considered to represent novel species of the genera Roseobacter and Loktanella, respectively, for which the names Roseobacter insulae sp. nov. and Loktanella gaetbuli sp. nov. are proposed.

Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death by synthesized Pa-PDT in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Background/purpose: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic alternative for malignant tumors that uses a photosensitizer. This study examined whether synthesized Pheophorbide a (Pa) -PDT induced apoptosis and autophagy involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Materials and methods: Human OSCC cells were treated with Pa-PDT, and cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay. Apoptosis and autophagy were measured using Western blot analysis. ER stress was examined using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. In vivo murine OSCC animal model were treated with intratumoral (IT) Pa-PDT, and investigated the therapeutic effect. Results: Pa-PDT significantly inhibited the proliferation of human OSCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pa-PDT induced intrinsic apoptotic cell death and also induced autophagy. Pa-PDT induced ER stress which was observed as demonstrated by the up-regulation of the ER stress marker. Inhibition of the ER stress pathway using 4-phenylbutyric acid (PBA) decreased CHOP and induced inhibition of cell deaths. In addition, the inhibition of ER stress enhanced Pa-PDT mediated autophagy. IT Pa-PDT significantly inhibited the tumor growth and induced apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in vivo OSCC cells transplanted model. Conclusion: This study showed that synthesized Pa-PDT induced ER stress trigger apoptosis and apoptotic cell death pathways in OSCC cells. The inhibition of ER stress declined Pa-PDT mediated cytotoxicity with an increase of autophagy. These results may provide Pa-PDT exerts anti-tumor effects through ER stress pathway in OSCC cells and may provide a basis for developing Pa-PDT targeting ER stress as a therapy for OSCC.

Devosia litorisediminis sp. nov., isolated from a sand dune.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BSSL-BM10T, was isolated from sand of a dune that was collected from the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. It was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain BSSL-BM10T fell phylogenetically within the radiation comprising type strains of Devosia species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain BSSL-BM10T shared sequence similarities of 98.2% with the type strain of D. naphthalenivorans and 93.5-97.7% with type strains of other Devosia species. ANI and dDDH values between strain BSSL-BM10T and type strains of 18 Devosia species were 71.0-78.4% and 18.8-21.5%, respectively. The DNA G + C content of strain BSSL-BM10T was 60.9% based on its genomic sequence data. Strain BSSL-BM10T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and 11-methyl C18:1 ω7c, C18:1 ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), and C16:0 as its major fatty acids. Major polar lipids of strain BSSL-BM10T were phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified glycolipids. Strain BSSL-BM10T showed distinguishable phenotypic properties with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness separated from recognized Devosia species. Based on data presented in this study, strain BSSL-BM10T should be placed in the genus Devosia. The name Devosia litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed for strain BSSL-BM10T (= KACC 21633T = NBRC 115152T).

Mesonia aestuariivivens sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain (JHPTF-M18T), which was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Republic of Korea, was taxonomically characterized. Strain JHPTF-M18T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-7.5 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain JHPTF-M18T forms a phylogenetic lineage within the radiation comprising type strains of Mesonia species. The 16S rRNA gene of strain JHPTF-M18T shared sequence similarities of 97.7% with that of type strain of M. mobilis and 92.5-96.8% with those of type strains of the other nine Mesonia species. The DNA G+C content was 33.1% based on its genomic sequence. AAI, ANI and dDDH values between strain JHPTF-M18T and the type strains of M. mobilis, M. hitae, M. oceanica, M. phycicola and M. algae were 72.1-83.7%, 73.1-79.7% and 18.5-22.8%, respectively. Strain JHPTF-M18T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) as its major fatty acids. Major polar lipids of strain JHPTF-M18T were phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids. Strain JHPTF-M18T was separated from recognized Mesonia species by its phenotypic properties together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness. Based on data presented in this study, strain JHPTF-M18T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mesonia. The name Mesonia aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed for JHPTF-M18T (=KACC 22185T = NBRC 115119T).

Zhongshania aquimaris sp. nov., isolated from seawater.

A Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain CAU 1632T was isolated from a seawater sample collected in the Republic of Korea. The cells of strain CAU 1632T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in 0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CAU 1632T formed a tight phyletic lineage with Zhongshania antarctica ZS-23T, Zhongshania borealis CL-AS9T, Zhongshania marina DSW25-10T, Zhongshania guokunii ZS6-22T, 'Zhongshania ponticola GM-8T', Zhongshania aliphaticivorans SM-2T and shared a high similarity between 97.2% and 97.7%. The whole genome of strain CAU 1632T was 4.3-Mb with 3,780 protein-coding genes, 12 contigs, and a DNA G+C content of 49.4 mol%. The major fatty acids of strain CAU 1632T were C17:1 ω8c, C19:1 ω6c and/or C19:0 cyclo ω10c (summed feature 3), and C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c (summed feature 8). Q-8 was the only respiratory quinone. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminophospholipids, and two phospholipids. Based on the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses, strain CAU 1632T represents a novel species within the genus Zhongshania, for which the name Zhongshania aquimaris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1632T (= KCTC 82432T = MCCC 1K06086T).

Thalassococcus arenae sp. nov. isolated from sea sand.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CAU 1522T, was isolated from a sea sand sample collected from the Republic of Korea. Optimal growth of strain CAU 1522T ensued at 30 °C, pH 7.5, and 1.0% (w/v) NaCl. Strain CAU 1522T was affiliated to the genus Thalassococcus with high similarity to T. lentus KCTC 32084T (97.5%), T. profundi MCCC 1K03253T (96.5%), and T. halodurans JCM 13833T (96.1%) according to phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The whole genome of strain CAU 1522T was 3.7 Mb in length and included 7 contigs and 3599 protein-coding genes, with a G + C content of 65.4 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c (summed feature 8), with Q-10 being the sole isoprenoid quinone. The polar lipids included phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid, and an unidentified lipid. These phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic data support that strain CAU 1522T is a novel Thalassococcus species, for which the name T. arenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1522T (= KCTC 72545T = MCCC 1K04064T).

Thauera sedimentorum sp. nov., Isolated from Coastal Sediment.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated CAU 1555T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Growth of the isolate was observed at 20-37 °C (optimum at 30 °C) and pH 5.5-10.0 (optimum at 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on the result of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CAU 1555T belonged to the genus Thauera and was closely related to Thauera hydrothermalis GD-2T (98.4% sequence similarity), Thauera lacus D20T (96.6%), and Thauera linaloolentis 47LolT (95.5%). Strain CAU 1555T possessed phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, and one aminophospholipid as the major polar lipids; Q-8 as the predominant respiratory quinone; and C16:0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c), and summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1 ω7c/ C18:1 ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI), and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the new isolate and T. hydrothermalis GD-2T were 84.5%, 86.4%, and 28.0%, respectively. Whole-genome sequencing of strain CAU 1555T revealed 3,955,289 bp with a DNA G + C content of 68.0 mol%. Based on the results of its polyphasic properties and genomic analysis, the isolate represents a novel species within the genus Thauera, for which the name Thauera sedimentorum sp. nov. is proposed, with CAU 1555T (= KCTC 72546T = MCCC 1K04065T) as the type strain.

Marinobacterium arenosum sp. nov., isolated from a coastal sand.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CAU 1594T, was isolated from a coastal sand sample collected in the Republic of Korea. Cells of strain CAU 1594T grew best at 30 °C, pH 7.5, and in the presence of 1% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, indicated that strain CAU 1594T was affiliated with the genus Marinobacterium and most similar to Marinobacterium jannaschii ATCC 27135T (95.1%) and Marinobacterium stanieri ATCC 27130T (94.9%). The whole genome of strain CAU 1594T was 4,917,683 bp, including 4,188 CDSs, with a 60.4 mol% G + C content. Based on draft genome sequences, the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain CAU 1594T were within the ranges of 71.9-73.1% and 20.0-2.1%, respectively, compared to reference strains. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8, and the major fatty acids were C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and C16:1 ω7c), and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c and C18:1 ω7c). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on these results, strain CAU 1594T represents a novel species of the genus Marinobacterium, for which the name Marinobacterium arenosum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1594T (=KCTC 82405T=MCCC 1K05672T).

Sneathiella sedimenti sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment.

A novel bacterium, designated CAU 1612T, was isolated from coastal sediment sampled in the Republic of Korea. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and motile. Optimum growth occurred at 30 °C, at pH 7.0 and with 1.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain CAU 1612T belonged to the genus Sneathiella and showed highest similarity to 'Sneathiella litorea' JCM 33810T (98.5 %), followed by Sneathiella chungangensis KCTC 32476T (97.7 %), Sneathiella aquimaris KCTC 12842T (96.0 %), Sneathiella chinensis LMG 23452T (95.5 %), Sneathiella limimaris KCTC 52846T (95.5 %) and Sneathiella glossodoripedis KCTC 12842T (95.4 %). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain CAU 1612T were estimated to be 68.5-81.7 % and ≤23.7 %, respectively, to members of the genus Sneathiella. The DNA G+C content was 54.1 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were C16:0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c). The major menaquinone was Q-10 and the predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of taxonomic evidence, strain CAU 1612T represents a novel species, for which the name Sneathiella sedimenti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1612T (=KCTC 82427T=MCCC 1K06082T).

Arenibacterium arenosum sp. nov., isolated from sea sand.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, short rod-shaped aerobic bacterial strain CAU 1593T was isolated from a coastal sand sample collected in the Republic of Korea. Cells of strain CAU 1593T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.5 in 4% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain CAU 1593T had the highest similarity to Arenibacterium halophilum (97.5%). The whole genome of strain CAU 1593T was 3,979,826 bp with 26 contigs, and the DNA G + C content was 64.3 mol%. The major fatty acid of strain CAU 1593 T was summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c). Q-10 was the only respiratory quinone. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two phosphoglycolipids, an unidentified glycolipid, and an unidentified lipid. Based on the results of chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic, and phenotypic analyses, strain CAU 1593T represents a novel species in the genus Arenibacterium, which is named Arenibacterium arenosum sp. nov. The type strain is CAU 1593T (= KCTC 82402T = MCCC 1K05671T).

Marinobacter arenosus sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium isolated from a tidal flat.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium, designated strain CAU 1620T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment in Incheon, Republic of Korea. Strain CAU 1620T grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 8.0 in the presence of 6.0% (w/v) NaCl. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain CAU 1620T showed the highest similarity to Marinobacter adhaerens DSM 23420T (98.5%), followed by Marinobacter algicola DSM 16394T (98.3%) and Marinobacter maroccanus LMG 30465T (98.2%). The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation values between strain CAU 1620T and related strains were estimated as 75.6-78.1% and 19.5-20.9%, respectively. The DNA G + C content based on the draft genome sequence was 59.2%, and the major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-9. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C12:0, C16:0, C18:1 ω9c, and C12:0 3OH. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. According to phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain CAU 1620T represents a novel species of the genus Marinobacter, for which the name Marinobacter arenosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1620T (= KCTC 82431T = MCCC 1K06079T).

Paenibacillus arenosi sp. nov., a siderophore-producing bacterium isolated from coastal sediment.

In this study, strain CAU 1523T, a novel Gram-positive-positive bacterium isolated from marine sediment collected from the coast of Busan, Republic of Korea, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. This strain showed growth at a temperature range of 20-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), a pH range of 6.5-9.5 (optimum, 7.5), and in the presence of 0-3% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 92 concatenated core genes indicated that CAU 1523T belonged to the genus Paenibacillus, sharing the highest sequence similarity with P. assamensis JCM 13186T (98.0%). CAU 1523T was differentiated from other Paenibacillus species by average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values, using cut-off values of 95-96%, 90%, and 70%, respectively, for closely related strains. The genome of CAU 1523T possessed various biosynthetic gene clusters, one of which encoded a putative siderophore-interacting protein. Siderophore production by the isolate was confirmed using the qualitative chrome azurol sulfonate (CAS) agar assay. Based on its phylogenetic and physiological characteristics, strain CAU 1523T represents a novel, siderophore-producing species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus arenosi sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain CAU 1523T (= KCTC 43108T = MCCC 1K04063T).